Deck 4: Motivation and Behavioural Change

Question 1

A soccer player who evaluates his/her achievements in terms of quality and effort to determine further motivation would be subscribing to which theory?

A)Sport commitment model
B)Theory of planned behaviour
C)Self- determination theory
D)Achievement goal theory

Answer 1

Achievement goal theory

Question 2

An athlete who does not met expectations at competition but has high perceptions of his/her ability and self- control will .

A)blame others
B)be frustrated
C)persist longer
D)lose self- esteem

Answer 2

persist longer

Question 3

Which of the following parent behaviors would not be helpful in promoting adaptive motivation for sport for their child?

A)Purchasing sports equipment for their child
B)Emphasizing the importance of winning
C)Jogging every morning at 8 am
D)Explaining to their child what can be learned from a game they lost

Answer 3

Emphasizing the importance of winning

Question 4

The reciprocal determinism approach suggests that

A)the person and the environment influence effort in sport and exercise behaviour.
B)the person and the environment influence choices in sport and exercise behaviour.
C)the person and the environment influence persistence in sport and exercise behaviour.
D)All of the above

Question 5

Perceived behavioral control

A)accounts for many potential barriers to exercise.
B)is hypothesized to have a "dual" influence on exercise behavior.
C)is conceptually similar to self- efficacy and self- determination.
D)All of the above

Question 6

Dysfunctional thought patterns are most closely associated with .

A)arousal regulation
B)the behavioural model
C)the cognitive model
D)goal- setting

Question 7

The model is concerned with how a person thinks and not the environment that person is in.

A)behavioural
B)psychophysiological
C)cognitive
D)cognitive behavioural

Question 8

As a physical activity promotion expert,you are looking further understand the role that attitudes toward physical activity has on behaviour.What theoretical perspective could you adopt to investigate this question?

A)Social cognitive theory
B)Health belief model
C)All of the above
D)None of the above

Question 9

What are the basic psychological needs consider pivotal to human functioning and development within SDT?

A)Competence,subjective norms,and relatedness
B)Competence,autonomy,and perceived behavioral control
C)Competence,autonomy,and relatedness
D)Competence,attitudes,and relatedness

Question 10

Cognitive- behavioural approaches to changes in behaviour hold that

A)cognition influences behaviour and emotion.
B)behaviour can affect our thought patterns and emotions.
C)behaviour is only influenced by reinforcement by external rewards.
D)behaviour is only influenced by cognition.
E)Both A and B

Question 11

Which of the following is inconsistent with research into achievement goal theory?

A)Task goal orientation is associated with adaptive behaviours.
B)Ego goal orientation is associated with adaptive behaviours,but only for elite athletes.
C)High task goal orientation,in combination with high ego goal orientation,is associated with debilitative behaviours.
D)High task goal orientation,in combination with high ego goal orientation,is associated with adaptive behaviours.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT hypothesized to influence one's sense of subjective norm in relation to exercise?

A)Perceptions about the expectations of significant others
B)Perceived outcomes of exercise
C)Motivation to comply with the perceived expectations of others
D)None of the above

Question 13

A fitness leader who wants to facilitate an exercise environment that promotes human growth and development.According to self- determination theory,what dimensions of interpersonal style should the fitness leader adopt?

A)Involvement,ego orientation,attitudinal control
B)Involvement,perceived behavioral control,and task mastery orientation
C)Autonomy support,structure,involvement
D)Autonomy support,structure,and subjective norms

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a subcomponent of the SDT framework?

A)Organismic integration theory
B)Cognitive evaluation theory
C)Basic psychological needs theory
D)Commitment

Question 15

Which of the following predictors of sport commitment would you be least likely to promote if you were trying to promote the most positive experience for the athlete?

A)Social support
B)Sport enjoyment
C)Social constraints
D)Involvement opportunities

Question 16

Which one of the following is NOT true? People who have a task goal orientation towards sport will report?

A)Be motivated through skill development
B)A belief that effort results in success
C)Believe that ability produces success
D)Will engage in more sportsman- like strategies

Question 17

The meta- analyses focused on the theory of planned behaviour suggested that:

A)intention may predict other health behaviours,but is not a good predictor of physical activity.
B)attitudes is the weakest correlate of intention.
C)the association between intention and behaviour weakens after one week.
D)None of the above

Question 18

Any event that increases responding is called _ _ whereas any event that decreases responding is called _.

A)shaping; reinforcement
B)shaping; extinction
C)positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
D)reinforcement; punishment

Question 19

The extent to which an individual feels (s)he will be successful in performing a desired behavior reflects the psychological construct of

A)outcome expectation.
B)self- determination.
C)intention.
D)self- efficacy.

Question 20

Self- efficacy has been linked to which health behaviour model?

A)Transtheoretical model
B)Theory of planned behaviour
C)Social cognitive theory
D)A and C

Question 21

How might the determinants of commitment be different for exercise than for sport participation?

Question 22

Define reciprocal determinism and describe the main assumptions of social cognitive theory.

Question 23

Jim is a cardiac patient who has come to see you for help.His physician has told him that he needs to start exercising but worries that the minute he gets on the stationary bicycle he will have another cardiac arrest.Develop a plan that will help increase Jim's exercise
self- confidence.

Question 24

Past performance is the best predictor of self- efficacy.

Question 25

Rachel is a 28- year- old exerciser.She began engaging in regular exercise about 3 months ago.Using the transtheoretical model as a guiding framework,identify which stage of change Rachel is currently in.Using additional information found in TTM,identify other characteristics associated with Rachel's stage of change which influence her physical activity behaviour.

Question 26

Based on the theory of planned behaviour,describe how attitudes are formed and list the most common exercise attitudes.

Question 27

According to the transtheoretical model,how do shifts in behaviour occur?

A)Through processes of change
B)Precontemplation
C)Through intention
D)Through self- efficacy

Question 28

Which of the following builds on the idea of intrinsic/extrinsic motivation to suggest that motivation ranges along a continuum ranging in self- determination?

A)Self- efficacy
B)Organismic integration theory
C)Transtheoretical model
D)Cognitive evaluation theory

Question 29

The most influential source of self- efficacy is

A)physiological/affective states.
B)vicarious experiences.
C)past performance accomplishments.
D)social persuasion.

Question 30

Within the framework of SDT,Deci and Ryan (2002)advocate for a continuum of motives.What are the various points encompassing this continuum and how the various regulations relate to cognition,affect,and behavior?

Question 31

Imagine that you are an exercise class leader in a residential complex for older adults.What could you do to promote social support for exercise for your clients?

Question 32

Which of the following determinants has a negative effect on sport commitment?

A)Personal investments
B)Social support
C)Involvement alternatives
D)Sport enjoyment

Question 33

Reinforcement is most closely associated with the _ model.

A)psychophysiological
B)cognitive behavioural
C)cognitive
D)behavioural

Question 34

Compare and contrast efficacy expectations,outcome expectations,and outcome expectancies.

Question 35

Learning from others behaviours is associated with which theory of motivation?

A)Basic needs theory
B)Social cognitive theory
C)Theory of planned behaviour
D)Sport commitment model

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT hypothesized to influence one's attitude toward exercise?

A)Individual's positive or negative evaluation of the consequences
B)Individual's perceived consequences of engaging in exercise
C)Extent to which society values exercise
D)None of the above

Question 37

According to self- determination theory,the quality and quantity of motivation matters.

Question 38

Pat has mastered imagery techniques in his sport.As his coach,you could help Pat use imagery to enhance which of the following sources of his self- efficacy beliefs?

A)Physiological/affective states
B)Past performances
C)Vicarious experiences
D)Social persuasion

Question 39

As a coach,you want to foster your athletes' commitment to sport.Which of the following is often found to be the strongest predictor of sport commitment?

A)Sport enjoyment
B)Social constraints
C)Involvement opportunities
D)Personal investments

Question 40

Being motivated for external reasons (awards,appearance,to please others,etc)should be avoided.

Question 41

According to the theory of planned behaviour,intention is the only predictor of physical activity behaviour.

Question 42

The transtheoretical model suggests that movement through the stages is always linear.

Question 43

The cognitive- behavioural model considers both the individual and the environment.

Question 44

According to the transtheoretical model,interventions targeting changes in how a person thinks are most effective for an individual who is not already exercising.

Question 45

The sport commitment model suggests that people remain involved in sport only for positive reasons.

Question 46

Athletes with high ego orientations may not be satisfied if training in a mastery- oriented environment.

Question 47

An individual who has been exercising regularly for less than 6 months can be classified in the Maintenance stage of behaviour.