Deck 6: Stress and Coping in Sport and Exercise

Question 1

Which one of the following is a conclusion that is not generally accepted by most sport psychology researchers?

A)Cognitive appraisal is a key component of the stress experience.
B)Coping intervention programs are generally effective in helping athletes manage stress.
C)Men and women cope in similar ways.
D)Coping efforts reflect both coping styles and situational characteristics.
E)Coping is a dynamic process.

Answer 1

Men and women cope in similar ways.

Question 2

In which of the following coping interventions does a participant develop an integrated coping response and then,using a procedure called induced affect,learn to turn off a high level of stress?

A)COPE training
B)If- then contingency planning
C)Stress inoculation training
D)Stress management training

Answer 2

Stress management training

Question 3

Which of the following stressors was found from Holt and Hogg's (2002)research with the women's national soccer team during preparation for the 1999 World Cup finals?

A)Demands of international soccer
B)Coaches' communications
C)Competitive stressors
D)Distractions like fatigue an opponent aggression
E)All of the above

Answer 3

All of the above

Question 4

What is an external event or situation that has the potential to be interpreted as stressful known as?

A)A stressor
B)Distress
C)A threat
D)Eustress
E)A challenge

Question 5

A football player who does not know how she will perform in the championship game will likely experience which type of emotion according to Lazarus' core relational themes?

A)Anger
B)Fright
C)Guilt
D)Anxiety
E)Shame

Question 6

Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship between self- presentation and exercise?

A)Self- presentation concerns can be both a motive to exercise,as well as a significant barrier to exercise.
B)Self- presentation is neither a motivation nor a barrier to exercise.
C)Self- presentation concerns are a significant barrier to exercise,and few,if any,people use them as motives to exercise.
D)Self- presentation concerns are an important motive to exercise,and there is little concern over them acting as a barrier.

Question 7

Which of the following would be considered a micro- level coping strategy?

A)Humour
B)Emotion- focused
C)Avoidance
D)Problem- focused
E)All of the above

Question 8

Which one of the following reactions is often referred to as a stress response?

A)Psychological
B)Affective
C)Cognitive
D)Behavioural
E)All of the above

Question 9

An older adult who is concerned about the amount of money it takes to travel to his local recreation centre is experiencing which type of stress source?

A)Psychological concerns
B)Environmental concerns
C)Social concerns
D)Physical concerns
E)Career- and life- direction concerns

Question 10

Which of the following is not just a myth about stress and coping in sport and exercise?

A)Some athletes cope in a more consistent manner across time than others.
B)Exercise always reduces stress.
C)Dropping out of sport or stopping exercise is an ineffective coping strategy.
D)Elite sport is inherently stressful.

Question 11

A volleyball player who believes that the team won because of his blocking ability will likely experience which type of emotion according to Lazarus' core relational themes?

A)Love
B)Hope
C)Relief
D)Pride
E)Happiness

Question 12

In which of the following coping interventions does a participant practice their coping skills by starting with small manageable doses and gradually progress to more stress- inducing situations?

A)COPE training
B)Stress management training
C)If- then contingency planning
D)Stress inoculation training

Question 13

An exerciser who wants the same body as other women in the gym because she feels that she has worked just as hard as them will likely experience which type of emotion according to Lazarus' core relational themes?

A)Anger
B)Hope
C)Jealousy
D)Pride
E)Envy

Question 14

The two "fits" that determine the effectiveness of coping in the goodness- of- fit model are:

A)the fit between (i)someone's coping style and the demands of the situation,and between (ii)the demands of the situation and the expected outcomes of coping.
B)the fit between (i)the gender of the person experiencing stress and the role constraints on coping options,and between (ii)the actual attempts to cope and the role constraints on coping options.
C)the fit between (i)the effectiveness of sport coping strategies in exercise settings,and between (ii)level of coping efforts and level of exercise stress.
D)the fit between (i)what the reality of situation is and how it is appraised by someone,and between (ii)the controllability of a situation and the effort to control the situation.

Question 15

Which of the following is often a predictor of athlete's coping skills?

A)Level of expertise
B)Culture
C)Gender
D)None of the above
E)A,B,and C

Question 16

Which type of coping intervention specifically targets acute stress in sport?

A)Stress management training
B)If- then contingency planning
C)COPE training
D)Stress inoculation training

Question 17

An athlete who interprets a failed attempt at a high jump as a positive is using which type of coping?

A)Distancing
B)Disengagement
C)Problem- focused
D)Avoidance
E)Emotion- focused

Question 18

Which of the following predicts that males and females learn to use different coping strategies to manage the same types of situations through processes like sex- role stereotyping and role expectations?

A)Role constraint theory
B)Gender socialization hypothesis
C)Goodness of fit model
D)Good- news coping theory
E)None of the above

Question 19

Which of the following should best be considered an outcome of coping,but not coping itself?

A)Listening to directions from the coach as to how to play better
B)Using positive self- talk after being scored upon
C)Winning a soccer game
D)Putting on shin- pads to prevent injury

Question 20

Which of the following conclusions best represents current research findings on the relationship between stress and exercise?

A)There is no relationship between stress and exercise.
B)Exercise can both reduce and increase stress,depending on the appraisal of the situation.
C)Exercise increases stress.
D)Exercise reduces stress.

Question 21

Which of the following would be considered a primary appraisal in the stress process?

A)Feeling like you have no control over the source of stress
B)Considering all your potential options for ways to cope
C)Knowing that you're a long ways away from your goal
D)Thinking that there's no hope that the situation will change for the better in the future

Question 22

Which of the following would be considered a non- competitive,expected stressor?

A)Dealing with bad calls from an official
B)Spraining an ankle and having to leave a game
C)Finding out your dog is really sick the day before a big competition
D)Having to find transportation to a competition venue in a busy city

Question 23

If acute stressors are not managed effectively they can lead to long- term chronic stress and burnout.

Question 24

In Smith's stress management training people practice coping with gradually increasing levels of stress rather than learning to turn off a high level of stress via the implementation of an integrated coping response.

Question 25

Which of the following conclusions best reflects researchers' current understanding of coping styles in sport?

A)There is no research on coping styles in sport to date.
B)While there is some evidence of coping styles in sport,some people are more consistent in their coping across situations than others.
C)Coping styles seem to dominate the choice of coping strategy for most people,and most people tend to use the same coping strategies in most situations.
D)There is little evidence for coping styles in sport; instead,most people appear to demonstrate a great deal of flexibility in their coping in most situations.

Question 26

A weakness in Lazarus' argument that a focus on emotions will be more useful than the general concept of stress is that he only describes the core relational themes for negative emotions.

Question 27

According to the literature on coping in sport,who is at risk of burnout in sport?

A)Coaches
B)Athletes
C)Athletic directors
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 28

What role does coping play in the stress process? Provide an example of how coping can change someone's experience of stress through changing both (a)cognitive appraisal and
(b)the actual situation.

Question 29

The specific term used in the chapter on stress and coping in sport and exercise that refers to a concern over a negative evaluation of one's physique is .

A)self presentation unease
B)social appearance worry
C)public figure concern
D)social physique anxiety
E)public body apprehension

Question 30

Describe the distinction between cognitive appraisals that represent the various forms of stress,including (a)harm/loss,(b)threat,and (c)challenge; and provide one example of each type for each of (i)sport and (ii)exercise.

Question 31

Case: Peter is high level soccer player who is experiencing "stress" over his diminished athletic skill.As a result he comes to see you to help him more effectively manage his stress so that he can continue to enjoy playing.When you meet with Peter for the first time,what is the most important information that you need to find out from him in order to decide on an effective coping intervention?

Question 32

Coping attempts that are organized,flexible,and constructive are sometimes referred to as .

A)bad news coping
B)induced affect
C)coping style
D)good news coping

Question 33

Which theory states that differences in stress are primarily the result of the different roles men and women play in society as opposed to any inherent gender differences?

A)Good- news coping theory
B)Role constraint theory
C)Goodness of fit model
D)Gender socialization hypothesis
E)None of the above

Question 34

Distinguish between the concepts of primary and secondary appraisal in the experience of stress.

Question 35

Distinguish between micro- and macro- levels of coping.

Question 36

The process by which individuals attempt to control the impressions others form of them is called .

A)self- presentation
B)social physique anxiety
C)stress inoculation
D)self- esteem

Question 37

Why is an understanding of the discrete emotions experienced by athletes potentially more useful than just knowing that athletes are "stressed"? Provide an example that demonstrates how an understanding of the discrete emotion experienced can tell us more than knowing that someone is simply experiencing stress.

Question 38

Case: Julia comes to you expressing that she wants to begin a routine of regular exercise,but that going to the gym "stresses her out".If you were going to help Julia more effectively manage her stress,what is the most important information that you need to find out from her in order to decide on an effective way to help her?

Question 39

Cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage specific external or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the person's resources is known as .

A)distancing
B)coping
C)conflict management
D)disengagement
E)logical analysis

Question 40

A university athlete who experiences stress over not being able to play Canadian Interuniversity Sport due to using up her eligibility is experiencing which type of stress as a result of the cognitive appraisal process?

A)Challenge
B)Harm/loss
C)Threat
D)None of the above

Question 41

In Meichenbaum's stress inoculation training people practice coping with gradually increasing levels of stress rather than learning to turn off a high level of stress via the implementation of an integrated coping response.

Question 42

Depending on the person and the situation,even such strategies as a dropping out from sport or stopping exercise can be effective as a way to prevent excessive long- term stress and burnout.

Question 43

It seems clear that all stress is negative and to be avoided.

Question 44

When people are not coping effectively with stress in sport or exercise it might simply be a reflection that they do not have the appropriate resources to cope.

Question 45

Little attention has been devoted to direct comparisons of coping across groups of athletes from different countries and cultures.

Question 46

Research on gender differences in coping in sport has indicated that men and women appear to cope differently.

Question 47

An athlete who is subject to ongoing harassment and relationship issues with teammates is an example of acute stress.