Deck 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissue

Question 1

Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?

A)decreased osteoclast activity
B)decreased epiphyseal plate activity
C)increased osteoclast activity
D)inadequate calcification of bone

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The structural unit of compact bone (osteon)resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

An osteon contains osteocytes,lamellae,and a central canal,and is found in compact bone only.

Question 5

Short,irregular,and flat bones have medullary cavities in order to keep the weight of the bones light.

Question 6

The structure of bone tissue suits the function.Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses?

A)spongy bone
B)irregular bone
C)trabecular bone
D)compact bone

Question 7

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.

A)osteocyte
B)chondrocyte
C)osteoclast
D)osteoblast

Question 8

Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis of chondrocytes.

Question 9

The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones.

Question 10

In newborn infants,the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone contain yellow bone marrow.

Question 11

Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone.

Question 12

Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite.

Question 13

Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function.

Question 14

All bones stop growing by the end of adolescence.

Question 15

The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.

Question 16

The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels.

Question 17

Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions.

Question 18

Closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth.

Question 19

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________.

A)Sharpey's fibers
B)elastic tissue
C)fat
D)blood-forming cells

Question 20

The hormone that is primarily involved in the control of bone remodeling is calcitonin.

Question 21

Which of the following is implicated in osteoporosis in older women?

A)estrogen deficiency due to menopause
B)heritage such as African or Mediterranean
C)poor posture
D)abnormal PTH receptors

Question 22

Which bone would likely take the longest to heal?

A)thigh bone of an elderly individual
B)finger bone of a young individual
C)thigh bone of a young individual
D)finger bone of an elderly individual

Question 23

Cranial bones develop ________.

A)from a tendon
B)within osseous membranes
C)within fibrous membranes
D)from cartilage models

Question 24

The central (Haversian)canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the site of ________.

A)blood vessels and nerve fibers
B)yellow marrow and spicules
C)cartilage and interstitial lamellae
D)adipose tissue and nerve fibers

Question 25

The resilience of bone is thought to come from which of the following?

A)presence of osteoblasts in the bone
B)amount of mineral salt and protein in the bone
C)amount of mineral salts in the bone
D)sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules

Question 26

Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?

A)calcium
B)growth hormone
C)thyroid hormone
D)parathyroid hormone

Question 27

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by ________.

A)perforating (Sharpey's)fibers
B)Volkmann's canals
C)a bony matrix with hyaline cartilage
D)the struts of bone known as spicules

Question 28

For intramembranous ossification to take place,which of the following is necessary?

A)Ossification centers form in the fibrous connective tissue membrane.
B)A bone collar forms around the cartilage model.
C)A medullary cavity forms.
D)The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate.

Question 29

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________.

A)metaphysis
B)articular cartilage
C)diaphysis
D)epiphysis

Question 30

The term diploë refers to the ________.

A)internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones
B)fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue
C)two types of marrow found within most bones
D)double-layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone

Question 31

Wolff's law is concerned with ________.

A)the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
B)vertical growth of bones being dependent on age
C)the function of bone being dependent on shape
D)the diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts

Question 32

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum.The inner (osteogenic)layer consists primarily of ________.

A)osteogenic cells
B)chondrocytes and osteocytes
C)dense irregular connective tissue
D)cartilage and compact bone

Question 33

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?

A)epiphyseal line
B)lacuna
C)epiphyseal plate
D)osteon

Question 34

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down)for various reasons.Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

A)osteoblast
B)stem cell
C)osteoclast
D)osteocyte

Question 35

At what age do bones reach their peak density?

A)early adulthood
B)at birth
C)early childhood
D)late adulthood

Question 36

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?

A)production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
B)communication
C)storage of minerals
D)support

Question 37

In humans,the effect of the hormone calcitonin is to ________.

A)increase blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoblasts
B)increase blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts
C)temporarily decrease blood calcium levels when administered in large doses
D)decrease mitosis of chondrocytes at the epiphyseal plate

Question 38

Ossification of the ends of long bones ________.

A)is a characteristic of intramembranous bone formation
B)involves medullary cavity formation
C)takes twice as long as diaphysis ossification
D)is produced by secondary ossification centers

Question 39

The process of bones increasing in thickness is known as ________.

A)closing of the epiphyseal plate
B)appositional growth
C)epiphyseal plate closure
D)concentric growth

Question 40

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

A)the osteon
B)lamellar bone
C)osseous matrix
D)spongy bone

Question 41

Spongy bone contains ________.

A)lamellar bone
B)osteons
C)trabeculae
D)osseous lamellae

Question 42

Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones.Which hormone is of greatest importance for bone growth during infancy and childhood?

A)parathyroid hormone
B)growth hormone
C)calcitonin
D)thyroid hormones

Question 43

At an archeological site you discover a bone that is cylindrical in shape,about one inch long and a quarter of an inch wide.Choose the correct classification.

A)long
B)irregular
C)sesamoid
D)short

Question 44

When an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions it is referred to as an ________.

A)osteogenic cell
B)chondrocyte
C)osteoclast
D)osteocyte

Question 45

What is found in a central (Haversian)canal?

Question 46

Why are the bones of young children much more flexible than those of the elderly?

Question 47

Proper blood calcium levels are required for muscle contraction,nerve function,and other critical activities in the body.How does the body maintain homeostasis in response to decreased blood calcium levels? Discuss the main gland,hormone,and target of the hormone.

Question 48

Skeletal remains are discovered at an archeological site.X-rays of the femur show evidence of a thin epiphyseal plate.This bone likely belonged to which of the following?

A)18 year old male
B)25 year old female
C)8 year old female
D)60 year old male

Question 49

Prevention of osteoporosis includes adequate intake of ________.

A)potassium and vitamin D
B)vitamin D and chloride
C)calcium,and vitamin E
D)calcium and vitamin D

Question 50

List in order the four major healing stages of a simple fracture.

Question 51

The pubic symphysis connects the two hip bones anteriorly and provides a little movement during childbirth.Choose the most appropriate tissue for this structure that is subjected to both pressure and stretch.

A)elastic cartilage
B)fibrocartilage
C)hyaline cartilage
D)bone

Question 52

Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth of cartilage?

A)Unspecialized cells from mesenchyme develop into chondrocytes,which divide and form cartilage.
B)Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix,allowing the cartilage to grow from within.
C)Growth occurs in the lining of the long bones.
D)Fibroblasts give rise to chondrocytes that differentiate and form cartilage.

Question 53

In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early.What might be the cause?

A)elevated levels of sex hormones
B)too much vitamin D in the diet
C)overproduction of thyroid hormone
D)osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity

Question 54

Choose which bone marking type would likely increase in size when a weight lifter repeatedly exercises muscles that attach to it.

A)meatus
B)fossa
C)trochanter
D)foramen

Question 55

Lengthwise,long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________.

A)calcification of the matrix of the zone underlying articular cartilage
B)interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates
C)differentiation of osteoclasts into osteocytes
D)the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity

Question 56

Choose the structures that most directly provide nutrients and remove wastes from osteocytes in compact bone.

A)nutrient foramens
B)perforating (Volkmann's)canals
C)canaliculi
D)central canals

Question 57

Select the bone disorder in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit,leaving the person with thin and often very fragile bones?

A)osteomalacia
B)rickets
C)Paget's disease
D)osteoporosis

Question 58

Ossification (Osteogenesis)is the process of ________.

A)making collagen fibers for calcified cartilage
B)bone formation
C)bone destruction to liberate calcium
D)making a cartilage model of the fetal bone

Question 59

Cartilage grows in two ways,appositional and interstitial.What is appositional growth?

A)the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
B)the lengthening of hyaline cartilage
C)along the edges only of existing osteons,making each osteon larger
D)growth at the epiphyseal plate

Question 60

Choose the best location for obtaining a red bone marrow sample from a patient.

A)hip bone
B)medullary cavity of femur
C)head of humerus
D)frontal bone

Question 61

Create an analogy for the chemical composition of bone using highway construction.

Question 62

Emily,a 64-year-old formerly obese woman who successfully lost over 100 pounds,was brought to the hospital suffering pain in her legs,and an X- ray revealed that she had a simple fracture in her right femur and a crack in her left tibia.Other tests revealed that her bones were brittle and porous.What might have happened to Emily,and what advice would she have been given by the physician?

Question 63

What are the differences between the diaphysis and the epiphyses of long bones?

Question 64

Compare how nutrients reach individual osteocytes in compact bone and in spongy bone.

Question 65

If your elderly patient's blood calcium level is normal,does that mean the patient does not have osteoporosis? Explain.

Question 66

Explain why swimming is not generally recommended as an exercise to prevent osteoporosis.

Question 67

How can a tooth be moved in a bony socket during orthodontic treatment?

Question 68

Compare the starts of intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.

Question 69

Compare the function of the organic materials in the bone matrix with the function of the inorganic materials in the matrix.

Question 70

If your doctor notices a marked decrease in calcium ion levels in your blood,what gland might he suspect is not functioning properly and why?

Question 71

Alice and James adopted a 3-year-old child from a developing country.They noticed that her legs were bowed and there were some deformities in her cranial and pelvic bones.They brought her to a physician for a diagnosis.What was the likely diagnosis,and what was the treatment for the disorder?

Question 72

People who live in northern latitudes may require supplemental calcium with vitamin D.Explain why.

Question 73

When does prevention of osteoporosis start?

Question 74

Johnny fractured the lower third of his right tibia in a skiing accident.The soft tissues in the area were severely damaged and their surgical removal was necessary.After prolonged immobilization,it was found that Johnny was healing very poorly.The explanation offered by the orthopedic surgeon was that vascularization of the fracture site was still inadequate and good healing was absolutely dependent upon an adequate blood supply.Describe how a long bone receives its blood supply and trace the path of nutrient delivery to the osteocytes.