Deck 23: The Revolution in Energy and Industry, 1760-1850

Question 1

In the English putting-out system, what did merchants do with raw materials?

A) They sent them to colonial factories to be worked into final products.
B) They traded them to the Dutch for finished cloth.
C) They loaned them to local cottage workers who processed them at home.
D) They sent them to factories they owned in English villages for processing.

Answer 1

They loaned them to local cottage workers who processed them at home.

Question 2

The labor force of the early rural textile factories was recruited primarily from what group?

A) Cottage industry workers
B) Young children abandoned by their parents
C) Persons from debtors' prisons
D) Young Irishmen

Answer 2

Young children abandoned by their parents

Question 3

Which of the following was a result of the boom in agricultural production of the eighteenth century?

A) Families began to stockpile foodstuffs for shortages.
B) Large numbers of people began leaving cities to move to farms.
C) People had more money to spend on manufactured goods.
D) People put more money into banks for saving.

Answer 3

People had more money to spend on manufactured goods.

Question 4

What was one of the major limitations of the putting-out system in the British textile industry?

A) There was not enough cotton to meet demand.
B) There were too many spinners driving prices down.
C) There was an overabundance of thread.
D) There were not enough spinners to meet demand.

Question 5

Which of the following was true of transportation in the eighteenth century?

A) No part of England was more than fifty miles from navigable water.
B) Shipping goods by water cost more than by land.
C) Italy had Europe's cheapest transportation system, thanks to the old Roman roads.
D) Few goods were transported more than fifty miles from where they were produced.

Question 6

What evidence in this illustration indicates that this woman is working a spinning jenny?

A) She is working it by hand.
B) She is working with spindles of thread.
C) The machine has a complex frame design.
D) The machine contains rollers similar in design to that of the water frame.

Question 7

What was one of the earliest uses for steam engines?

A) To pump water out of coal mines
B) To heat large rooms and buildings
C) To burn wood to produce steam
D) As central power sources for the new factories

Question 8

Who invented the steam-powered rolling mills, which allowed for the production of iron in any shape or form?

A) Henry Cort
B) James Nasmyth
C) Thomas Newcomen
D) Thomas Savery

Question 9

Which of the following was one difference between Hargreaves's spinning jenny and Arkwright's water frame?

A) The water frame was hand-powered.
B) The jenny produced thinner thread.
C) The water frame produced a weaker thread.
D) The water frame could be worked by one woman.

Question 10

What did Edmund Cartwright invent in 1785?

A) A hybrid jenny and water frame
B) A special cotton harvester
C) A power loom
D) A better steam engine

Question 11

In which British industry did the first modern factories begin to appear?

A) The furniture-making industry
B) The steel industry
C) The textile industry
D) The china and pottery industry

Question 12

What was the most serious obstacle impeding industrial development in Britain in the eighteenth century?

A) A lack of investment capital
B) The Napoleonic Wars
C) An energy shortage
D) A labor shortage

Question 13

In eighteenth-century England, what were the first mechanized cotton-spinning machines powered by?

A) Wood-fired steam engines
B) Coal-fired steam engines
C) Water
D) Draft horses on treadmills

Question 14

Which of these was one of the three key factors that help explain why industrialization began in Britain first?

A) Britain's small agricultural sector
B) The policies of the British government
C) Britain's defeat in the American Revolution
D) Britain's dependence on imported coal and iron

Question 15

Who invented the spinning jenny around 1765?

A) James Hargreaves
B) Friedrich Engels
C) Samuel Crompton
D) James Watt

Question 16

Which of the following was the primary source of heat for all European homes and industries until the eighteenth century?

A) Wood
B) Coal
C) Water
D) Peat

Question 17

How did James Watt fundamentally improve the Newcomen steam engine?

A) He used coal instead of wood for fuel.
B) He added a condenser to the engine.
C) He introduced gears to change the power ratio.
D) He made an airtight seal on the cylinders.

Question 18

What were working conditions like in early cotton factories?

A) Adequate
B) Poor
C) Better than average
D) Excellent

Question 19

The world's first important steam-powered train, the Rocket, provided service between what two English cities?

A) Bath and Exeter
B) London and Sheffield
C) Leeds and Newcastle
D) Liverpool and Manchester

Question 20

Coal was an essential ingredient in the manufacture of what eighteenth-century product?

A) Iron
B) Grain
C) Road gravel
D) Cloth

Question 21

Which of the following was a key development that encouraged continental European banks to invest in industrialization?

A) They were allowed to make all active partners liable for the firm's debts.
B) They began to establish limited-liability investments.
C) They replaced many of the old managers with young, aggressive investment bankers.
D) They began to recruit bank deposits from the landed aristocracy.

Question 22

What did David Ricardo argue in his iron law of wages theory?

A) That the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above subsistence levels
B) That England's industrial production could not be sustained unless wages were increased
C) That unions were needed to protect the income of industrial workers
D) That dramatic improvements needed to be made in the lives of the working-class poor

Question 23

Which of these accurately describes employment patterns in British factories after 1833?

A) The number of adults employed in industry declined rapidly.
B) The number of children employed in industry declined rapidly.
C) The number of children employed in industry increased rapidly.
D) The number of union members employed in industry declined rapidly.

Question 24

On the European continent, who took on the majority of the costs of building railroads?

A) The governments
B) Private investors
C) Commercial banks
D) Conglomerates

Question 25

The emerging industrial areas pictured on this map are all located near which of the following?

A) Ironworks
B) Completed railroads
C) Major rivers
D) Exposed coal deposits

Question 26

Where did Fritz Harkort set up production of steam engines?

A) The Netherlands
B) The United States
C) Germany
D) France

Question 27

What did the British economist Thomas Malthus conclude in his 1798 Essay on the Principle of Population?

A) That population pressure would always force wages down to subsistence levels
B) That men and women should limit population growth by marrying late in life
C) That the standard of living was a reflection of industrial capacity
D) That checks to population growth would harm the British economy

Question 28

What was the first country on the European continent to emulate the new industry of Britain?

A) Prussia
B) France
C) Belgium
D) Spain

Question 29

Which of these was created by the Factory Act of 1833?

A) A standard set of wage guidelines
B) A set of environmental regulations for factories
C) A system of full-time factory inspectors
D) A new administrative department to encourage industrial growth

Question 30

The Mines Act of 1842 prohibited underground work for all women because of concerns about which of the following?

A) The extremely hard physical labor demanded of the work
B) The sexual morality of the miners
C) The danger to the health of the fetus in pregnant female miners
D) The low rates of pay for women as compared to men

Question 31

Where is the impact of the Industrial Revolution apparent in the design of the Crystal Palace?

A) Stronger grades of iron made the multitier design made possible.
B) The revolution made glass and iron both cheap and abundant.
C) The large, wide-open floor plan was inspired by factories similar in design.
D) There is a mass-produced statuary on the ground floor.

Question 32

How did early factory work affect family life?

A) Traditional family structures were irrevocably broken.
B) Families were often separated as parents abandoned children to pursue factory work.
C) Factory work upset traditional gender roles as women increasingly worked outside the home.
D) Workers often came to the mills and mines and were employed as whole family units.

Question 33

What was one unintended negative consequence of the British Factory Acts?

A) They broke the pattern of whole families working together.
B) They led to a sharp increase in child labor.
C) They led to a sharp increase in inflation.
D) They intensified class divisions.

Question 34

Outside of Europe, what country industrialized the earliest?

A) The Ottoman Empire
B) India
C) Japan
D) Egypt

Question 35

This map shows the importance of which factor during the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain?

A) The railroad
B) Proximity to Europe via the English Channel
C) Rural areas in which to build factories
D) Access to seaports in Scotland

Question 36

How does this illustration demonstrate the effect of Britain on India's textile industry?

A) It depicts enslaved Indian peoples laboring for Britain's textile industry.
B) The relatively small number of workers reflects the diminished need for unskilled labor in the
Packing industry.
C) The small size of this packing operation reflects diminished British demand for Indian cotton.
D) It depicts Indian textile workers packing cotton, which was the only sector of India's textile
Industry not wiped out by British entry into textile manufacturing.

Question 37

By reducing the cost of shipping freight, the railroad

A) proved to be a boon to cottage workers and urban artisans.
B) reduced the volume of world trade.
C) strengthened regional economies.
D) created national markets.

Question 38

How did Britain attempt to maintain its industrial advantage over continental Europe?

A) By making it illegal for skilled industrial workers and technicians to leave Britain
B) By enacting restrictions that prohibited continental Europeans from visiting
C) By refusing to hire industrial workers who had family on the European continent
D) By prohibiting industrial workers from moving from one industry to another

Question 39

One reason that cottage workers were reluctant to work in factories is that they resembled which of the following?

A) Schools
B) Churches
C) Hospitals
D) Poorhouses

Question 40

In 1802, the British Parliament banned which of the following in factories?

A) Women workers
B) The use of pauper apprentices
C) Employing whole families
D) Overseers

Question 41

What role did war play in how the European continent industrialized?

Question 42

The Condition of the Working Class in England proposed that

A) the social problems in Britain were not a product of the Industrial Revolution.
B) industrialization had brought intensified capitalist exploitation and deepening worker poverty.
C) industrialization was generally good for society and that the living conditions of the working class were slowly improving.
D) the class-consciousness of the working class would lead to social revolution.

Question 43

How did industrialization alter the class system of Europe?

Question 44

What was the aim of the Combination Acts of 1799?

A) To prohibit monopolies in the textile industry
B) To prevent English companies from using loans from foreign banks
C) To outlaw labor unions and strikes
D) To make it illegal for one person to own factories in more than a single industry

Question 45

What was the key demand of the Chartist movement?

A) Universal suffrage for all men
B) An eight-hour workday and a minimum wage
C) A ban on women and children working in the factories
D) The repeal of the Combination Acts

Question 46

In 1850, what two occupations employed the most people in Britain?

A) Farming and domestic service
B) Domestic service and coal mining
C) Factory labor and coal mining
D) Factory labor and farming

Question 47

In addition to the coal mines, what industries used the steam engines of James Watt?

Question 48

Describe working conditions in English factories between 1790 and 1835. Did they change?

Question 49

Choose and describe two inventions that made a significant contribution to the Industrial Revolution. How did the inventions contribute to the Industrial Revolution?

Question 50

Handicraft workers who smashed the new machines they believed were putting them out of work were known as what?

A) Socialists
B) Communists
C) Luddites
D) Wobblies

Question 51

Who wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England?

A) Friedrich Engels
B) Karl Marx
C) Robert Owen
D) Friedrich List

Question 52

What term did Karl Marx use to describe the growing belief among working people that they belonged to a particular social class?

A) Class-consciousness
B) Self awareness
C) Proletariatization
D) Self-actualization

Question 53

By the mid-nineteenth century, a new paradigm of social relations suggested that

A) individuals were members of separate classes based on their relationship to the means of production.
B) most people did not develop an awareness of their particular social class.
C) an ideal society would adopt equality for women.
D) peasants and industrial workers saw themselves as united "laborers" against the traditional aristocracy.

Question 54

Describe some of the challenges of the putting-out system. How did those challenges contribute to the development of new technologies?

Question 55

What did the poet William Blake think about industrialization?

A) He celebrated the tremendous power of the new mills.
B) He was a harsh critic of industrial factories.
C) He saw the factories as the heralds of a more fair and just world.
D) He praised industrialization for bringing wealth to the poor.

Question 56

By 1830 in Britain and by 1860 in Germany and France, what had changed about leading industrialists?

A) They were mostly from poor backgrounds and built their businesses from scratch.
B) They were more likely to have inherited their businesses.
C) They were unaware of how they differed from others financially.
D) They were more likely to leave their business to a daughter than in earlier times.

Question 57

Why did early textile factories turn to abandoned children for labor, and under what conditions did these children live and work?

Question 58

How did continental governments promote industry?

Question 59

What geographic features encouraged England's industrialization?

Question 60

Why were cottage workers so reluctant to work in the factories?

Question 61

Use the following to answer questions :
water frame

A)A term first coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron, between 1780 and 1850.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves about 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump.
E)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and reached a maximum speed of 35 miles per hour.
F)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
G)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
H)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to the flood of cheaper British goods in their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
I)English law that led to a sharp decline in the employment of children by limiting the hours that children over age nine could work and banning employment of children younger than nine.
J)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
K)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
L)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
M)An individual's sense of class differentiation, a term introduced by Karl Marx.
N)English laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business owners over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.

Question 62

Use the following to answer questions :
spinning jenny

A)A term first coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron, between 1780 and 1850.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves about 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump.
E)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and reached a maximum speed of 35 miles per hour.
F)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
G)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
H)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to the flood of cheaper British goods in their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
I)English law that led to a sharp decline in the employment of children by limiting the hours that children over age nine could work and banning employment of children younger than nine.
J)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
K)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
L)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
M)An individual's sense of class differentiation, a term introduced by Karl Marx.
N)English laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business owners over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.

Question 63

Use the following to answer questions :
Luddites

A)A term first coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron, between 1780 and 1850.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves about 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump.
E)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and reached a maximum speed of 35 miles per hour.
F)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
G)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
H)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to the flood of cheaper British goods in their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
I)English law that led to a sharp decline in the employment of children by limiting the hours that children over age nine could work and banning employment of children younger than nine.
J)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
K)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
L)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
M)An individual's sense of class differentiation, a term introduced by Karl Marx.
N)English laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business owners over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.

Question 64

Use the following to answer questions :
Crystal Palace

A)A term first coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron, between 1780 and 1850.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves about 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump.
E)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and reached a maximum speed of 35 miles per hour.
F)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
G)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
H)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to the flood of cheaper British goods in their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
I)English law that led to a sharp decline in the employment of children by limiting the hours that children over age nine could work and banning employment of children younger than nine.
J)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
K)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
L)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
M)An individual's sense of class differentiation, a term introduced by Karl Marx.
N)English laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business owners over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.

Question 65

Why was Britain the first industrial nation?

Question 66

Use the following to answer questions :
separate spheres

A)A term first coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron, between 1780 and 1850.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves about 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump.
E)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and reached a maximum speed of 35 miles per hour.
F)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
G)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
H)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to the flood of cheaper British goods in their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
I)English law that led to a sharp decline in the employment of children by limiting the hours that children over age nine could work and banning employment of children younger than nine.
J)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
K)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
L)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
M)An individual's sense of class differentiation, a term introduced by Karl Marx.
N)English laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business owners over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.

Question 67

Use the following to answer questions :
Combination Acts

A)A term first coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron, between 1780 and 1850.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves about 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump.
E)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and reached a maximum speed of 35 miles per hour.
F)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
G)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
H)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to the flood of cheaper British goods in their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
I)English law that led to a sharp decline in the employment of children by limiting the hours that children over age nine could work and banning employment of children younger than nine.
J)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
K)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
L)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
M)An individual's sense of class differentiation, a term introduced by Karl Marx.
N)English laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business owners over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.

Question 68

Use the following to answer questions :
tariff protection

A)A term first coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron, between 1780 and 1850.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves about 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump.
E)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and reached a maximum speed of 35 miles per hour.
F)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
G)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
H)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to the flood of cheaper British goods in their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
I)English law that led to a sharp decline in the employment of children by limiting the hours that children over age nine could work and banning employment of children younger than nine.
J)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
K)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
L)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
M)An individual's sense of class differentiation, a term introduced by Karl Marx.
N)English laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business owners over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.

Question 69

Use the following to answer questions :
steam engines

A)A term first coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron, between 1780 and 1850.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves about 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump.
E)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and reached a maximum speed of 35 miles per hour.
F)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
G)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
H)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to the flood of cheaper British goods in their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
I)English law that led to a sharp decline in the employment of children by limiting the hours that children over age nine could work and banning employment of children younger than nine.
J)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
K)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
L)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
M)An individual's sense of class differentiation, a term introduced by Karl Marx.
N)English laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business owners over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.

Question 70

Use the following to answer questions :
Mines Act of 1842

A)A term first coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron, between 1780 and 1850.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves about 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump.
E)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and reached a maximum speed of 35 miles per hour.
F)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
G)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
H)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to the flood of cheaper British goods in their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
I)English law that led to a sharp decline in the employment of children by limiting the hours that children over age nine could work and banning employment of children younger than nine.
J)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
K)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
L)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
M)An individual's sense of class differentiation, a term introduced by Karl Marx.
N)English laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business owners over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.

Question 71

Use the following to answer questions :
iron law of wages

A)A term first coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron, between 1780 and 1850.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves about 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump.
E)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and reached a maximum speed of 35 miles per hour.
F)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
G)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
H)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to the flood of cheaper British goods in their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
I)English law that led to a sharp decline in the employment of children by limiting the hours that children over age nine could work and banning employment of children younger than nine.
J)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
K)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
L)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
M)An individual's sense of class differentiation, a term introduced by Karl Marx.
N)English laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business owners over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.

Question 72

The Industrial Revolution not only transformed British industry and society, but it also called forth a multifaceted reform effort to cope with the societal problems created by industrialization. What were the goals and motivations of both the parliamentary reform movement and the labor movement in nineteenth-century Britain? What were the successes and failures?

Question 73

The railroad has been called the crowning glory of the Industrial Revolution. Describe the impact of the railroad on the development of industry in Britain and on the European continent.

Question 74

Use the following to answer questions :
Rocket

A)A term first coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron, between 1780 and 1850.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves about 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump.
E)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and reached a maximum speed of 35 miles per hour.
F)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
G)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
H)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to the flood of cheaper British goods in their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
I)English law that led to a sharp decline in the employment of children by limiting the hours that children over age nine could work and banning employment of children younger than nine.
J)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
K)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
L)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
M)An individual's sense of class differentiation, a term introduced by Karl Marx.
N)English laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business owners over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.

Question 75

After the fall of Napoleon in 1815, industrialization began to spread to the European continent. Trace the course of industrial development there. What were the key features of this development? What were the positive and negative aspects of being a "follower" nation?

Question 76

Use the following to answer questions :
class-consciousness

A)A term first coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron, between 1780 and 1850.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves about 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump.
E)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and reached a maximum speed of 35 miles per hour.
F)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
G)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
H)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to the flood of cheaper British goods in their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
I)English law that led to a sharp decline in the employment of children by limiting the hours that children over age nine could work and banning employment of children younger than nine.
J)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
K)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
L)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
M)An individual's sense of class differentiation, a term introduced by Karl Marx.
N)English laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business owners over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.

Question 77

What was the impact of industrialization on the women of Britain? Were these changes positive or negative? How have historians interpreted these changes?

Question 78

Use the following to answer questions :
Industrial Revolution

A)A term first coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron, between 1780 and 1850.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves about 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump.
E)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and reached a maximum speed of 35 miles per hour.
F)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
G)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
H)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to the flood of cheaper British goods in their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
I)English law that led to a sharp decline in the employment of children by limiting the hours that children over age nine could work and banning employment of children younger than nine.
J)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
K)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
L)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
M)An individual's sense of class differentiation, a term introduced by Karl Marx.
N)English laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business owners over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.

Question 79

Use the following to answer questions :
Factory Act of 1833

A)A term first coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron, between 1780 and 1850.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves about 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump.
E)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and reached a maximum speed of 35 miles per hour.
F)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
G)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
H)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to the flood of cheaper British goods in their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
I)English law that led to a sharp decline in the employment of children by limiting the hours that children over age nine could work and banning employment of children younger than nine.
J)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
K)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
L)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
M)An individual's sense of class differentiation, a term introduced by Karl Marx.
N)English laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business owners over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.