Deck 16: The Endocrine System

Question 1

Calcitonin is the main regulator of blood calcium levels.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Most type 2 diabetics do NOT produce insulin.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Enteroendocrine cells of the GI tract produce some hormones that are chemically identical to neurotransmitters.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal glands but the least abundant.

Question 5

Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters.

Question 6

Type 2 diabetes mellitus may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin production.

Question 7

Thyroid hormone production requires the presence of both iodine and calcium.

Question 8

Hypersecretion of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)can result in hypertension.

Question 9

Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the posterior pituitary.

Question 10

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium.

Question 11

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones.

Question 12

The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis.

Question 13

The beta cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin.

Question 14

The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin.

Question 15

Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions.

Question 16

Addison's disease is usually due to an insufficient output of glucocorticoids only.

Question 17

Both "turn on" factors (hormonal,humoral,and neural stimuli)and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others)may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system.

Question 18

The pineal gland is used as a brain orientation landmark for brain X rays.

Question 19

Examples of adrenal gland short-term stress responses include immune system suppression and retention of salt and water by the kidneys.

Question 20

LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin.

Question 21

Which of the following can act on receptors inside the target cell that directly activate specific genes?

A)growth hormone
B)melatonin
C)testosterone
D)calcitonin

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?

A)an increase in enzyme synthesis
B)stimulation of mitosis
C)a change in membrane potential
D)direct control of the nervous system

Question 23

Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular ________.

A)nucleotides
B)calcium
C)deactivating ions
D)second messengers

Question 24

Oxytocin ________.

A)exerts its most important effects during menstruation
B)release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
C)is an anterior pituitary secretion
D)controls milk production

Question 25

All amino acid based hormones are lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane.

Question 26

The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid.

Question 27

Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system.

Question 28

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.

A)enzymes
B)antibodies
C)hormones
D)proteins

Question 29

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.

A)thyroid gland
B)thymus gland
C)adrenal medulla
D)pancreas

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a type of hormone interaction?

A)feedback
B)permissiveness
C)antagonism
D)synergism

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

A)neural
B)humoral
C)enzymatic
D)hormonal

Question 32

All anterior pituitary hormones EXCEPT growth hormone affect their target cells via a cyclic AMP second-messenger system.

Question 33

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)________.

A)promotes dehydration
B)increases urine production
C)secretion is inhibited by alcohol
D)is produced by the anterior pituitary

Question 34

Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine.

Question 35

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________.

A)runs through the infundibulum
B)conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis
C)connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland
D)is the site of prolactin synthesis

Question 36

Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?

A)induces secretory activity
B)alters plasma membrane permeability
C)stimulates production of an action potential
D)activates or deactivates enzymes

Question 38

Gluconeogenesis,the formation of glucose from fats and proteins,is due to the action of ________.

A)insulin
B)secretin
C)cortisol
D)aldosterone

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?

A)polycythemia
B)polyuria
C)polydipsia
D)polyphagia

Question 40

Growth hormone solely exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones.

Question 41

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients.Which of the following describes this mechanism?

A)carbohydrate oxidation
B)protein synthesis
C)catabolic inhibition
D)humoral stimulation

Question 42

Aldosterone ________.

A)is secreted by the posterior pituitary
B)presence increases potassium concentration in the blood
C)production is greatly influenced by ACTH
D)functions to increase sodium reabsorption

Question 43

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine)enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.

A)steroid hormones,because both diffuse easily into target cells
B)glucagon,because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone
C)insulin,because insulin is a small peptide
D)growth hormone,because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone

Question 44

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________.

A)during protein kinase activation,enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
B)there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane
C)the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time
D)the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized into functional amino acids

Question 45

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________.

A)thyroid hormone
B)gonadotropic hormones
C)calcitonin
D)parathyroid hormone

Question 46

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.

A)testosterone
B)estrogen
C)epinephrine
D)cortisol

Question 47

Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland?

A)adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
B)growth hormone
C)luteinizing hormone
D)follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 48

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________.

A)enter the hepatic portal system,which feeds the pituitary
B)first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
C)enter venous circulation and travel to the heart,which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary
D)travel by arteries to the pituitary

Question 49

Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.

A)binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity
B)entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA
C)entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
D)activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones

Question 50

The most important mineralocorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________.

A)cortisol
B)insulin
C)glucagon
D)aldosterone

Question 51

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ________.

A)embryonically it was an endocrine tissue,but in the adult human it is no longer functional
B)it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
C)it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location
D)it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release

Question 52

The major targets of growth hormone are ________.

A)bones and skeletal muscles
B)the liver and gall bladder
C)the adrenal glands
D)the blood vessels

Question 53

Leptin is secreted by ________.

A)adipose cells
B)fibroblasts
C)goblet cells
D)lymphocytes

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?

A)inhibition of calcitonin synthesis
B)increased intestinal absorption of calcium ions
C)increased calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys
D)activation of osteoclasts

Question 55

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.

A)synthesizing more than one hormone at a time
B)binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
C)increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ
D)altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA

Question 56

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation.In order for cells to respond,it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate.This is possible because ________.

A)peptide hormones are converted by cell membranes enzymes into second messengers
B)G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
C)the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit
D)hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulation of a gene

Question 57

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.

A)nothing all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific
B)the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path
C)the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ
D)the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

Question 58

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)________.

A)causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla
B)is secreted by the posterior pituitary
C)is not a tropic hormone
D)secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT a steroid-based hormone?

A)estrogen
B)cortisol
C)epinephrine
D)aldosterone

Question 60

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________.

A)possible activation of several different second-messenger systems
B)hormone binding to intracellular receptors
C)cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger
D)formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates

Question 61

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?

A)by increasing blood glucose,fatty acid,and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
B)by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin
C)by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response
D)by decreasing the heart rate,thus decreasing blood pressure

Question 62

Which organ does NOT produce hormones?

A)heart
B)spleen
C)kidney
D)skin

Question 63

Johanna is significantly shorter than normal for her age.Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones.Which hormone is recommended?

A)cortisol
B)thyroid stimulating hormone
C)parathyroid hormone
D)growth hormone

Question 64

A person who drinks a lot of alcoholic beverages must urinate frequently.Why?

Question 65

Eicosanoids do NOT include ________.

A)leukotrienes
B)prostaglandins
C)hydrocortisones
D)paracrines

Question 66

Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts?

A)oxytocin
B)estrogen
C)progesterone
D)prolactin

Question 67

As a result of stress the anterior pituitary releases ________,which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water,increase blood sugar,and begin breaking down fats.

A)ADH
B)ACTH
C)growth hormone
D)thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 68

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone,but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones.Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference?

A)It is very specific in the cell type it targets.
B)It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells.
C)It causes positive feedback.
D)It does not require a second messenger to cause a response.

Question 69

Upon landing at the airport in Lagos,Nigeria,Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11pm.Which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone?

A)glucagon
B)insulin
C)growth hormone
D)melatonin

Question 70

At age 85,Lyle's immune system does not respond to vaccines as well as it did when he was younger.The atrophy of which endocrine gland is likely responsible for this?

A)thyroid
B)thymus
C)adrenal
D)anterior pituitary

Question 71

Why should the hypothalamus instead of the anterior pituitary be called the "master endocrine gland?"

Question 72

Compare the structure and function of endocrine and exocrine glands.

Question 73

The parathyroid glands respond to which type of stimulus?

A)hormonal
B)humoral
C)neural
D)positive

Question 74

What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-based hormones?

A)sodium
B)calcium
C)iron
D)chlorine

Question 75

Dave has discovered a new lipid-soluble hormone.Which of the following is true regarding this hormone?

A)can be stored in secretory vesicles
B)will be bound to a transport protein in the blood
C)receptor will be located on the plasma membrane
D)will likely act through a second-messenger system

Question 76

A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),and for this reason he may be unable to father a child.Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.

A)A hormone made in the anterior pituitary cannot influence fertility.
B)The man must be producing progesterone,which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.
C)FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
D)FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males.

Question 77

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone,the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ.This is known as ________.

A)a stressor reaction
B)sensitivity increase
C)up-regulation
D)cellular affinity

Question 78

During an afternoon class,Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping.Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level?

A)thyroxine
B)glucagon
C)insulin
D)aldosterone

Question 79

Bisphenol-A (BPA)is an endocrine disruptor that can leach out of certain plastics.It disrupts the normal function of the endocrine system my mimicking estrogen.Which of the following explains how persistent small amounts of BPA in the body can have effects?

A)lock-and-key
B)up-regulation
C)down-regulation
D)half-life

Question 80

John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from the diet.You explain to him that cholesterol is important.Which of the following hormones are synthesized from cholesterol?

A)testosterone
B)thyroxine
C)oxytocin
D)growth hormone