Deck 15: The Special Senses

Question 1

Aiden was surprised to learn that his salad dressing contained glucose since it did NOT taste:

A)sweet.
B)salty.
C)sour.
D)bitter.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Identify the cranial nerves NOT involved in carrying taste information from the tongue into the CNS.

A)vagus nerves (CN X)
B)facial nerves (CN VII)
C)glossopharyngeal nerves (CN IX)
D)hypoglossal nerves (CN XII)

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which letter represents the foliate taste buds?

A)A
B)B
C)C

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What taste sensation results when sodium ions enter gustatory cells through sodium ion channel receptors,and the cell depolarizes?

A)salty
B)bitter
C)sour
D)umami

Question 5

Special senses,such as sight and sound,are converted to an action potential by:

A)perception.
B)sensation.
C)transduction.
D)interpretation.

Question 6

Damage to the basal cells in the olfactory epithelium results in a loss of:

A)hearing.
B)taste.
C)vision.
D)smell.

Question 7

Which of the following papillae found on the surface of the tongue contains no taste buds,but does contain sensory nerve endings to detect the temperature and texture of food?

A)fungiform papillae
B)filiform papillae
C)foliate papillae
D)vallate (circumvallate)papillae

Question 8

Which cell has receptors specialized to detect different tastes?

A)basal cell
B)gustatory cell
C)supporting cell
D)olfactory cell

Question 9

Taste is detected when chemicals bind receptors on the microvilli of:

A)basal cells.
B)olfactory cells.
C)supporting cells.
D)gustatory cells.

Question 10

The olfactory nerves (CN I)are formed by:

A)axons of the olfactory neurons.
B)olfactory tracts.
C)olfactory bulbs.
D)supporting cells.

Question 11

Damage to the facial nerve would result in a loss of taste sensation from:

A)anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
B)roof of the mouth.
C)base of the tongue.
D)posterior one-third of the tongue.

Question 12

Place the following steps in the correct order for transduction of a chemical odorant into a nerve signal. 1.Odorants reach receptors in the cilia of olfactory neurons.
2)cAMP opens ions channels that allow sodium and calcium ions to enter the cell.
3)The G-protein activates an enzyme,adenylate cyclase,to convert ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP).
4)The binding of an odorant activates a G-protein which then detaches from the receptor.
5)The membrane is depolarized.Depolarization that reaches threshold at the axon hillock triggers action potential and transduction has been achieved.

A)1,3,4,2,5
B)1,2,3,4,5
C)1,4,3,2,5
D)1,4,2,3,5

Question 13

Olfaction is the sense of:

A)hearing.
B)smell.
C)balance.
D)taste.

Question 14

How is the sensation of taste affected by a dry mouth?

A)Most foods will taste bitter when the mouth is dry.
B)The moisture level of the mouth has no influence on taste sensation.
C)Foods have a less intense taste when the mouth is dry.
D)Foods have a more intense taste when the mouth is dry.

Question 15

To what part of the brain are both general and most special senses carried?

A)hypothalamus
B)thalamus
C)pons
D)medulla oblongata

Question 16

What gland secretes oil to prevent the eyelids from sticking together?

A)sudoriferous gland
B)lacrimal gland
C)tarsal gland
D)ceruminous gland

Question 17

The activation of olfactory receptors requires that the odorant become immersed in:

A)cerumen.
B)saliva.
C)mucus.
D)blood.

Question 18

What nerves carry information about the special senses to the CNS?

A)spinal nerves only
B)cranial nerves only
C)cervical nerves only
D)both cranial and spinal nerves

Question 19

Where is the primary gustatory cortex located?

A)frontal lobe
B)occipital lobe
C)parietal lobe
D)temporal lobe

Question 20

Place the following steps of nerve impulses in the olfaction pathway in order. 1.primary olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe
2)olfactory nerve
3)olfactory neurons
4)olfactory bulb

A)3,4,2,1
B)2,4,3,1
C)3,2,4,1
D)2,3,4,1

Question 21

Select the letter representing the nasolacrimal duct.

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 22

What gelatinous mass helps maintain the shape of the eyeball?

A)perilymph
B)aqueous humor
C)vitreous humor
D)ora serrata

Question 23

What region of the retina contains a high density of photoreceptor cells and allows for extremely detailed vision?

A)optic disc
B)ora serrata
C)fovea centralis
D)ciliary body

Question 24

The three types of cones are designated:

A)red,yellow,and blue.
B)red,green,and blue.
C)yellow,red,and blue.
D)red,green,and yellow.

Question 25

What part of the eye controls the amount of light entering through the pupil?

A)cornea
B)iris
C)sclera
D)lens

Question 26

The sclera is continuous with a transparent layer over the anterior eye known as the:

A)cornea.
B)choroid.
C)lens.
D)conjunctiva.

Question 27

People who are unable to distinguish certain colors have a form of:

A)cataracts.
B)color blindness.
C)glaucoma.
D)astigmatism.

Question 28

Twenty-year-old Leslie learned she is hyperopic after having her eyes examined.What best describes her eye condition?

A)Her eyes are experiencing age-related decline.
B)Her eyeballs are too long.
C)Her eyeball shape is normal.
D)Her eyeballs are too short.

Question 29

The ability of the lens to change its shape from flattened to round is known as:

A)accommodation.
B)inversion.
C)convergence.
D)refraction.

Question 30

The optic disc is known as the blind spot because:

A)the fovea centralis prevents light from striking the optic disc.
B)photoreceptors are absent from the optic disc.
C)only cones populate the optic disc.
D)only rods populate the optic disc.

Question 31

What secretes the aqueous humor?

A)ciliary body
B)lens
C)vitreous humor
D)iris

Question 32

Determine the correct order of events that occur when light strikes photoreceptor cells. 1.The bipolar cell depolarizes.
2)Action potentials are sent to the brain via the optic nerve (CN II).
3)Light hyperpolarizes the photoreceptor.
4)Retinal ganglion cell produces action potentials.

A)3,2,4,1
B)1,4,2,3
C)3,1,4,2
D)3,4,1,2

Question 33

Which of the following parts of the eye refract light to focus it on the retina?

A)sclera and choroid
B)cornea and lens
C)pupil and iris
D)ciliary body and suspensory ligaments

Question 34

What type of photoreceptor cell perceives color?

A)rod
B)bipolar cell
C)cone
D)hair cell

Question 35

What is the function of the lens?

A)The lens controls the amount of light passing through the pupil.
B)The lens nourishes the retina.
C)The lens focuses light on the retina.
D)The lens reduces the scattering of light.

Question 36

What pigment is derived from vitamin A?

A)photopsin
B)transducin
C)retinal
D)opsin

Question 37

The three layers of the eyeball,from outer to inner,are:

A)neural,vascular,and fibrous layers.
B)vascular,neural,and fibrous layers.
C)fibrous,neural,and vascular layers.
D)fibrous,vascular,and neural layers.

Question 38

What unit of light stimulates photoreceptor cells in the retina?

A)refractive index
B)photon
C)glutamate
D)gamma ray

Question 39

Which extrinsic eye muscles act together to move the eye directly inferiorly?

A)superior oblique and inferior rectus
B)inferior oblique and superior rectus
C)inferior oblique and inferior rectus
D)lateral rectus and inferior oblique

Question 40

A weak superior oblique muscle would impair:

A)inferior and lateral movement of the eye.
B)superior movement of the eye.
C)lateral movement and elevation of the eye.
D)depression of the eye and lateral movement.

Question 41

What equalizes pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane?

A)external auditory canal (external acoustic meatus)
B)round window
C)oval window
D)pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube)

Question 42

Having to adjust to a dark room after walking in from bright light is because:

A)the lens requires time to accommodate dim light.
B)only cones function in dim light.
C)rhodopsin does not function in dim light.
D)rods exposed to bright light need time to regenerate rhodopsin.

Question 43

Which part of the inner ear houses two portions of the membranous labyrinth known as the utricle and saccule?

A)tympanic membrane
B)semicircular canals
C)cochlea
D)vestibule

Question 44

A person who has a cochlear implant needs this device for:

A)the prevention of nausea.
B)hearing.
C)the prevention of dizziness.
D)balance.

Question 45

What is NOT a function of cerumen?

A)Cerumen sweeps debris from the external auditory canal.
B)Cerumen waterproofs and lubricates the external auditory canal.
C)Cerumen enhances sound transmission into the ear canal.
D)Cerumen traps debris before it reaches the tympanic membrane.

Question 46

What creates the boundary between the air-filled middle ear and the fluid-filled inner ear?

A)tectorial membrane
B)tympanic membrane
C)oval window
D)basilar membrane

Question 47

The inability to recognize a family member indicates impairment in the:

A)anterior (ventral)pathway.
B)parietal lobe.
C)pretectal area.
D)dorsal pathway.

Question 48

Standing still in an elevator that suddenly lowers stimulates receptors in the:

A)bony labyrinth.
B)basilar membrane.
C)spiral organ (organ of Corti).
D)utricle and saccule.

Question 49

If the stapedius muscle is unable to reduce movement of the ossicles as a unit,how is hearing affected?

A)Sounds will be louder than normal.
B)Sounds will be softer than normal.
C)We hear no sound.
D)Hearing is not affected.

Question 50

The vibrations received by the tympanic membrane are transferred to the oval window by the:

A)cochlea.
B)oval window.
C)stapedius muscle.
D)auditory ossicles.

Question 51

Where does each half of the visual field get segregated so that it reaches the opposite hemisphere of the brain?

A)lateral geniculate nucleus
B)hypothalamus
C)occipital lobe
D)optic chiasma

Question 52

When a photoreceptor cell is stimulated by light:

A)the photoreceptor hyperpolarizes as sodium ion channels close.
B)sodium ions enter the outer segment of the photoreceptor and depolarize it.
C)transducin and phosphodiesterase (PDE)are inactive.
D)opsin and cis-retinal combine to form rhodopsin.

Question 53

What supports the spiral organ (organ of Corti)?

A)membranous labyrinth
B)tectorial membrane
C)basilar membrane
D)tympanic membrane

Question 54

As sound waves travel into the ear,they pass from the auditory canal to the:

A)tympanic membrane,auditory ossicles,oval window,perilymph,scala vestibuli of the cochlea.
B)tympanic membrane,oval window,auditory ossicles,perilymph,scala vestibuli of the cochlea.
C)tympanic membrane,auditory ossicles,oval window,endolymph,scala vestibuli of the cochlea.
D)tympanic membrane,auditory ossicles,round window,perilymph,scala vestibuli of the cochlea.

Question 55

What part of the inner ear is involved in hearing?

A)vestibule
B)utricle
C)saccule
D)cochlea

Question 56

In the dark (absence of a stimulus),the photoreceptors are:

A)bleached.
B)polarized.
C)depolarized.
D)hyperpolarized.

Question 57

What cranial nerve carries information about hearing and head movement to the brain?

A)vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
B)trigeminal nerve (CN IV)
C)abducens nerve (CN VI)
D)trochlear nerve (CN V)

Question 58

In the light-adapted state:

A)rods are bleached and unable to function.
B)colors are dull.
C)we could see better in the dark.
D)we can only see color and not black and white.

Question 59

What separates the outer ear from the middle ear?

A)pharyngotympanic tube
B)tympanic membrane
C)auditory ossicles
D)auricle

Question 60

Which auditory ossicle is connected to the tympanic membrane?

A)stapes
B)incus
C)anvil
D)malleus

Question 61

In both general and (most)special sensations,information is first processed by sensory nuclei and then transmitted to the thalamus and to primary cortex areas for awareness and identification.

Question 62

The receptor cells for static equilibrium are located in the:

A)otolithic membrane of the utricle and saccule of the vestibule.
B)spiral organ (organ of Corti)of the cochlea.
C)maculae of the utricle and saccule of the vestibule.
D)ampullae of the semicircular canals.

Question 63

Damage to the hair cells of the spiral organ (organ of Corti)can result in a loss of:

A)olfaction.
B)hearing.
C)vision.
D)equilibrium.

Question 64

When sound waves bend stereocilia,what happens?

A)The force of the sound waves is converted into mechanical energy.
B)Hair cells hyperpolarize as potassium flows into the cell through open channels.
C)Hearing loss results.
D)Hair cells depolarize,releasing neurotransmitter,and triggering an action potential.

Question 65

Neural sensory signals are relayed to the thalamus,EXCEPT for the sensation of:

A)dynamic equilibrium.
B)olfaction.
C)vision.
D)hearing.

Question 66

All taste sensations begin with the entry of hydrogen ions into a gustatory cell.

Question 67

Which of the following is an example of static equilibrium?

A)riding in a car
B)spinning on a merry-go-round at the park
C)riding in an elevator
D)sitting in a movie theater to watch a film

Question 68

The sense of equilibrium does NOT depend on input from:

A)proprioceptors in muscles and joints.
B)the vestibular system.
C)the cochlea.
D)the visual system.

Question 69

What description best matches the function of stereocilia?

A)Stereocilia transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
B)Bending of the stereocilia produces depolarization or hyperpolarization in hair cells.
C)Stereocilia are tiny calcium carbonate crystals that increase density in endolymph.
D)Stereocilia move up and down when the stapes moves back and forth.

Question 70

Where are sound vibrations amplified?

A)auditory ossicles
B)vestibule
C)semicircular canals
D)tympanic membrane

Question 71

Where does the conscious awareness of sound begin,along with the analysis of its pitch,location,and loudness?

A)frontal lobe
B)temporal lobe
C)parietal lobe
D)occipital lobe

Question 72

The startle reflex occurs when unexpected sounds reach the:

A)midbrain.
B)pons.
C)thalamus.
D)hypothalamus.

Question 73

The conjunctiva is the translucent part of the fibrous layer of the eye.

Question 74

Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting information about sounds and head position and movement to the brain?

A)optic nerve (CN II)
B)facial nerve (CN VII)
C)olfactory nerve (CN I)
D)vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

Question 75

Where are sensations integrated with memories of past experiences?

A)limbic system
B)frontal lobe
C)cerebellum
D)parietal lobe

Question 76

The five major taste sensations are sweet,salty,bitter,sour,and umami.

Question 77

What detects dynamic equilibrium?

A)crista ampullaris
B)cochlea
C)spiral organ (organ of Corti)
D)utricle and saccule

Question 78

Like all other sensory pathways,the nerve impulses associated with olfaction are routed through the thalamus on the way to the primary olfactory cortex.

Question 79

The otolithic membrane plays a role in the detection of:

A)linear acceleration and head tilting.
B)hearing.
C)startle reflex.
D)rotational head movements.

Question 80

The loudness of sound is determined by the vibrations of the:

A)tectorial membrane.
B)otoliths.
C)scala vestibuli.
D)basilar membrane.