Deck 18: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart

Question 1

Auricles slightly increase blood volume in the ventricles.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Autonomic regulation of heart rate is via two reflex centers found in the pons.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Which of the events below does NOT occur when the semilunar valves are open?

A)Ventricles are in diastole.
B)Blood enters pulmonary arteries and the aorta.
C)Ventricles are in systole.
D)AV valves are closed.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

As pressure in the aorta rises due to atherosclerosis,more ventricular pressure is required to open the aortic valve.

Question 5

Cardiac muscle has more mitochondria and depends less on a continual supply of oxygen than does skeletal muscle.

Question 6

When released in large quantities,thyroxine,a thyroid gland hormone,causes a sustained increase in heart rate.

Question 7

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?

A)friction of blood against the chamber walls
B)closure of the heart valves
C)opening of the heart valves
D)excitation of the sinoatrial (SA)node

Question 8

The left side of the heart pumps the same volume of blood as the right.

Question 9

If the aorta and pulmonary trunk were switched,oxygen rich blood would be pumped from the left ventricle to the lungs.

Question 10

Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes ________.

A)no change in blood pressure but a slower heart rate
B)a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
C)no change in blood pressure but a change in respiration
D)a rise in blood pressure due to change in cardiac output

Question 11

The myocardium receives its blood supply from the coronary arteries.

Question 12

Heart tissue is supplied with nutrients primarily by diffusion from the heart chambers through the myocardium.

Question 13

Anastomoses among coronary arterial branches provide collateral routes for blood delivery to the heart muscle.

Question 14

The "lub" sounds of the heart are valuable in diagnosis because they provide information about the function of the heart's pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves.

Question 15

Congestive heart failure means that the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that there is inadequate delivery of blood to body tissues.

Question 16

The papillary muscles contract after the other ventricular muscles so that they can take up the slack on the chordae tendineae before the full force of ventricular contractions sends blood against the atrioventricular (AV)valve flaps.

Question 17

Arterial blood supply to heart muscle is continuous whether the heart is in systole or diastole.

Question 18

Tissues damaged by myocardial infarction are replaced by connective tissue.

Question 19

An electrocardiogram (ECG)provides direct information about valve function.

Question 20

Damage to the ________ causes heart block.

A)sinoatrial (SA)node
B)atrioventricular (AV)node
C)atrioventricular (AV)bundle
D)atrioventricular (AV)valves

Question 21

Which vessel(s)of the heart receive(s)blood from the right ventricle?

A)pulmonary trunk
B)aorta
C)pulmonary veins
D)venae cavae

Question 22

The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates ________.

A)ventricular repolarization
B)atrial depolarization
C)atrial repolarization
D)ventricular depolarization

Question 23

The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the ________.

A)coronary arteries
B)coronary veins
C)coronary sinus
D)fossa ovalis

Question 24

Select the correct statement about the heart valves.

A)The mitral (bicuspid)valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.
B)The atrioventricular (AV)valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction.
C)Aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves control the flow of blood into the heart.
D)The tricuspid valve divides the left atrium from the left ventricle.

Question 25

If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut,the result would be that ________.

A)the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute
B)parasympathetic stimulation would increase,causing a decrease in heart rate
C)the atrioventricular (AV)node would become the pacemaker of the heart
D)the heart would stop,since the vagal nerves trigger the heart to contract

Question 26

The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is ________.

A)pericarditis
B)myocardial infarct
C)angina pectoris
D)ischemia

Question 27

The foramen ovale ________.

A)connected the two atria in the fetal heart
B)is a condition in which the heart valves do not completely close
C)is a connection between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta in the fetus
D)is a shallow depression in the interventricular septum

Question 28

The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it ________.

A)pumps blood against a greater resistance
B)expands the thoracic cage
C)sends blood through a smaller valve
D)pumps a greater volume of blood

Question 29

The condition where fluid compresses the heart and limits its ability to contract is called ________.

A)cardiac tamponade
B)myocardial infarction
C)pericarditis
D)angina pectoris

Question 30

Norepinephrine acts on the heart by ________.

A)causing threshold to be reached more quickly
B)blocking the action of calcium
C)causing a decrease in stroke volume
D)decreasing heart contractility

Question 31

To auscultate the aortic semilunar valve,you would place your stethoscope in the ________.

A)second intercostal space to the right of the sternum
B)second intercostal space to the left of the sternum
C)fifth right intercostal space
D)fifth intercostal space inferior to the left nipple

Question 32

When viewing a dissected heart,it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by ________.

A)tracing out where the auricles connect
B)locating the base
C)noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls
D)finding the papillary muscles

Question 33

If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply,damage would primarily result from ________.

A)decreased delivery of oxygen
B)an inadequate supply of lactic acid
C)a lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathways
D)a decrease in the number of available mitochondria for energy production

Question 34

If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells,________.

A)contractions would last as long as the refractory period
B)tetanic contractions might occur,which would stop the heart's pumping action
C)pacemaker cells would cease to spontaneously depolarize
D)it would be much longer before cardiac cells could respond to a second stimulation

Question 35

The atrioventricular (AV)valves are closed ________.

A)when the ventricles are in diastole
B)while the atria are contracting
C)when the ventricles are in systole
D)by the movement of blood from atria to ventricles

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT an age-related change affecting the heart?

A)decline in cardiac reserve
B)thinning of the valve flaps
C)atherosclerosis
D)fibrosis of cardiac muscle

Question 37

Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells.

A)The refractory period in skeletal muscle is much longer than that in cardiac muscle.
B)Cardiac muscle cells are innervated by sympathetic,parasympathetic,and somatic nerve fibers so that the nervous system can increase heart rate.
C)The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all.
D)The influx of potassium ions from extracellular sources is the initiating event in cardiac muscle contraction.

Question 38

Which of the following factors does NOT influence heart rate?

A)gender
B)body temperature
C)age
D)skin color

Question 39

Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________.

A)left atrium
B)right atrium
C)right ventricle
D)left ventricle

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?

A)sinoatrial (SA)node
B)atrioventricular (AV)node
C)bundle branches
D)atrioventricular (AV)valve

Question 41

The heart is called a "double pump" because there are two functionally separate circulations.Trace the pathway of each of these circulations and include the following information: heart chambers involved,major blood vessels involved,and general areas through which the blood flows.Begin with the right atrium.

Question 42

Define systole and diastole.Which heart chambers are usually referenced when these terms are used?

Question 43

Explain the role of pacemaker cells in cardiac tissue.

Question 44

While auscultating heart sounds during a checkup,Andy's doctor hears a high-pitched sound during ventricular contraction.Which type of valve could cause this?

A)incompetent tricuspid valve
B)deficient pulmonary semilunar valve
C)insufficient mitral (bicuspid)valve
D)stenotic aortic semilunar valve

Question 45

Exercise results in skeletal muscles compressing veins which encourages blood to return to the heart.In this scenario,which of the following is correct?

A)preload increases
B)venous return decreases
C)stroke volume decreases
D)end diastolic volume (EDV)decreases

Question 46

Isovolumetric contraction ________.

A)refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers
B)occurs immediately after the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves close
C)occurs while the atrioventricular (AV)valves are open
D)occurs only in people with heart valve defects

Question 47

Compared to skeletal muscle,cardiac muscle ________.

A)has more nuclei per cell
B)lacks striations
C)cells are larger than skeletal muscle cells
D)has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium

Question 48

Select the correct statement about the structure of the heart wall.

A)Connective tissue in the heart wall aids in the conduction of the action potential.
B)The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts.
C)The fibrous cardiac skeleton forms the bulk of the heart.
D)The heart chambers are lined by the endomysium.

Question 49

The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

A)ventricular filling
B)isovolumetric relaxation
C)isovolumetric contraction
D)ventricular ejection

Question 50

What is the difference between the auricles and the atria?

Question 51

Select the correct statement about cardiac output.

A)If a semilunar valve were partially obstructed,the end systolic volume in the affected ventricle would be decreased.
B)Decreased venous return will result in increased end diastolic volume.
C)A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume,stroke volume,and force of contraction.
D)Stroke volume increases if end diastolic volume decreases.

Question 52

When does the period of atrial repolarization occur?

A)during the T wave
B)ventricular contraction
C)ventricular depolarization
D)during the P wave

Question 53

During exercise,which of the following would occur on an electrocardiogram (ECG)compared to an individual at rest?

A)the T wave would decrease
B)the P-R interval would decrease
C)the S-T segment would decrease
D)the time from one R to the R of the next heartbeat would decrease

Question 54

What two important functions does the intrinsic cardiac conduction system perform?

Question 55

What is the expected heart rate when a heart is removed from a living body?

A)75 beats / minute
B)100 beats / minute
C)50 beats / minute
D)the heart would immediately stop beating

Question 56

If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid,________.

A)tetanic contraction would occur due to the short absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle
B)threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase
C)potassium channels compensate and no change in heart rate would occur
D)heart rate would decrease,but blood pressure would rise due to the excess sodium present

Question 57

Which of the following transports oxygen-rich blood?

A)pulmonary vein
B)pulmonary artery
C)pulmonary trunk
D)superior vena cava

Question 58

Given an end diastolic volume (EDV)of 120 ml / beat and an end systolic volume (ESV)of 50 ml / beat,the stroke volume (SV)would be ________.

A)170 ml / beat
B)70 ml / beat
C)120 ml / beat
D)50 ml / beat

Question 59

During contraction of heart muscle cells ________.

A)all of the calcium required for contraction comes from storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
B)some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores
C)calcium is prevented from entering cardiac fibers that have been stimulated
D)the action potential is prevented from spreading from cell to cell by gap junctions

Question 60

During the period of ventricular filling ________.

A)the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves are open
B)blood flows mostly passively through the atria and the open atrioventricular (AV)valves into the ventricles
C)the atria remain in diastole
D)pressure in the heart is at its peak

Question 61

Asystole is the total absence of ventricular electrical activity.Explain why defibrillation would not be effective in this situation.

Question 62

Why is oxygen so much more critical to the heart muscle than to skeletal muscles?

Question 63

List and define the three most important factors that affect stroke volume.

Question 64

List the three vessels that bring oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium.Which regions of the body do they serve?

Question 65

A patient takes a nitroglycerin tablet sublingually for chest pain.Nitroglycerin acts directly on smooth muscle,producing relaxation and vessel dilation.How would this relieve chest pain?

Question 66

An older woman complains of shortness of breath and intermittent fainting spells.Her doctor runs various tests and finds that the atrioventricular (AV)node is not functioning properly.What is the suggested treatment?

Question 67

A patient is prescribed a calcium channel blocker to prevent angina (chest pain),by decreasing the demand for oxygen.Explain why.

Question 68

A patient was admitted to the hospital with chest pains.On admission,his pulse was 110 and blood pressure was 96/64.According to his history,his normal pulse rate is usually between 80 and 88 and his blood pressure runs from 120/70 to 130/80.Explain why these changes in BP and HR occur.

Question 69

A 14-year-old girl undergoing a physical examination prior to being admitted to summer camp was found to have a loud diastolic murmur at the second intercostal space to the left side of the sternum.Explain the reason for the loud heart murmur associated with this girl's condition.

Question 70

A 55-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with heart failure.He complains of increasing shortness of breath on exertion and needing to sleep on three pillows at night.On physical assessment,the nurse determines that his ankles and feet are very swollen.Which of these symptoms reflect left-sided heart failure and which reflect right-sided heart failure?