Deck 12: Exercise and Mental Health

Question 1

Which of the following does not improve self- efficacy?

A)Negative feedback
B)Vicarious experience
C)Level of arousal
D)Verbal persuasion

Answer 1

Negative feedback

Question 2

Which exercise and mental health mechanism is best explained by molecular receptor site occupancy?

A)Thermogenic
B)Distraction
C)Monoamine
D)Ergonomic

Answer 2

Monoamine

Question 3

According to meta- analysis,which of the following statements is true?

A)Mood improves more when pre- exercise positive activated affect is higher than average.
B)Mood improves more with anaerobic exercise.
C)Low to moderate exercise intensities are best to improve mood.
D)Mood improvements are most noticeable 6 hours post- exercise.

Answer 3

Low to moderate exercise intensities are best to improve mood.

Question 4

Researchers in sport and exercise such as Fox and Corbin have focused attention on the physical self,which includes the following dimensions?

A)Physical,social,vocational,academic
B)Aerobic capacity,body composition,height,muscular strength
C)Physical strength,sport competence,body attractiveness,physical conditioning
D)Physical awareness,body composition,emotional intelligence,flexibility

Question 5

In any given year,how many Canadians will experience an anxiety disorder?

A)1 in 20
B)1 in 30
C)1 in 40
D)1 in 10

Question 6

In terms of explaining why exercise improves mental health,one idea is that as a person engages in exercise and experiences fitness gains or bodily changes, .

A)self- efficacy remains the same but self- esteem increases
B)personality changes and results in enhanced mood
C)self- efficacy for the exercise increases,and the person experiences a feeling of accomplishment
D)self- awareness increases

Question 7

In a recent landmark study by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (2006),it was reported that approximately what percentage of Canadians in general hospital beds are there because of mental illness?

A)43%
B)33%
C)13%
D)23%

Question 8

In the psychological literature,self- concept is viewed being composed of multiple domains,with specific self- concepts for specific roles in life such as .

A)physical,social psychological,intelligence,adaptability
B)social,psychological,emotional,vocational
C)physical,social,emotional,academic
D)physical,social,emotional,psychological

Question 9

According to the textbook,approximately how many Canadians will suffer a mental illness over their lifetime?

A)1 in 20
B)1 in 5
C)1 in 10
D)1 in 15

Question 10

Which of the following hypotheses remains the most popular in explaining the exercise and mental health relationship?

A)Endorphin
B)Self- efficacy
C)Distraction
D)Monoamine

Question 11

According to the meta- analytic reviews on exercise and depression covered in the textbook, .

A)only aerobic programs had an effect on reducing depression
B)the longer the exercise program duration the greater the decrease in depression
C)exercise program duration had no effect on depression
D)B and C

Question 12

If you notice that your friend has been showing a lack of interest in normal activities for two weeks or more,it is likely that your friend is .

A)anxious about daily hassles
B)distracted by the stress of school work
C)experiencing a major depressive episode
D)simply in a bad mood

Question 13

Which of the following is not considered a negative affect?

A)Distressed
B)Jittery
C)Nervous
D)Excited

Question 14

Regular and ongoing long term exercisers who suddenly start experiencing more normal depression than usual may have .

A)stopped taking their medication
B)increased the intensity of their exercise program
C)changed from aerobic to anaerobic exercise
D)reduced the intensity of their exercise program

Question 15

In regard to the role of physical activity in preventing mental health problems,the strongest evidence applies to the research area of .

A)self- concept
B)anxiety
C)depression
D)mood

Question 16

A meta- analysis (Spence et al.,2005)examined the relationship between exercise and self- esteem.The analysis found that _.

A)only global esteem but not the physical self is influenced by exercise
B)exercise results in small but significant improvements in global self- esteem.
C)increases in physical fitness had no impact on changes in global esteem
D)exercise results in a strong increase in self- esteem,especially the body component.

Question 17

Although the Profile of Mood States (POMS)has been used most often in the exercise and mood literature,the most recent research has used new psychometric instruments that .

A)have better established norms
B)have better established psychometric properties
C)rely more on retrospective answers
D)differentiate between positive and negative aspects of mood

Question 18

It has been suggested that MHPG levels return to normal levels approximately how long after exercise has been completed?

A)3 hours
B)6 hours
C)1 hour
D)12 hours

Question 19

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,the symptoms of a major depressive episode must last a minimum of how many weeks?

A)4 weeks
B)2 weeks
C)3 weeks
D)1 week

Question 20

What is the most likely explanation for the thermogenic effect of exercise on mental health?

A)Increased receptor site occupancy
B)"Feel good" chemicals
C)Time- out from stressful thoughts
D)Total body warming

Question 21

Significant reductions in depression is not a reliable result among exercisers scoring within a clinically normal range of depression.

Question 22

Research on the effects of exercise on monoamine activity has been primarily limited to measuring .

A)metabolites in peripheral blood
B)VO2 (max.)
C)brain tissue occupancy
D)metabolites in the urine

Question 23

In terms of the value of utilizing exercise to prevent mental health problems,which statement would you support?

A)It is unlikely that physical activity can prevent mental health problems.
B)The potential benefit outweighs the risk that it would be unsuccessful.
C)Mental and physical health improvements do not occur simultaneously.
D)The potential risk of increased activity outweighs the potential benefit on mental health.

Question 24

If you were going to recommend types of exercise to improve a friend's mood,what types are shown to produce the largest effects?

A)Walking and running
B)Stretching and weight lifting
C)Cycling and weight lifting
D)Swimming and aerobic dance

Question 25

One major criticism of studies that claim to examine the effects of exercise on stress is _.

A)generalizability has already been established consistently
B)mostly qualitative studies have been employed in the existing research
C)no quasi- experimental designs have been employed
D)a failure to account for the individual nature of stress

Question 26

Research reviews on depression and exercise would suggest that _ .

A)the antidepressant effects of exercise are not apparent at follow- up measures
B)clinicians should consider using exercise as an adjunct therapy
C)only aerobic exercise is effective in reducing participant depression
D)the length of the exercise program has no effect on decreases in depression

Question 27

When all empirical research is considered together,approximately what percentage of studies reported significant reductions in state anxiety?

A)60%
B)70%
C)80%
D)50%

Question 28

Physical activity should have a greater effect on physical self components compared to other domains like social or global self- esteem.

Question 29

At this point in time,what can we safely conclude about the value of exercise in preventing or treating mental health problems?

Question 30

A recent Canadian study suggests that future research should target self- esteem and mastery in examining the relationship between physical activity interventions and the prevention of mental health problems.

Question 31

Which of the following biochemicals has been termed the "brain's own morphine?"

A)Endorphin
B)Dopamine
C)Pyrogens
D)Serotonin

Question 32

Outline the basic assumptions of the monoamine hypothesis in terms of the exercise and mental health relationship.

Question 33

Recent meta- analytic reviews have established a dose- response relationship between physical activity and improved depression.

Question 34

Discuss the prevalence of mental health problems in North America.

Question 35

It is important for future studies of exercise and stress to focus more on .

A)participant's mood
B)the person- environment transaction that is deemed threatening by the person
C)quantitative scales as psychometric measures and checklists
D)individual similarities in appraising and coping with stress

Question 36

Reductions in state anxiety are achieved only with aerobic exercise intensities of 70% maximum heart rate.

Question 37

Anxiety reduction after exercise will be most noticeable in .

A)fit participants
B)all types of participants
C)participants with higher pre- exercise anxiety
D)older participants

Question 38

The thermogenic effect of exercise on mental health is believed to be initiated by the release of .

A)pyrogens
B)monoamines
C)MHPG
D)endorphins

Question 39

Present a credible argument that exercise has the potential to play a valuable role in improving mental health in the participant.

Question 40

What methodological weaknesses must be considered when interpreting research examining the exercise and stress relationship?

Question 41

Physical inactivity increases the likelihood of developing clinically defined depression.

Question 42

It could be argued that none of the existing research studies have assessed the effects of exercise on reducing experiences of stress.

Question 43

Global self- esteem is more important than physical self in determining motivated physical activity behaviour.

Question 44

A participant should expect anxiety will return to pre- exercise levels within 6 hours of completing the exercise session.

Question 45

Exercise is not as effective as other more traditional treatments for depression.

Question 46

Longer exercise programs are associated with greater decreases in participant depression.

Question 47

The majority of empirical research studies support the notion that exercise helps to manage and/or control stress levels.

Question 48

The effects of exercise on mood are consistently positive for low intensity exercise.

Question 49

The World Health Organization has projected that depression will be second only to cardiovascular disease as the world's leading cause of death and disability by the year 2020.

Question 50

According to a meta- analytic review,exercise is no more effective in treating negative mood than other distractions and enjoyable activities.