Deck 3: Personality in Sport and Exercise

Question 1

Which trait from the five- factor model has been shown to interact with intention to exercise when predicting behaviour?

A)Agreeableness
B)Psychoticism
C)Openness to experience
D)Perfectionism
E)Conscientiousness

Answer 1

Conscientiousness

Question 2

According to Martens,athletes who have high competitive- trait anxiety would be more likely to experience?

A)High trait anxiety in only a few select number of competitions
B)Low state and high trait anxiety across many competitive situations regardless of situational variables
C)Low state anxiety across many competitive situations regardless of situational variables
D)High state anxiety across many competitive situations regardless of situational variables
E)Low trait anxiety across many competitive situations regardless of situational variables

Answer 2

High state anxiety across many competitive situations regardless of situational variables

Question 3

Research on exercise preference and personality supported the link between exercising outdoors and what trait?

A)Extroversion
B)Hardiness
C)Introversion
D)Agreeableness
E)Openness

Answer 3

Openness

Question 4

Which of the following is a potential hazard of using measurement tools to assess personality in sport?

A)Informing athletes of the nature of the test
B)Informing athletes how the results will be used
C)A sport- specific test being administered and validated for a specific context
D)Qualified people administering a measurement tool
E)Using inventories for team selection

Question 5

A test that typically presents the individual with choices,as in true/false questions or a choice of responses in a scale,is an example of a(n).

A)personality factor test
B)profile of mood test
C)objective test
D)projective test
E)subjective test

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the overall organization of psychological characteristics of behaviour,thought,and feelings that differentiates us from others and leads us to act consistently across time and situations?

A)Disposition
B)Traits
C)Psychological core
D)Personality
E)Role- related behaviour

Question 7

Measures of personality can be divided into which of the following categories?

A)State and objective
B)Projective and objective
C)Subjective and projective
D)Objective and subjective
E)Trait and projective

Question 8

The psychologist who published a five- tiered hierarchy of needs pyramid was .

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Carl Rogers
C)Abraham Maslow
D)Hans Eysenck
E)B)F.Skinner

Question 9

Which psychologist argues that behaviour followed by a reward would increase the probability of a reoccurrence of the behaviour?

A)Albert Bandura
B)B)F.Skinner
C)Hans Eysenck
D)Sigmund Freud
E)Carl Rogers

Question 10

Constructs that refer to broad pervasive,encompassing ways of relating to particular types of people and or situations (such as competitiveness,optimism,and motivational orientation)are often referred to as examples of a person's .

A)id
B)psychological core
C)role- related behaviour
D)self- efficacy
E)disposition

Question 11

A study by Hughes and colleagues (2003)of the athletes involved in an ultra- marathon in Alaska found that the participant scores were higher on these dimensions compared to data from a general adult sample.

A)Neuroticism and self- reliance
B)Conscientiousness and reasoning
C)Extroversion and openness
D)Self- reliance and perfectionism
E)Extroversion and perfectionism

Question 12

Research on risk taking in sensation- seeking behaviours has suggested that stimulus seekers .

A)have higher physiological activation levels or chronic levels of low excitation
B)have lower physiological activation levels or chronic levels of high excitation
C)have lower physiological activation levels or chronic levels of low excitation
D)have higher physiological activation levels or chronic levels of high excitation
E)have slightly below average physiological activation levels or chronic levels of high excitation

Question 13

Endler and Magnusson's interaction approach argued that a person's specific behaviour is the result of the interplay between

A)traits and dispositions.
B)the person and the environment.
C)state feelings and reinforcement contingencies.
D)traits and id processes.
E)self- actualizations and perceived control.

Question 14

According to the work by Rhodes and Smith (2006),the relationship between personality and physical activity is _ .

A)there is a strong curvilinear relationship
B)there is a relatively minor relationship
C)there is a inverse relationship
D)there is a strong relationship
E)there is no relationship

Question 15

Which of the following is one of the factors found in the "Big Five" model of personality?

A)Dominance
B)Extroversion
C)Warmth
D)Reasoning
E)Social boldness

Question 16

Understanding the needs and desires of athletes and respecting their perceptions and ideas is reflective of this approach to studying personality.

A)Humanistic
B)Interactionist
C)Social learning
D)Psychodynamic
E)Learning (behaviourism)

Question 17

A person who experiences a lot of negative affect in his/her life such as anxiety would likely score high on which "Big Five" personality dimension?

A)Conscientiousness
B)Neuroticism
C)Agreeableness
D)Openness
E)Extraversion

Question 18

Findings from the initial Profile of Mood States study by Morgan and Pollack (1977)suggest that elite athletes with positive affect reported what has been termed as an iceberg profile,scoring low on .

A)depression,anger,vigour,fatigue,and confusion,but high on tension
B)tension,depression,anger,vigour,and fatigue,but high on confusion
C)vigour,fatigue,confusion,tension,and depression,but high on anger
D)tension,depression,anger,fatigue,and confusion,but high on vigour
E)anger,vigour,fatigue,confusion,and tension,but high on depression

Question 19

Social needs,such as feelings of belonging,connection to others,giving and receiving love,are associated with which approach to studying personality?

A)Learning (behaviourism)
B)Psychodynamic
C)Social learning
D)Interactionist
E)Humanistic

Question 20

A personality test that asks an athlete an open- ended question about how he or she feels about a particular topic is an example of a(n)_.

A)subjective test
B)objective test
C)profile of moods test
D)personality factor test
E)projective test

Question 21

Describe the two most important issues to consider when administering a personality measurement in an athletic setting and provide an example contrary to these issues.

Question 22

Dunn and colleagues (2002)study of the link between perfectionism,ego motivation,and task- achievement motivation in high- school football players found?

A)Unhealthy perfectionism was positively related to task orientation,whereas healthy perfectionism was associated with ego orientation.
B)Unhealthy perfectionism was positively related to an ego orientation,whereas healthy perfectionism was associated with task orientation.
C)Adaptive perfectionism was reflected by high concerns with mistakes and high pressure from coaches and parents.
D)Healthy perfectionism was positively related to task orientation,whereas healthy perfectionism was associated with ego orientation.
E)Adaptive perfectionism was reflected by low concerns with mistakes and high pressure from coaches and parents.

Question 23

Identify at least four of the ethical principles that have to be followed in the administration of personality measures.

Question 24

Identify the three common myths about personality in sport and provide a key fact that disputes each one.

Question 25

In the psychodynamic model of personality,the superego is considered the voice of conscious and morality.

Question 26

Define a personality trait and contrast this with the concept of a state.Provide an example of how these terms differ.

Question 27

A meta- analysis study by Rowley and colleagues (1995)of sport research using the Profile of Mood States found

A)weak support for the iceberg profile and athletic success.
B)strong support for the iceberg profile and athletic success.
C)that trait anxiety predicted failure in athletes.
D)that success was associated with self- actualization and vigour.
E)that only anger- hostility predicted athlete success.

Question 28

Which approach to personality development holds that individuals can learn physical activity behavior simply being exposed to or by observing the behaviour of others?

A)Trait
B)Humanistic
C)Big Five
D)Psychodynamics
E)Cognitive behavioural

Question 29

Jones and colleagues (2002)study on mental toughness characteristics of ten international athletes identified which of the following three categories?

A)Very strong self- confidence and motivation,manage competitive stress and training,high levels of commitment
B)Very strong self- confidence and motivation,maintain or regain focus in the face of distraction,competitiveness
C)Very strong self- confidence and motivation,maintain or regain focus in the face of distraction,high levels of commitment
D)Very strong self- confidence and motivation,manage competitive stress and training,maintain or regain focus in the face of distraction
E)Competitive manage competitive stress and training,maintain or regain focus in the face of distraction

Question 30

Identify and briefly describe three measures that attempt to assess various aspects of personality in sport.

Question 31

How is personality theorized to influence exercise behaviour?

Question 32

Objective tests do not require the tester to interpret the meaning of the participants' response.

Question 33

Explain the interactionist approach to personality and provide an example of how this may explain regular exercise behaviour.

Question 34

Gould's et al (2002)study of Olympic champions found which of the following psychological characteristics to be present?

A)Competitiveness,adaptive perfectionism,mental toughness,goal orientation
B)Competitiveness,adaptive perfectionism,win orientation,goal orientation
C)Competitiveness,adaptive perfectionism,mental toughness,win orientation
D)Competitiveness,adaptive perfectionism,mental toughness,mental resiliency
E)Competitiveness,maladaptive perfectionism,mental toughness,mental resiliency

Question 35

Contrast the key personality perspectives of the humanist and social learning perspectives.

Question 36

Rotter determined that these three factors influence behaviour.

A)Generalized expectancies,reinforcement value,extroversion
B)Reinforcement value,situational expectancies,reasoning
C)Situational expectancies,generalized expectancies,extroversion
D)Situational expectancies,generalized expectancies,reasoning
E)Situational expectancies,generalized expectancies,reinforcement value

Question 37

A common assumption about personality traits is that traits

A)are normally distributed in the population.
B)measure momentary thoughts and feelings.
C)capture only role or situation specific behaviour.
D)can only be measured by projective tests.
E)A & C

Question 38

This sport specific measure of personality inventory was correlated with variables on Cattell's 16 Personality Factors instrument.

A)The Athletic Motivation Inventory
B)The Sport Competition Anxiety Test
C)The Athletic Coping Inventory
D)The Profile of Mood States
E)The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory- 2

Question 39

A young athlete attempting to imitate Olympic wrester Carol Huynh take down after watching her on TV would be an example of which specific approach to studying aspects of how behaviour is acquired to form personality?

A)Self- actualization
B)The role of the id process
C)Self- efficacy
D)Observational learning
E)B & D

Question 40

According to Rhodes and Smith (2006)meta- analysis on personality and physical activity,what are the three traits associated (significantly correlated either positively or negatively)with physical activity?

A)Activity,agreeableness,extroversion
B)Conscientiousness,extroversion,neuroticism
C)Neuroticism,agreeableness,conscientiousness
D)Activity,extroversion,neuroticism
E)Extroversion,activity,conscientiousness

Question 41

The research on sensation seeking indicates that it declines with age but is higher in females compared to males.

Question 42

The Athletic Motivation Inventory (AMI)should be used to assess certain facets of personality to aid in team selection.

Question 43

Research by Gaudreau and Anti (2008)found that evaluative concerns perfectionism was related to avoidance or distraction coping strategies and low athletic goal attainment.

Question 44

Researchers have shown that more conscientious individuals have larger plans to exercise than their less conscientious counterparts.

Question 45

Tailoring physical activity based on personality has received convincing research support.

Question 46

Professional organizations like the NFL encourage the use of sport specific personality tests to aid in drafting and team selection.

Question 47

Perfectionism has multiple dimensions that involve both the self and expectations of others.

Question 48

Research on competitiveness indicates that consists of only one main dimension called goal orientation.