Deck 11: Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue

Question 1

A stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open calcium ion channels at the presynaptic end,which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The action potential is caused by permeability changes in the plasma membrane.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Cell bodies of sensory neurons may be located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A postsynaptic potential is a graded potential that is the result of a neurotransmitter released into the synapse between two neurons.

Question 5

In myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier.

Question 6

Strong stimuli cause the amplitude of action potentials generated to increase.

Question 7

Nerve impulses are sent to slow the heart's rate of contraction.The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

A)sensory (afferent)division
B)somatic nervous system
C)sympathetic division
D)parasympathetic division

Question 8

The concentration neurotransmitters in the fluid of the synaptic cleft must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly.Which of the following cells is most responsible for aiding in this regulation?

A)satellite cells
B)astrocytes
C)Schwann cells
D)oligodendrocytes

Question 9

Reflexes are rapid,automatic responses to stimuli that will produce the same effect every time.

Question 10

The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place.

Question 11

Unipolar neurons have axons structurally divided into peripheral and central processes.

Question 12

The concentration of ions in the chemical environment surrounding the neurons must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly.Which of the following cells is most responsible for this?

A)satellite cells
B)astrocytes
C)Schwann cells
D)oligodendrocytes

Question 13

Cranial nerve II,the optic nerve sends nerve impulses to the brain carrying information about the things we see.These nerve fibers most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

A)sensory (afferent)division
B)somatic nervous system
C)sympathetic division
D)parasympathetic division

Question 14

During depolarization,the inside of the neuron's membrane becomes less negative.

Question 15

Nerve impulses leading to the skeletal muscle carry information to direct movement.The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

A)sensory (afferent)division
B)somatic nervous system
C)sympathetic division
D)parasympathetic division

Question 16

Enkephalins and endorphins are peptides that act like morphine.

Question 17

Bacteria in the blood can be prevented entry to the fluids surrounding the brain.Which cells are most responsible for preventing bacteria from entering the fluids of the brain?

A)satellite cells
B)astrocytes
C)Schwann cells
D)oligodendrocytes

Question 18

Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperatures on the skin.The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

A)sensory (afferent)division
B)somatic nervous system
C)sympathetic division
D)parasympathetic division

Question 19

Axon diameter and degree of myelination determine nerve impulse conduction velocity.

Question 20

Neurons in the CNS are organized into functional groups.

Question 21

If a post synaptic cell is stimulated to threshold by temporal summation this implies that ________.

A)the postsynaptic cell can be influenced by only one presynaptic cell
B)the postsynaptic cell is sending frequent action potential
C)a presynaptic neuron is sending frequent EPSP
D)the presynaptic neuron is sending frequent IPSP

Question 22

Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons?

A)They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate.
B)They conduct impulses.
C)They have extreme longevity.
D)They are mitotic.

Question 23

Which of the choices below describes the ANS?

A)motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle,cardiac muscle,and glands
B)motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
C)sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract
D)sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head,body wall,and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision,hearing,taste,and smell to the CNS

Question 24

What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus?

A)size of action potentials
B)origin of the stimulus
C)type of stimulus receptor
D)frequency of action potentials

Question 25

An action potential is regarded as an example of a positive feedback.Which of the following examples below best illustrates the positive feedback aspect of an action potential?

A)The sodium potassium pump consistently moves ions as long as ATP is available,and regardless of membrane potential changes.
B)Potassium permeability is about 25 times greater than sodium ions.
C)Voltage gated potassium ion channels open slowly and remain open long enough to cause hyperpolarization.
D)A threshold stimulus will cause the opening of voltage gated sodium ion channels that will cause further depolarizing stimulus.This stimulus will open still more voltage gated sodium ion channels.

Question 26

Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system?

A)innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract
B)innervation of skeletal muscle
C)innervation of cardiac muscle
D)innervation of glands

Question 27

Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function?

A)responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction
B)analyzes sensory information,stores information,makes decisions
C)senses changes in the environment

Question 28

Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.

A)motor neurons
B)called neuroglial cells
C)found in the retina of the eye
D)found in ganglia

Question 29

The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________.

A)repolarization
B)resting period
C)absolute refractory period
D)depolarization

Question 30

Meningitis can be caused by infection of the central nervous system by bacteria.Which cells would be most responsible for removing the infection?

A)Schwann cells
B)oligodendrocytes
C)microglia
D)satellite cells

Question 31

During the relative refractory period of an action potential,a larger than normal stimulus is needed to cause another action potential.This is due to the fact that ________.

A)the voltage gated potassium ion channels remain open long enough to hyperpolarize the axon membrane
B)the membrane is now impermeable to all ions
C)the sodium potassium pump will stop working during relative refractory
D)the inactivation gates on voltage gated sodium ion channels are closed

Question 32

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?

A)gamma aminobutyric acid
B)cholinesterase
C)norepinephrine
D)acetylcholine

Question 33

These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid ________.

A)ependymal cells
B)astrocytes
C)oligodendrocytes
D)Schwann cells

Question 34

When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the following is likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the post synaptic cell?

A)Chemically gated chloride channels will open.
B)Chemically gated potassium channels will open.
C)Chemically gated sodium channels will open.
D)Chemically gated sodium channels will be closed.

Question 35

Loss of function in the enzyme acetylcholine esterase would result in which of the following?

A)inability to destroy and remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft
B)stimulation of the production of acetylcholine
C)amplify or enhance the effect of ACh
D)inability to release acetylcholine

Question 36

The effect of acetylcholine can be stimulating or inhibiting.Which of the following gives the best explanation for why this is so?

A)Acetylcholine has many different forms.
B)Acetylcholine has a "dose effect".Larger doses are stimulating while small doses inhibit.
C)Postsynaptic cells have a dynamic and changing metabolism and respond differently at different times.
D)Different post synaptic cells will have different receptors.

Question 37

The depolarization phase of an action potential is punctuated by the closing of inactivation gates in the voltage gated sodium ion channels.All of the following are consequences of this inactivation except one.Choose the statement below that is not a consequence of the closing of inactivating gates.

A)This allows for the efflux (diffusion out)of potassium ions,resulting in the repolarization of the cell.
B)This allows for the one way transmission of action potential down the axon.
C)This limits the frequency of action potentials down the axon.
D)This stops the depolarization of the axon membrane.

Question 38

Like all cells,the neurons' internal organization dictates its function.Neurons have relatively many mitochondria,an extensive network of rough endoplasmic reticulum and many clusters of ribosomes.These cellular features indicate all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A)neurons produce many proteins
B)neurons must meet a high demand for ATP
C)neurons have a relatively high consumption of oxygen
D)neurons have stable,relatively unchanging internal environments

Question 39

When a neurotransmitter like GABA is acting in an inhibitory manner which of the following is likely a result of the GABA acting on the post synaptic cell?

A)influx of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell
B)opening of chemically gated sodium channels
C)depolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane
D)hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane

Question 40

If a post synaptic neuron is stimulated to threshold by spatial summation this implies that ________.

A)the post synaptic cell has a lower than normal threshold
B)the post synaptic cell has many voltage gated ion channels
C)the post synaptic cell is slow to repolarize
D)the postsynaptic cells has many synapses with many presynaptic neurons

Question 41

Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________.

A)erratic transmission of nerve impulses
B)diphasic impulses
C)large nerve fibers
D)the myelin sheath

Question 42

That part of the nervous system that conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles is the ________ nervous system.

Question 43

Immediately after an action potential has peaked,which of the following channels will open?

A)voltage gated calcium channels
B)chemically gated chloride channels
C)voltage gated potassium channels
D)voltage gated sodium channels

Question 44

Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes?

A)Ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels.
B)Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.
C)Ions always move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
D)Ions always move passively across membranes.

Question 45

Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters?

A)biogenic amine
B)nucleic acid
C)amino acid
D)ATP and other purines

Question 46

If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of the axon ________.

A)the impulse would move to the axon terminal only,and the muscle contraction would occur
B)the impulse would spread bidirectionally
C)muscle contraction would occur
D)the impulse would move to the axon terminal only

Question 47

Neuroglia found in the CNS that change the permeability of capillaries in the brain by binding to and surrounding these blood vessels are called ________.

Question 48

When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy,the resulting graded potential is called a(n)________.

A)action potential
B)excitatory potential
C)postsynaptic potential
D)generator potential

Question 49

Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential?

A)it has a depolarization,repolarization and hyperpolarization phase
B)it can have amplitudes of various sizes
C)it is initiated by voltage changes in the membrane
D)it travels long distances

Question 50

Which of the following describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential?

A)moves membrane potential away from threshold
B)opens K+ or Cl- channels
C)short distance depolarization
D)short distance hyperpolarization

Question 51

Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________.

A)astrocytes
B)microglia
C)ependymal cells
D)oligodendrocytes

Question 52

A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________.

A)all sodium gates are closed
B)the membrane potential has been reestablished
C)the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell
D)proteins have been resynthesized

Question 53

Which of the following is false or incorrect?

A)An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than threshold.
B)An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory,causing hyperpolarization of the membrane.
C)A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.

Question 54

Which of the following is not true of graded potentials?

A)They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.
B)They can be called postsynaptic potentials.
C)They can form on receptor endings.
D)They are short-lived.

Question 55

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)is associated with ________.

A)lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur
B)a change in sodium ion permeability
C)hyperpolarization
D)opening of voltage-regulated channels

Question 56

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.

A)ganglia
B)nerves
C)tracts
D)nuclei

Question 57

Select the correct statement regarding chemical synapses.

A)The synaptic cleft uses the action potential to transmit a chemical signal to the post synaptic cell.
B)The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the property of being electrically coupled.
C)Cells with gap junctions use chemical synapses.
D)Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons terminals of cells.

Question 58

Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)is being generated on the dendritic membrane?

A)Sodium gates will open first,then close as potassium gates open.
B)A single type of channel will open,permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.
C)Specific sodium gates will open.
D)Specific potassium gates will open.

Question 59

The interior surface of a neuron's plasma membrane at resting membrane potential will have a ________.

A)negative charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell
B)positive charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell
C)positive charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell
D)negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell

Question 60

The term central nervous system refers to the ________.

A)brain and spinal cord
B)sensory (afferent)nerves
C)the somatic nerves
D)the spinal nerves

Question 61

Because all action potentials are alike,how does the brain separate situations that require immediate attention from ordinary "positional" reports?

Question 62

A patient is admitted to the hospital with exacerbation of multiple sclerosis (MS).She asks the nurse,"Why did this have to happen to me again? I was doing so well." Explain why some forms of MS are characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation.

Question 63

What symptoms would a nurse focus on in his or her care of a patient with multiple sclerosis?

Question 64

When information is delivered within the CNS simultaneously by different parts of the neural pathway,the process is called ________ processing.

Question 65

What function is served by the increased axon diameter at the nodes of Ranvier?

Question 66

When one or more presynaptic neurons fire in rapid order it produces a much greater depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane than would result from a single EPSP; this event is called ________ summation.

Question 67

A chemical messenger that does not directly cause ESPSs or IPSPs but does affect the strength of synaptic transmission is a ________.

Question 68

What are the basic divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

Question 69

What is the role of microglial cells and why are they so important in the CNS?

Question 70

What is the difference between a direct acting neurotransmitter and an indirect acting neurotransmitter?

Question 71

The synapse more common in embryonic nervous tissue than in adults is the ________.

Question 72

Multiple sclerosis (MS)is a disease in which the myelin sheaths are destroyed.What process does this interfere with and what would be the consequence?