Deck 25: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis

Question 1

Water loss from the body that we do not notice is known as:

A)obligatory water loss.
B)nonsense water loss.
C)sensible water loss.
D)insensible water loss.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Classify sodium balance in the human body.

A)fluid balance
B)pH balance
C)electrolyte balance
D)acid-base balance

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following accounts for about 60% of our total body water?

A)interstitial fluid
B)plasma
C)extracellular fluid
D)cytosol

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What part of the brain controls the thirst mechanism?

A)medulla oblongata
B)hypothalamus
C)cerebellum
D)pons

Question 5

Predict the effect of hypertonic fluid on a cell.

A)Hypertonic fluids cause water to simultaneously be pulled into and then pushed out of a cell.
B)Hypertonic fluids cause water to be pulled into the cytosol and the cell swells.
C)Hypertonic fluids cause no water movement into or out of the cell.
D)Hypertonic fluids cause water to move out of the cytosol and the cell shrinks.

Question 6

How much water does the average person lose per day?

A)2)5 liters
B)1)5 liters
C)1 liter
D)5 liters

Question 7

Which system is responsible for the most common route of water loss from the body?

A)respiratory system
B)urinary system
C)digestive system
D)integumentary system

Question 8

The average young adult human male body contains about liters of total body water.

A)42
B)65
C)78
D)25

Question 9

Which type of extracellular fluid (ECF)solution will cause a cell to gain water?

A)isotonic
B)hypotonic
C)hypertonic
D)both hypertonic and isotonic

Question 10

How much urine is lost through obligatory water loss each day?

A)2500 ml
B)500 ml
C)5000 ml
D)1500 ml

Question 11

Determine the pH value that represents a basic,or alkaline,solution.

A)pH of 4
B)pH of 7
C)pH of 10
D)pH of 1

Question 12

What is the most potent stimulus of the thirst mechanism?

A)atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
B)osmolarity of the ECF
C)increased blood pressure
D)increased plasma volume

Question 13

What best describes hydrostatic pressure?

A)Hydrostatic pressure is the force that fluids exert against the capillary wall.
B)Hydrostatic pressure is created by the number of solute particles present in solution.
C)Hydrostatic pressure is created by the number of proteins present in solution.
D)Hydrostatic pressure is the force that proteins exert in solution.

Question 14

Which of the following fluids has the greatest concentration of potassium ions?

A)extracellular fluid (ECF)
B)plasma
C)interstitial fluid
D)cytosol

Question 15

Select the statement that best describes an acid.

A)An acid is a substance that generally has covalent bonds that do not dissociate into charged particles in water.
B)An acid is a chemical that dissociates to release equal amounts of hydrogen ions (H⁺)and hydroxide ions (OH^-).
C)An acid is a chemical that accepts a hydrogen ion (H⁺)in a solution.
D)An acid is a chemical that dissociates in water to release a hydrogen ion (H⁺).

Question 16

What type of neuron detects changes in plasma osmolarity?

A)baroreceptor
B)osmoreceptor
C)nociceptor
D)chemoreceptor

Question 17

Which of the following dissociates into ions when placed in water?

A)electrolyte
B)starch
C)glucose
D)nonelectrolyte

Question 18

In what direction will water move when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma?

A)Water is pulled from the interstitial fluid and plasma into the cell.
B)Water is pulled of the cytosol and into the interstitial fluid and then plasma.
C)There is no net movement of water when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma.
D)Water is pushed out of the cytosol into the interstitial fluid and then plasma.

Question 19

The following represents the main locations fluids are found in the human body.Rank these body fluids in order from the fluid that accounts for most in the human body to the fluid that accounts for the least.

A)interstitial fluid,cytosol (intracellular fluid),plasma
B)plasma,cytosol (intracellular fluid),interstitial fluid
C)cytosol (intracellular fluid),interstitial fluid,plasma
D)cytosol (intracellular fluid),plasma,interstitial fluid

Question 20

Fluid balance in the human body is roughly equivalent to:

A)water balance.
B)nonelectrolyte balance.
C)acid-base balance.
D)pH balance.

Question 21

Which of the following is an excess accumulation of interstitial fluid?

A)hypocalcemia
B)hypovolemia
C)dehydration
D)edema

Question 22

Decreased volume and increased concentration of the extracellular fluid (ECF)is defined as:

A)edema.
B)hypotonic hydration.
C)overhydration.
D)dehydration.

Question 23

A patient with heart failure is administered an intravenous line containing a solution of hypertonic sodium chloride.Select the patient for whom this solution an appropriate choice.

A)The patient who is experiencing overhydration,or hypotonic hydration.
B)The patient who is experiencing hypovolemia.
C)The patient who is dehydrated.
D)The patient who produces too little antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Question 24

What is most abundant intracellular cation?

A)sodium ion
B)bicarbonate ion
C)chlorine ion
D)potassium ion

Question 25

Where are the majority of calcium ions stored in the body?

A)osseous tissue
B)intracellular fluid
C)extracellular fluid
D)loose connective tissue

Question 26

Identify the hormones responsible for increasing sodium ion retention.

A)vitamin D3 (calcitriol)and parathyroid hormone (PTH)
B)angiotensin-II and aldosterone
C)aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D)angiotensin-II and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 27

What is a major function of potassium ions in the body?

A)activating enzymes
B)maintaining osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid (ECF)
C)repolarization of neurons and muscle cells after action potential
D)forming hydroxyapatite salts in osseous tissue

Question 28

Which hormone has NO role in potassium ion regulation?

A)aldosterone
B)insulin
C)parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D)epinephrine

Question 29

What is the most abundant extracellular cation?

A)magnesium ion
B)potassium ion
C)sodium ion
D)chlorine ion

Question 30

What condition accompanies overhydration,or hypotonic hydration?

A)hypoglycemia
B)hypercalcemia
C)hyperglycemia
D)hyponatremia

Question 31

An elevated sodium ion concentration is known as:

A)hypernatremia.
B)hypercalcemia.
C)hypoglycemia.
D)hypokalemia.

Question 32

Digoxin is a drug that leads to increases in potassium ion concentration in the interstitial fluid.Determine the condition that results from digoxin toxicity.

A)hypercalcemia
B)hyperkalemia
C)hyperglycemia
D)hypernatremia

Question 33

What maintains the potassium ion concentration in the cytosol of cells?

A)Na⁺/K⁺ pump
B)endocytosis
C)diffusion
D)osmosis

Question 34

Together,which ions form hydroxyapatite crystals of osseous tissue?

A)sodium and potassium ions
B)calcium and phosphate ions
C)sodium and chlorine ions
D)potassium and magnesium ions

Question 35

Determine the effect of hypokalemia on resting membrane potential.

A)Hypokalemia causes the membrane potential to become depolarized.
B)Hypokalemia has no effect on resting membrane potential.
C)Hypokalemia causes the membrane potential to become hyperpolarized.
D)Hypokalemia promotes a more positive resting membrane potential.

Question 36

Determine which of the following conditions will benefit from the administration of moderate amounts of hypotonic fluids.

A)hypotonic hydration
B)overhydration
C)dehydration
D)water toxicity

Question 37

What triggers the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A)increasing calcium ion concentration of the blood
B)decreasing sodium ion concentration of the blood
C)increasing potassium ion concentration of the blood
D)decreasing calcium ion concentration of the blood

Question 38

Which hormone promotes the reabsorption of water from the kidneys back into the ECF by osmosis?

A)aldosterone
B)atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
C)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D)angiotensin-II

Question 39

What is the most common cause for hypernatremia?

A)edema
B)hypotonic hydration
C)water toxicity
D)dehydration

Question 40

What effect does an increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH)have on the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A)ECF increases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH)is present.
B)ECF increases initially,and then decreases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH)is present.
C)ECF decreases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH)is present.
D)Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)has no effect on ECF.

Question 41

Which condition is usually due to hyperparathyroidism?

A)hypercalcemia
B)hypernatremia
C)hyperkalemia
D)hyperglycemia

Question 42

What ion concentration is linked to calcium ion concentration and regulated by vitamin D3 (calcitriol)?

A)fluorine ions
B)phosphate ions
C)sodium ions
D)potassium ions

Question 43

Select the blood pH that represents acidosis.

A)7)58
B)7)24
C)7)37
D)7)42

Question 44

Through what two systems is carbon dioxide eliminated from the body?

A)respiratory and urinary systems
B)digestive and urinary systems
C)integumentary and skeletal systems
D)cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

Question 45

Identify the role of the urinary system in acid-base balance. 1.The kidneys can secrete bicarbonate ions when the pH of the blood rises.
2)The kidneys contribute to acid-base balance by excreting fixed acids that the lungs cannot excret
3)The kidneys can manufacture new bicarbonate ions when the pH of the blood falls.
4)The kidneys contribute to acid-base balance by controlling the concentration of bicarbonate ions blood.

A)1,3,4,but not 2
B)1,2,3,4
C)2,3,4,but not 1
D)1,2,3,but not 4

Question 46

Sarah was so upset and nervous that a snake was in her house that she began hyperventilating.Predict the acid-base imbalance created by her psychological state.

A)respiratory acidosis
B)respiratory alkalosis
C)metabolic acidosis
D)metabolic alkalosis

Question 47

What statement does NOT describe the methods by which chemical buffer systems operate to maintain pH?

A)When a strong base is added to a solution,the buffer system's weak acid releases its hydrogen ions to bind the base ions.
B)When a strong acid is added to a solution,the weak base of the buffer system binds the released hydrogen ions and removes them from solution.
C)All excess hydrogen ions are removed from the body in the urine.
D)Buffer systems consist of a weak acid and its conjugate weak base which function to resist large swings in pH.

Question 48

Determine the effect of hypocalcemia on the heart.

A)As a result of hypocalcemia,heart contractions are weaker.
B)As a result of hypocalcemia,heart contractions are shorter.
C)As a result of hypocalcemia,the plateau phase of the cardiac muscle cell action potential is lengthened.
D)The heart is not affected by hypocalcemia.

Question 49

Which hormone influences the concentration of hydrogen ions in the filtrate formed by the kidneys?

A)vitamin D3 (calcitonin)
B)aldosterone
C)atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
D)parathyroid hormone

Question 50

Why are chlorine ions important?

A)Chlorine ions are a major component of collagen fibers.
B)Chlorine ions are involved in the production of stomach acids.
C)Chlorine ions are critical for hematopoiesis.
D)Chlorine ions are a major component of bone tissues.

Question 51

Hypoventilation is the cause of an acid-base imbalance known as:

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 52

When fewer hydrogen ions are secreted into the filtrate,how is blood pH affected?

A)Blood pH increases.
B)Blood pH alternately increases and decreases.
C)Blood pH decreases.
D)Blood pH is not affected by hydrogen ions.

Question 53

Mrs.Frykholm is experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis,which causes metabolic acidosis.She has experienced damage to her kidneys from diabetes mellitus.Predict how her body compensates to return her blood pH to normal.

A)The kidney tubule cells will decrease hydrogen ion secretion into the filtrate.
B)The kidney tubule cells will decrease bicarbonate ion reabsorption.
C)Hyperventilation.
D)Hypoventilation.

Question 54

Which ions are critical for the activation of some enzymes?

A)fluorine ions
B)magnesium ions
C)chlorine ions
D)potassium ions

Question 55

The pH of the blood primarily depends upon a normal concentration of:

A)calcium ions.
B)magnesium ions.
C)hydrogen ions.
D)sodium ions.

Question 56

What leads to respiratory acidosis?

A)hypoventilation
B)increasing reabsorption of bicarbonate ions from the filtrate
C)increasing secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate
D)hyperventilation

Question 57

Hyperventilation is the compensation for an acid-base imbalance known as:

A)metabolic acidosis.
B)metabolic alkalosis.
C)respiratory alkalosis.
D)respiratory acidosis.

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT a compensation for respiratory acidosis?

A)The kidney tubule cells will increase secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate.
B)The kidney tubule cells will produce new bicarbonate ions from glutamine.
C)The kidney tubule cells will increase reabsorption of bicarbonate ions from the filtrate.
D)The kidney tubule cells will increase reabsorption of calcium ions from the filtrate.

Question 59

Determine the product formed when hydrogen ions from a strong acid are accepted by the bicarbonate ion.

A)sodium bicarbonate
B)sodium hydroxide
C)carbonic acid
D)hydrochloric acid

Question 60

Hydrogen ion secretion is coupled with:

A)bicarbonate ion reabsorption.
B)a resulting decrease in blood pH.
C)phosphate reabsorption.
D)calcium ion secretion.

Question 61

Plasma has much higher protein content than interstitial fluid.

Question 62

The human body stores more fluids in the extracellular compartment than in the intracellular compartment.

Question 63

The normal hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids is equal to a pH range of about 7.35-7.45.

Question 64

For which imbalance is the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)appropriate?

A)pH imbalance
B)acid-base imbalance
C)metabolic alkalosis
D)fluid and electrolyte imbalance

Question 65

Explain the direction in which water moves between compartments as it relates to gradients involving hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure.

Question 66

Calcium ions have important functions in the body such as forming an integral part of the ATP molecule.

Question 67

When antidiuretic hormone (ADH)levels rise,less water is reabsorbed via the kidneys,the ECF volume decreases,and urine production increases.

Question 68

The following has been determined from an arterial blood gas (ABG)sample: elevated arterial PCO₂ level and a low blood pH.Determine the acid-base imbalance.

A)respiratory acidosis
B)metabolic alkalosis
C)metabolic acidosis
D)respiratory alkalosis

Question 69

What leads to metabolic alkalosis?

A)visiting a high altitude location
B)prolonged vomiting and the loss of acidic stomach contents
C)diabetic ketoacidosis in which excess acids are produced
D)prolonged diarrhea in which bicarbonate ions are lost in the feces

Question 70

The most important chemical buffer system in the blood is the carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion buffer system,which consists of the weak acid carbonic acid and its weak conjugate base,the bicarbonate ion.

Question 71

A patient has been experiencing prolonged vomiting.Since she has lost many hydrogen ions,you predict her acid-base imbalance to be:

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 72

The following has been determined from an arterial blood gas (ABG)sample: an elevated blood pH and an elevated bicarbonate ion level.Determine the acid-base imbalance.

A)respiratory alkalosis
B)metabolic acidosis
C)metabolic alkalosis
D)respiratory acidosis

Question 73

Water obeys the principle of mass balance-in other words,what is gained by the body must equal what is lost by the body.

Question 74

Angiotensin-II restores fluid-homeostasis when dehydration occurs due to inadequate fluid intake.Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin-II?

A)stimulation of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)secretion
B)stimulation of aldosterone secretion
C)increase sodium ion reabsorption
D)vasodilation

Question 75

Summarize the following terms: acid,base,and buffer.

Question 76

Aldosterone triggers the secretion of potassium ions (and hydrogen ions)and the reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidney.

Question 77

Metabolic water (or water of oxidation)amounts to a total gain of about 250 ml of water per day.

Question 78

The osmotic pressure gradient,or the force of solutes in a solution,tends to push water away from the solution with the higher osmotic pressure,or the more concentrated solution,by osmosis.

Question 79

Discuss the two fluid compartments and the percentage of water each compartment contributes to total body water.

Question 80

Sensible water loss includes water lost through feces and urine while insensible water loss includes water lost through sweating and evaporation.