Deck 28: Pregnancy and Human Development

Question 1

The period from fertilization through week eight is called the embryonic period.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The embryonic period lasts until the end of the eighth week.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Conceptus is a term used to describe the developing human offspring.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A zygote is usually formed within the uterus.

Question 5

A pregnant woman urinates more often than usual because the uterus compresses the bladder,her metabolic rate and blood volume are increased,and she must also dispose of fetal metabolic wastes.

Question 6

Freshly deposited sperm are not immediately capable of penetrating an oocyte.

Question 7

The embryo is directly enclosed in and protected by the amnion.

Question 8

Implantation begins six to seven days after ovulation.

Question 9

An episiotomy is an incision made to widen the vaginal orifice,aiding fetal expulsion.

Question 10

A pregnancy test involves antibodies that detect growth hormone (GH)levels in a woman's blood or urine.

Question 11

Of the three germ layers,the mesoderm forms the most body parts.

Question 12

Fertilization occurs while the egg is still in the ovarian follicle.

Question 13

Human placental lactogen initiates labor.

Question 14

A blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells,while the morula is a solid ball of cells.

Question 15

In fetal circulation,one way in which blood bypasses the nonfunctional lungs is by way of the foramen ovale.

Question 16

The placenta and its attached fetal membranes are collectively called the afterbirth.

Question 17

Surfactant production in premature infants is rarely a factor in providing normal respiratory activity.

Question 18

By the end of the embryonic period,at 8 weeks,all the adult organ systems are recognizable.

Question 19

By 72 hours after fertilization,the egg has divided into more than 160 cells and is called the morula.

Question 20

The "fluid-filled,hollow ball of cells" stage of development is the blastocyst.

Question 21

What destroys the zona pellucida sperm-binding receptors?

A)the acrosomal reaction
B)human placental lactogen
C)the process of capacitation
D)zonal inhibiting proteins

Question 22

Gastrulation begins when a groove with raised edges called the ________ appears on the dorsal surface of the embryonic disc.

A)notochord
B)placenta
C)primitive streak
D)spinal cord

Question 23

The placenta,a vitally important metabolic organ,is made up of a contribution from mother and fetus.Which portion is from the fetus?

A)yolk sac
B)umbilicus
C)chorion
D)amnion

Question 24

Select the correct statement about fertilization.

A)If estrogen is present,the pathway through the cervical opening is blocked from sperm entry.
B)Both spermatozoa and the ovulated secondary oocyte remain viable for about 72 hours in the female reproductive tract.
C)Once inside the uterus,most sperm cells are protected and remain viable.
D)Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by the vagina's acidic environment.

Question 25

Thalidomide was once used to treat intense nausea and morning sickness in pregnant women.Unfortunately,if administered at certain points during gestation it resulted in limb malformation.This drug is an example of a(n)________.

A)endocrine disruptor
B)carcinogen
C)teratogen
D)neurotoxin

Question 26

Which body system of a pregnant woman undergoes the most dramatic physiological changes during pregnancy?

A)respiratory system
B)urinary system
C)digestive system
D)cardiovascular system

Question 27

Shortly after implantation ________.

A)the trophoblast forms two distinct layers
B)the embryo gastrulates (within 3 days)
C)myometrial cells cover and seal off the blastocyst
D)maternal blood sinuses bathe the inner cell mass

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a primary germ layer?

A)epiderm
B)endoderm
C)mesoderm
D)ectoderm

Question 29

Relaxin is a hormone produced by the placenta and ovaries.The function of this hormone is to ________.

A)ensure the implantation of the blastula
B)block the pain of childbirth
C)prevent morning sickness
D)relax the pubic symphysis

Question 30

Which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum?

A)estrogen
B)human chorionic gonadotropin
C)progesterone
D)human placental lactogen

Question 31

It is impossible for sperm to be functional (able to fertilize the egg)until after ________.

A)the tail disappears
B)they have been stored in the uterus for several days
C)they become spermatids
D)they undergo capacitation

Question 32

The correct sequence of preembryonic structures is ________.

A)blastocyst,morula,zygote
B)zygote,blastocyst,morula
C)zygote,morula,blastocyst
D)morula,zygote,blastocyst

Question 33

Milk ejection (the letdown reflex)is stimulated by which of the following hormones associated with pregnancy?

A)prolactin
B)oxytocin
C)inhibin
D)gonadotropin

Question 34

Muscle tissue is formed by the ________.

A)epiderm
B)mesoderm
C)ectoderm
D)endoderm

Question 35

The corpus luteum prevents loss of the implanted embryo through menstruation by secreting ________.

A)follicle-stimulating hormone
B)luteinizing hormone
C)human chorionic gonadotropin
D)estrogens and progesterone

Question 36

Prior to the let-down reflex,the mammary glands secrete a yellowish fluid called ________ that has less lactose than milk and almost no fat.

A)bilirubin
B)colostrum
C)meconium
D)prolactin

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT assessed as part of the Apgar score?

A)temperature
B)muscle tone
C)respiration
D)heart rate

Question 38

Proteases and acrosin are enzymes.How do they function in reproduction?

A)They act to break down the protective barriers around the egg,allowing the sperm to penetrate.
B)They direct the sperm to the egg through chemical messengers.
C)They neutralize the mucous secretions of the uterine mucosa.
D)Their function is unknown.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a correct matching of a fetal structure with what it becomes at birth?

A)foramen ovale fossa ovalis
B)ductus venosus ligamentum venosum
C)ductus arteriosus ligamentum teres
D)umbilical arteries medial umbilical ligaments

Question 40

How long is the secondary oocyte viable and capable of being fertilized after it is ovulated?

A)36-72 hours
B)a full week
C)12-24 hours
D)24-36 hours

Question 41

Neural tissue is formed by the ________.

A)ectoderm
B)endoderm
C)mesoderm
D)epiderm

Question 42

At what point is meiosis II completed for the female gamete?

A)ovulation
B)fertilization
C)implantation
D)puberty

Question 43

Cleavage as part of embryonic development is distinctive because it involves ________.

A)splitting the cell into two separate cells
B)forming the primary germ layers
C)meiotic cell divisions
D)cell division by mitosis with little or no growth between successive divisions

Question 44

Derivatives of the endoderm include ________.

A)epithelial lining of the respiratory tract
B)brain and spinal cord
C)heart and blood vessels
D)kidneys and gonads

Question 45

As the infant's head is forced against the cervix with each contraction,the cervix effaces,which means that it ________.

A)crowns
B)dilates
C)softens
D)thins

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT usually considered a teratogen?

A)German measles
B)nicotine
C)aspirin
D)wine

Question 47

The cardiovascular system of a newborn must be adjusted after the infant takes its first breath.Which of the following is also true?

A)The ductus arteriosus constricts and is converted to the ligamentum arteriosum.
B)The urinary system is activated at birth.
C)The foramen ovale between the atria of the fetal heart closes at the moment of birth.
D)The ductus venosus is disconnected at the severing of the umbilical cord and all visceral blood goes into the vena cava.

Question 48

The first major event in organogenesis is ________.

A)myelination
B)gastrulation
C)ossification
D)neurulation

Question 49

As pregnancy continues,the increasing bulkiness of the anterior abdomen changes the woman's center of gravity,possibly causing an accentuated lumbar curvature called ________.

A)scoliosis
B)hunchback
C)lordosis
D)kyphosis

Question 50

Derivatives of the mesoderm include ________.

A)glandular derivatives of the digestive tract
B)vertebrae and ribs
C)all nervous tissue
D)epithelium of the digestive tract

Question 51

A urine test reveals a positive result for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).This indicates ________ was successful.

A)gastrulation
B)fertilization
C)ovulation
D)implantation

Question 52

Select the correct statement about the special fetal blood vessels.

A)The distal parts of the umbilical arteries form the superior vesical arteries.
B)The umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum teres.
C)The hepatic portal vein forms from the umbilical artery.
D)The fossa ovalis becomes the foramen ovale.

Question 53

During which stage of labor is the fetus delivered?

A)expulsion stage
B)gastrula stage
C)placental stage
D)dilation stage

Question 54

The trophoblast is mostly responsible for forming the ________.

A)placental tissue
B)allantois
C)lining of the endometrium
D)archenteron

Question 55

Which of the choices below occurs if implantation is successful?

A)The ovarian cycle begins.
B)The corpus luteum is maintained until the placenta takes over its hormone-producing functions.
C)The corpus luteum degenerates and becomes the corpus albicans.
D)Increased levels of FSH will be produced.

Question 56

Which hormone is NOT produced by the placenta?

A)oxytocin
B)human placental lactogen
C)human chorionic gonadotropin
D)relaxin

Question 57

Sperm move to the uterine tube through uterine contractions and the energy of their own flagella.What other factor is involved in sperm movement?

A)reverse peristalsis of the uterus and uterine tubes
B)the cilia on the apex of the cells lining the endometrium
C)hormonal attraction to the ova
D)the increased temperature in the vagina,which stimulates sperm motility

Question 58

At which stage of labor is the "afterbirth" expelled?

A)placental
B)expulsion
C)dystocia
D)full dilation

Question 59

Which of the following is true in reference to what may pass through the placental barriers?

A)hormones,blood cells,and nutrients
B)nutrients and respiratory gases only
C)respiratory gases,hormones,nutrients,and blood cells
D)nutrients,respiratory gases,wastes,and alcohol

Question 60

The decidua basalis is ________.

A)the tissue that surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo
B)destined to remain in the uterus after the birth of the infant
C)the part of the endometrium that lies beneath the embryo
D)not a maternal contribution to the placenta

Question 61

A 19-year-old,single,sexually active college student,who has not used birth control on a regular basis,is in her first trimester of pregnancy.She is at the OB/GYN clinic for her first prenatal visit.In assessing her nutrition,the nurse discovers that the patient drinks heavily on a regular basis.She also states she does not like milk.What information should the nurse give the patient regarding nutrition?

Question 62

Cells of the ________ gather around the notochord and neural tube and produce the vertebra and rib at their associated level.

A)myotome
B)intermediate mesoderm
C)dermatome
D)sclerotome

Question 63

The lactation nurse visits a first-time mother six hours after her delivery of a healthy 8-pound boy.The patient is giving the baby boy a bottle of sugar water.She tells the lactation nurse that she does not seem to be producing milk.What should the nurse say to the patient?

Question 64

A friend confides that she desires to have children but is having trouble conceiving.Which of the following is true regarding implantation?

A)An estimated 60% of implanted embryos later miscarry due to genetic defects of the embryo.
B)Detection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)in blood or urine indicates failure of the blastocyst to implant.
C)It is estimated that a minimum of two-thirds of all zygotes formed fail to implant by the end of the first week or spontaneously abort.
D)In cases where implantation fails to occur,a nonreceptive uterus becomes receptive once again.

Question 65

How are the metabolic needs of the implanted embryo provided for?

Question 66

Briefly describe the events leading to the implantation of the blastocyst in the uterus,including how it is nourished.

Question 67

At what time in the pregnancy is the placenta fully prepared to fulfill the needs of the developing fetus?

Question 68

Neural tissue develops from the ________.

A)endoderm
B)mesoderm
C)ectoderm
D)entoderm

Question 69

In the block to polyspermy,entry of the sperm's contents causes ________ levels in the oocyte's cytoplasm to rise,triggering the cortical reaction.

A)calcium ion
B)ATP
C)phosphate ion
D)sodium ion

Question 70

Mrs.Phang,eight months pregnant with her first child,makes an appointment with her obstetrician to investigate the cause of vaginal bleeding.Because it is actually more "spotting" than frank bleeding,and painless,she is becoming worried.Ultrasound visualization of her abdomen shows that the placenta is formed across the internal os of the cervix,and she is ordered to her bed for the remainder of the pregnancy.What name is given to Mrs.Phang's condition? Why is it an extremely serious condition? Why was she ordered to have complete bed rest for the remainder of her pregnancy?

Question 71

Briefly describe the physiological changes occurring in the mother during pregnancy.

Question 72

Describe the events allowing monospermy.

Question 73

A 28-year-old woman has been in the first stage of labor for several hours.Her uterine contractions are weak,and her labor is not progressing normally.Because the woman insists upon a vaginal delivery,the physician orders that pitocin (a synthetic oxytocin)be infused.What will be the effect of pitocin? What is the normal mechanism by which oxytocin acts to promote birth?

Question 74

When do we begin to call the developing individual a fetus rather than an embryo?

Question 75

Define Braxton Hicks contractions.

Question 76

A couple interested in conceiving has been carefully charting her menstrual cycles for many months.Relative to ovulation,what window of time does coitus need to occur in order to achieve fertilization?

Question 77

The patient is in her first trimester of pregnancy.She complains of feeling nauseated and has vomited on occasion.She tells the nurse that she did not have this with her first pregnancy.She asks the nurse,"What is causing this and when will it end?" How should the nurse respond?

Question 78

Which of the following refers to the transfer of sperm and harvested oocytes together into the woman's uterine tubes in the hopes that fertilization will take place there?

A)in vitro fertilization (IVF)
B)zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
C)rhythm method
D)gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

Question 79

List four factors that help to precipitate parturition (birth).