Deck 12: Cognitive Topics in Personality

Question 1

A woman who states that skydiving reminds her of riding roller coasters is said to be engaging in

A)attributional cognition.
B)interpretation.
C)personalizing cognition.
D)objectifying cognition.

Answer 1

personalizing cognition.

Question 2

Individual differences can be observed in all of these EXCEPT

A)interpretation.
B)beliefs and desires.
C)perception.
D)None of the choices are correct.

Answer 2

None of the choices are correct.

Question 3

The Rod and Frame Test (RFT)has been used to assess

A)life tasks.
B)field dependence versus field independence.
C)defensive pessimism.
D)learned helplessness.

Answer 3

field dependence versus field independence.

Question 4

Herman Witkin introduced the idea of

A)defensive pessimism.
B)life tasks.
C)learned helplessness.
D)field dependence versus field independence.

Question 5

People who see a Necker Cube differently are showing differences in

A)personalizing cognitions.
B)perception.
C)objectifying cognitions.
D)learned helplessness.

Question 6

A person who recalls factual information in response to a new event is engaging in

A)personalizing cognition.
B)objectifying cognition.
C)defensive pessimism.
D)causal attribution.

Question 7

Differences in responses to the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)are the result of differences in

A)learned helplessness.
B)interpretation.
C)memory.
D)perception.

Question 8

measure(s)field dependence versus field dependence.

A)The Embedded Figures Test (EFT)
B)The Rod and Frame Test (RFT)
C)The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
D)Both the Rod and Frame Test (RFT)and the Embedded Figures Test (EFT)

Question 9

describes the transformation of sensory information to mental representations, and the manipulation of those representations.

A)Life tasks
B)Interpretation
C)Information processing
D)Explanatory style

Question 10

A person who relates a new event to past experiences is engaging in

A)objectifying cognition.
B)defensive pessimism.
C)personalizing cognition.
D)causal attribution.

Question 11

best tell us which things are important to people.

A)Emotions
B)Perceptions
C)Traits
D)Self-esteem levels

Question 12

The process of _ refers to making sense of or explaining events in the world.

A)learned helplessness
B)augmenting
C)interpretation
D)perception

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT an important topic in the cognitive/experiential domain?

A)People's subjective experience of self.
B)The ways people perceive their environment.
C)Emotions.
D)Identifying the major traits of personality.

Question 14

Field-dependent people

A)do not differ from field-independent people with regard to using visual cues.
B)pay more attention to visual cues than field-independent people.
C)are less successful than field-independent people.
D)pay less attention to visual cues than field-independent people.

Question 15

an important aspect of the self.

A)The ways people evaluate their self-worth is
B)Identity is
C)Social roles are
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 16

People use to evaluate themselves.

A)interpretation
B)perception
C)personalizing cognition
D)beliefs and desires

Question 17

is a general term to refer to awareness, thinking, and other mental acts.

A)Strategies
B)Perception
C)Cognition
D)Explanatory style

Question 18

A man who recalls that a cup of milk contains 130 calories when he pours a glass of milk is said to be engaging in

A)objectifying cognition.
B)personalizing cognition.
C)attributional cognition.
D)interpretation.

Question 19

According to the Court, Amadou Diallo was shot by police officers

A)because of cognitive errors in the officers' perception.
B)because he perceived them as a threat.
C)because he shot at them.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 20

A person who "sees the trees rather than the forest" is said to be

A)an optimist.
B)field dependent.
C)field independent.
D)a defensive pessimist.

Question 21

Generalized expectancies are

A)expectations for reinforcement held across a variety of situations.
B)characteristics of a situation that can be applied generally.
C)perceptions that generalize from one situation to the next.
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 22

People who take personal responsibility for events

A)are field independent.
B)have an external locus of control.
C)are field dependent.
D)have an internal locus of control.

Question 23

Research on Canadian university students learning English as a second language has indicated that field independence is associated with

A)having a better grasp of syntax.
B)better conversation skills using the second language.
C)better memory retention.
D)having an easier time learning a second language.

Question 24

________ tend to be more sociable than those _.

A)Field-dependent individuals; who are field-independent
B)Individuals with an internal locus of control; with an external locus of control
C)Individuals with an external locus of control; with an internal locus of control
D)Field-independent individuals; who are field-dependent

Question 25

Who argued that people construct explanations for the events in their lives just as scientists construct explanations for phenomena in the laboratory?

A)Julian Rotter
B)Aneseth Petrie
C)George Kelly
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 26

It is probably less adaptive to have an internal locus of control

A)when negative events are not controllable.
B)in the domain of health behaviours.
C)in academic domains.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 27

People with a(n)_ in their lives.
_ are more likely to be active in taking charge of circumstances

A)internal locus of control
B)stable explanatory style
C)global explanatory style
D)external locus of control

Question 28

________ seek out more stimulation than _.

A)Field-independent people; field-dependent people
B)Reducers; augmenters
C)Field-dependent people; field-independent people
D)Augmenters; reducers

Question 29

Which of the following postsecondary majors would be MOST likely to have many field-independent people?

A)History
B)Sociology
C)Journalism
D)Physics

Question 30

A person who believes that luck plays an important part in her or his life has a(n)

A)external locus of control.
B)supernatural explanatory style.
C)naturalistic explanatory style.
D)internal locus of control.

Question 31

Students who are categories.

A)field dependent
B)field independent
C)intelligent are especially good at seeing connections between different
D)both field dependent and field independent

Question 32

According to Rotter, people differ in

A)whether or not their actions influence events.
B)their expectations that a course of action will lead to a reinforcement.
C)the value they place on a given reinforcement.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a construct?

A)Intelligence
B)Gravity
C)Anxiety
D)All of the choices are correct

Question 34

"Postmodernism" in psychology can be summarized as

A)"Perception is not necessarily reality."
B)"Experience defines reality."
C)"There is no spoon."
D)"Reality is constructed and so there are many different views of reality."

Question 35

An advantage of the Embedded Figures Test (EFT)over the Rod and Frame Test (RFT)is that

A)the EFT measures field dependence/independence better than the RFT.
B)the EFT is more valid than the RFT.
C)the EFT is much easier to give than the RFT.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 36

The person most associated with research on reducing/augmenting is

A)Witkin.
B)Seligman.
C)Petrie.
D)Goleman.

Question 37

is observed when people passively endure an uncomfortable situation.

A)Passive endurance
B)Freezing
C)Internalized anxiety
D)Learned helplessness

Question 38

Pain tolerance has been studied with respect to

A)reducing or augmenting pain.
B)life tasks.
C)field dependence versus field independence.
D)explanatory style.

Question 39

A study by Vrij et al. suggests that field-independent police officers, compared to field-dependent police officers

A)generally perform worse under distraction conditions.
B)hit fewer targets in simulated shooting tasks.
C)notice fewer details under distracting conditions.
D)remember more details encoded under distracting conditions.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT an example of a generalized expectancy?

A)The belief that all tests are unfair.
B)The belief that people are solely responsible for their actions.
C)The belief that good things happen to lucky people.
D)None of the choices are correct. They are all examples of generalized expectancy.

Question 41

In addition to learned helplessness, one possible explanation for the transgenerational trauma observed in Indigenous people is

A)low external locus of control.
B)low field independence.
C)an insufficient sense of self-efficacy.
D)a diminished internal locus of control.

Question 42

A student who attributes his failure to get into a graduate school as due to the fact that he was sick on the day of his interview has a(n)explanatory style.

A)stable
B)unstable
C)global
D)specific

Question 43

intelligence is the term that most refers to a single broad factor of intelligence.

A)Emotional
B)Achievement
C)General
D)Aptitude

Question 44

According to Dr. Wesley-Esquimaux, learned helplessness can cause transgenerational trauma by

A)maintaining collective expectations of failure in the future.
B)reducing collective feelings of control.
C)impairing the ability of subsequent generations to maintain a sense of self-efficacy.
D)interfering with field independence.

Question 45

Personal projects analysis often addresses

A)the personal importance of goals.
B)the likelihood that goals will be met.
C)the difficulty of meeting the goals.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 46

IQ tests have usually been interpreted as measures of

A)emotional intelligence.
B)achievement intelligence.
C)aptitude intelligence.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 47

The "pessimistic explanatory style" is defined as making attributions for negative events.

A)internal, stable, and specific
B)external, stable, and specific
C)internal, temporary, and global
D)internal, stable, and global

Question 48

A women who concludes that all men are untrustworthy after her husband was unfaithful has a(n)explanatory style.

A)unstable
B)stable
C)global
D)specific

Question 49

People who rate their personal projects are generally more satisfied with life.

A)optimistically
B)as within their control
C)as stressful
D)optimistically and within their control

Question 50

A person who takes personal credit for choosing winning lottery numbers probably has a(n)_ explanatory style.

A)external
B)unstable
C)internal
D)stable

Question 51

People who score high on rate their personal projects as stressful and difficult.

A)psychoticism
B)neuroticism
C)conscientiousness
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 52

Participants who were first exposed to problems without solutions later

A)completed more problems that did have solutions.
B)demonstrated the concept of learned helplessness.
C)completed fewer problems with solutions and demonstrated learned helplessness.
D)completed fewer problems that did have solutions.

Question 53

According to Dr. Wesley-Esquimaux, two factors involved in transgenerational trauma are

A)locus of control and self-efficacy.
B)locus of control and learned helplessness.
C)learned helplessness and field independence.
D)learned helplessness and self-efficacy.

Question 54

A pessimistic explanatory style has been shown to be associated with all of the following EXCEPT

A)mortality.
B)lowered immunocompetence.
C)poor health.
D)aggressiveness.

Question 55

A set of relevant actions intended to achieve a goal that the person has selected is known as a(n)

A)personal project.
B)outcome-focused strategy.
C)causal attribution.
D)explanatory style.

Question 56

The idea that trauma experienced by earlier generations can have lasting effects that are still felt today is referred to as

A)cross-generational experience.
B)transgenerational trauma.
C)transmitted trauma.
D)traumatic stagnation.

Question 57

The reformulated learned helplessness model focuses on individuals'

A)learning styles.
B)explanations of events.
C)perceptions of events.
D)memories of events.

Question 58

The concept of intelligence that emphasizes the amount of knowledge one has gained is known as intelligence.

A)achievement
B)general
C)multiple
D)aptitude

Question 59

One explanation for the increasing rates of suicide and attempted suicide in Indigenous communities is

A)low internal locus of control.
B)low external locus of control.
C)high internal locus of control.
D)high external locus of control.

Question 60

refers to the way people explain why events occur.

A)Causal attribution
B)Field independence
C)Perception
D)Learned helplessness

Question 61

Some researchers feel that the abilities Gardner calls "intelligences" are correlated enough with each other to

A)represent only three distinct intelligences-verbal, quantitative, and analytical.
B)justify thinking of intelligence as an abstract concept that cannot be studied.
C)warrant more distinct types of intelligence.
D)justify thinking of intelligence as a general factor.

Question 62

refers to the time it takes to make a simple discrimination between two displayed objects.

A)Discrimination effort
B)Examination time
C)Reaction time
D)Inspection time

Question 63

The name most associated with the idea of multiple intelligences is

A)Gardner.
B)Witkin.
C)Cantor.
D)Petrie.

Question 64

What is defined as "intelligent behaviour"

A)differs across cultures.
B)is consistent across cultures.
C)is only found in Western cultures.
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 65

The ability to control one's impulses is considered an aspect of intelligence.

A)aptitude
B)emotional
C)interpersonal
D)kinesthetic

Question 66

Which of the following are debated among intelligence researchers?

A)Whether different racial groups differ with respect to intelligence.
B)Whether measures of intelligence are biased to favour some individuals.
C)Whether intelligence can be measured accurately.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 67

A person who scores low in may do well in school, but have difficulty in most other areas of life.

A)kinesthetic intelligence
B)emotional intelligence
C)aptitude intelligence
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 68

The different domains or areas of knowledge measured by standardized tests are examples of

A)cognitive frameworks.
B)mental fields.
C)types of mental processing.
D)different kinds of intelligence.