Deck 24: Development and Inheritance

Question 1

The fetal period refers to the time of development extending from the end of the ___ month after fertilization until birth.

A)1st
B)2nd
C)3rd
D)4th
E)5th

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The term neonatal period refers to the first ___ days after birth.

A)40
B)28
C)36
D)12
E)8

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Successive cleavages of the zygote produce a solid sphere of small cells called the

A)embryo
B)blastocyst
C)morula
D)gamete
E)trophoblast

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Fraternal twins

A)develop from a single fertilized ovum.
B)are the same age but genetically different.
C)develop from the same zygote.
D)are always the same sex.
E)are fertilized by one sperm cell.

Question 5

The series of rapid mitotic cell divisions that convert a zygote into a morula are called

A)gastrulation
B)differentiation
C)gravidation
D)cleavage
E)implantation

Question 6

The fetal portion of the placenta is formed by the ____ of the blastocyst.

A)trophoblast
B)inner cell mass
C)zona pellucida
D)yolk sac
E)corona radiata

Question 7

Embryology refers to the study of development from the fertilized egg through the _____ week of pregnancy.

A)second
B)fifth
C)eighth
D)ninth
E)tenth

Question 8

Of the sperm cells introduced into the vagina during sexual intercourse, what percentage actually reach the secondary oocyte?

A)50 percent
B)10 percent
C)5 percent
D)2 percent
E)less than 1 percent

Question 9

Birth typically occurs ___ weeks after fertilization.

A)30
B)32
C)34
D)36
E)38

Question 10

The only fetal blood vessel that carries fully oxygenated blood is the

A)umbilical vein
B)umbilical artery
C)aorta
D)pulmonary trunk
E)common iliac arteries

Question 11

Deoxygenated blood carrying fetal waste products exits the body of the fetus through the

A)umbilical veins
B)intervillous spaces
C)umbilical arteries
D)chorionic villi
E)hepatic portal vein

Question 12

Which of the following statements accurately describe in vitro fertilization?

A)A woman is artificially inseminated with her husband's semen.
B)The husband's semen is used to artificially inseminate a secondary oocyte donor.
C)Fertilization of the oocyte by the sperm takes place in a laboratory dish.
D)A woman is treated with FSH and is then artificially inseminated with donated semen.
E)All of these answer selections describe aspects of in vitro fertilization.

Question 13

The process of implantation of the blastocyst into the endometrium begins to occur approximately ___ days after fertilization.

A)6
B)8
C)10
D)12
E)14

Question 14

A secondary oocyte is viable for approximately ___ hours after ovulation.

A)6
B)12
C)24
D)36
E)48

Question 15

Which of the following embryonic membranes forms the fetal portion of the placenta?

A)endoderm
B)chorion
C)mesenchyme
D)allantois
E)amnion

Question 16

The corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone for _____ after fertilization to help maintain pregnancy and to prepare the mammary glands to secrete milk.

A)two weeks
B)six weeks
C)one to two months
D)three to four months
E)nine months

Question 17

For fertilization to occur, the sperm has to penetrate through the _____ and the zona pellucida.

A)zona glomerulosa
B)zonula occludens
C)corona radiata
D)corona granulosa
E)cumulus oophorous

Question 18

Before a sperm cell can fertilize an ovum, it has to undergo _____, which is a process involving a series of functional changes that occur inside the female reproductive tract.

A)capacitation
B)cleavage
C)somatic cell division
D)attenuation
E)maturation

Question 19

By the beginning of the _____, the placenta consists of two distinct parts including a fetal portion of chorionic villi and a maternal portion formed by the endometrium.

A)fourth week
B)eighth week
C)twelfth week
D)second week
E)first week

Question 20

Which of the following structures serves as an early site of formation of blood and blood vessels, and is associated with the development of the urinary bladder?

A)yolk sac
B)allantois
C)chorion
D)amnion
E)umbilical cord

Question 21

After the morula enters the uterine cavity, its cells reorganize to form a _____, which contains a fluid-filled cavity.

A)zygote
B)chorion
C)blastocyst
D)fetus
E)bilaminar embryonic disc

Question 22

A chart that uses the possible paternal and maternal allele combinations to determine the probability of expression of each genotype in offspring is called a

A)phenotype
B)allele table
C)Punnett square
D)genetic code
E)incomplete dominance

Question 23

The term used to describe the actual genetic makeup of an organism is

A)phenotype
B)genotype
C)autosomal
D)dominant
E)recessive

Question 24

The principal hormone involved in promoting milk production by the mammary glands is

A)oxytocin
B)vasopressin
C)prolactin
D)estrogen
E)progesterone

Question 25

Uterine contractions during labor are stimulated by a positive feedback loop involving a pituitary hormone called

A)vasopressin
B)oxytocin
C)prolactin
D)relaxin
E)estrogen

Question 26

Pharmaceutical companies use human placentas

A)as a source of hormones.
B)as a source of drugs.
C)as a source of blood cells.
D)for burn coverage.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 27

The regulatory chemical found in high quantities in breast milk that helps inhibit GI tract inflammation in the newborn is

A)interleukin-10
B)IgA
C)fibronectin
D)bifidus factor
E)retinoic acid

Question 28

All of the following are pregnancy-induced changes observed in the mother EXCEPT

A)increased cardiac output
B)decreased gastrointestinal tract motility
C)increased tidal volume
D)decreased expiratory reserve volume
E)decreased urine production

Question 29

A recessive genetic condition that results from the lack of a functional enzyme for the conversion of phenylalanine into tyrosine is called

A)PKU
B)diabetes insipidus
C)Huntington's disease
D)hemophilia
E)sickle cell anemia

Question 30

Metafemale syndrome is a sex chromosome disorder with the following genotype:

A)XYY
B)XXY
C)XXX
D)XO
E)XY

Question 31

Successful fertilization is most likely to occur when intercourse occurs

A)within one week of ovulation.
B)between 2 days before and 1 day after ovulation.
C)one week before ovulation.
D)between 4 days before and 2 days after ovulation.
E)just before implantation.

Question 32

Which of the following anatomical structures develop from the mesoderm of the embryo?

A)nervous system
B)muscle
C)epidermis
D)epithelial lining of GI tract
E)none of the choices is correct

Question 33

The nuclei of all human cells, except gametes, contain

A)46 pairs of chromosomes.
B)36 pairs of chromosomes.
C)28 pairs of chromosomes.
D)23 pairs of chromosomes.
E)22 pairs of chromosomes.

Question 34

The primitive ectoderm layer of the inner cell mass of the early embryo is also known as the

A)mesoderm
B)endoderm
C)notochord
D)epiblast
E)hypoblast

Question 35

The heartbeat can be first detected during the period from _____ weeks of pregnancy.

A)1 to 2
B)2 to 4
C)4 to 5
D)9 to 12
E)none of the choices is correct

Question 36

Genes that control the same inherited trait and occupy the same position on homologous chromosomes are called

A)autosomes
B)alleles
C)dominant
D)recessive
E)homologs

Question 37

Which of the following is a potential teratogen?

A)cocaine
B)alcohol
C)thalidomide
D)pesticides
E)all of the choices are correct

Question 38

The hormone that stimulates contraction of smooth-muscle-like cells in the mammary gland resulting in milk being made available to the suckling newborn is called

A)oxytocin
B)vasopressin
C)prolactin
D)estrogen
E)progesterone

Question 39

Which layer of the blastocyst secretes enzymes that are used by the embryo to penetrate the uterine lining during implantation?

A)syncytiotrophoblast layer
B)cytotrophoblast layer
C)endoderm layer
D)mesoderm layer
E)ectoderm layer

Question 40

Which of the following conditions is an inherited sex-linked trait?

A)Huntington's disease
B)diabetes insipidus
C)cystic fibrosis
D)red/green color blindness
E)PKU

Question 41

X and Y chromosomes are sex chromosomes.

Question 42

Alcohol in maternal blood does not cross the placenta into the fetal circulation.

Question 43

Unspecialized cells that have the ability to continue dividing for long periods of time and eventually become specialized cells are called

A)trophoblasts
B)stem cells
C)inner mass cells
D)differentiated cells
E)prenatal cells

Question 44

Monozygotic twins develop from a single fertilized ovum.

Question 45

Which of the following is the correct order of developmental stages?

A)zygote - morula - blastocyst - embryo - fetus - neonate
B)neonate - zygote - morula - blastocyst - embryo - fetus
C)zygote - blastocyst - morula - embryo - fetus - neonate
D)morula - zygote - blastocyst - embryo - fetus - neonate
E)zygote - morula - blastocyst - fetus - embryo - neonate

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT an existing fertility-expanding technique?

A)intracytoplasmic sperm injection
B)in vitro fertilization
C)gamete intrafallopian transfer
D)embryo transfer
E)fetal ultrasonography

Question 47

The fetal period of development extends from the end of the second month of pregnancy until birth.

Question 48

Which of the following types of inheritance is defined as when neither member of an allelic pair is dominant over the other and the resulting heterozygotic offspring express a phenotype that is intermediate between the two homozygotes?

A)multiple-allele inheritance
B)incomplete dominance
C)sex-linked inheritance
D)phenotypic dominance
E)genotypic dominance

Question 49

The zona pellucida is a clear layer of glycoprotein surrounding the ovulated oocyte.

Question 50

The allantois develops into the fetal portion of the placenta.

Question 51

Following birth, the prolactin concentration in the blood increases and stays elevated for months in order to stimulate the continuous production of milk.

Question 52

The scientific study of the sequence of events from fertilization of a secondary oocyte until the formation of an adult organism is called

A)obstetrics
B)embryology
C)developmental biology
D)pregnancy
E)gestation

Question 53

Homologous chromosomes contain genes that control the same traits.

Question 54

The sex chromosomes are also responsible for the transmission of a number of nonsexual traits.

Question 55

Phenylketonuria (PKU)is a sex-linked inherited disorder.

Question 56

The developmental process that occurs at about 3 weeks of development in which the bilaminar embryonic disc transforms into the trilaminar embryonic disc containing the three primary germ layers is called

A)implantation
B)blastulation
C)gastrulation
D)neurulation
E)placentation

Question 57

The principal stimulus for prolactin secretion during lactation is the sucking action of the infant on the nipple.

Question 58

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the chorion of the placenta as a signal to the corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone?

A)estrogen
B)relaxin
C)placental lactogen
D)chorionic gonadotropin
E)corticotropin-releasing hormone

Question 59

Both the placenta and the corpus luteum produce the hormone relaxin during pregnancy.

Question 60

Which of the following placental hormones helps ease delivery of a baby through the birth canal by stimulating the loosening of pubis symphysis, along with the sacroiliac and sacrococcygeal joints?

A)relaxin
B)chorionic gonadotropin
C)corticotropin-releasing hormone
D)placental lactogen
E)progesterone

Question 61

Amniocentesis involves withdrawing amniotic fluid to analyze fetal cells.

Question 62

Even though most microorganisms cannot cross the placenta, several drugs and viruses can cross and cause birth defects.

Question 63

The functions of the yolk sac include providing nutrients to the embryo during the second and third weeks of development and supplying blood cells to the embryo from the third through the sixth week of development.

Question 64

The most common site of fertilization of an ovum by a sperm is in the uterine cavity.

Question 65

Because of the risks of dehydration, decreased blood flow to the placenta, and decreased stability of pubic symphysis, pregnant women should avoid all types of exercise.

Question 66

Carriers are homozygous recessive individuals with recessive genes that are not expressed but can be passed on to their offspring.

Question 67

Use the Punnett square of inheritance of red-green color blindness that is shown in the diagram to answer the following question. Recall that uppercase C is the dominant trait and lowercase c is the recessive trait. Which of the offspring in the diagram would be red-green color blind?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)B and D

Question 68

Pluripotent stem cells, like inner mass cells, have the unique ability to develop into all the cells of an organism.

Question 69

One of the most common causes of dystocia occurs when the fetus enters the birth canal in a breech presentation.

Question 70

By the end of the eighth week of pregnancy, all of the major body systems have begun to develop.

Question 71

Anencephaly is a neural tube defect that results in the development of a fetus lacking a brain. This defect occurs about once in every 1000 births.

Question 72

True labor can be divided into four sequential stages: 1)puerperium stage, 2)stage of dilation, 3)stage of expulsion, and 4)placental stage.

Question 73

Substances in breast milk enhance both nonspecific resistance and immunity in the baby.

Question 74

If separation of monozygotic twins does not occur until after the first week of development, conjoined twins are likely to be produced.

Question 75

Describe the three stages of true labor.

Question 76

A sperm has a tough job if it wants to fertilize an oocyte. It must survive acidic conditions in the vagina, undergo capacitation, select the correct uterine tube, penetrate the corona radiata and zona pellucida, and reach the membrane of oocyte before any other sperm does.

Question 77

The spinal cord and brain develop from the neural tube.

Question 78

Use the Punnett square of inheritance of red-green color blindness that is shown in the diagram to answer the following question. Recall that uppercase C is the dominant trait and lowercase c is the recessive trait. Which of the following statements would be true if the father was a color-blind male (X^cY instead of X^CY)?

A)All sons would be color blind.
B)All daughters would be color blind.
C)All daughters and sons would be color blind.
D)Half the daughters and half of the sons would be color blind.
E)The daughters would all be normal and half the son phenotypes would be color blind.

Question 79

While all the organ systems are present at the end of the embryonic period, most of the growth of these organ systems occurs during the fetal period.

Question 80

Name the three primary germ layers of an embryo and describe the main anatomical structures that develop from each layer.