Deck 4: Consciousness

Question 1

Judith is startled when her 6-year-old daughter, Laura, sleepwalks into the family room. It is most likely that Laura is experiencing the ________ stage of the sleep cycle.

A) REM
B) N1
C) N2
D) N3

Answer 1

N3

Question 2

Sleep spindles appear during ______ sleep.

A) stage 1 (N1)
B) REM
C) stage 2 (N2)
D) stage 4 (N3)

Answer 2

stage 2 (N2)

Question 3

One major danger of barbiturates is ________________.

A) overstimulation
B) hyperactivity
C) drug interaction
D) sleepwalking

Answer 3

drug interaction

Question 4

Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as ______.

A) hyperconsciousness
B) unconscious states
C) relaxed wakefulness
D) altered states of consciousness

Question 5

A sleep disorder that may require the use of a machine to force air gently into the nasal passages is called ________________.

A) sleep apnea
B) insomnia
C) narcolepsy
D) cataplexy

Question 6

This early researcher did a study that seemed to suggest that people deprived of REM sleep would become paranoid, seemingly mentally ill, from lack of this one stage of sleep.

A) Freud
B) Dement
C) Jung
D) James

Question 7

5. Which of the following statements is CORRECT concerning the concept dreams?

A) Men and women typically dream about similar things.
B) Men dream more each night than women.
C) Research reports that men and women differ in the things they dream about.
D) Women tend to dream twice as much as men.

Question 8

Morphine and heroin duplicate the action of ____________.

A) endorphins
B) alcohol
C) cigarettes
D) LSD

Question 9

According to the ________ view, consciousness is generated by a set of action potentials in the communication among different neurons just sufficient to produce a specific perception, memory, or experience in our awareness.

A) cognitive neuroscience
B) behavioral genetics
C) humanistic
D) psychodynamic

Question 10

Each of the following is a sleep disorder EXCEPT ______.

A) narcolepsy
B) REM rebound
C) insomnia
D) night terrors

Question 11

Heroin addiction has been treated with _____________.

A) morphine
B) LSD
C) methadone
D) amphetamines

Question 12

Upon just waking up, you report a vivid visual event. What term do psychologists use for such phenomena?

A) hypnotic illusion
B) positive hallucination
C) hypnagogic hallucination
D) hypnopompic image

Question 13

Which of the following neurotransmitters are associated with alcohol?

A) GABA
B) acetylcholine
C) endorphins
D) adrenalin

Question 14

Your friend has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness. He is laughing with you and suddenly falls to the ground. Your friend is probably suffering from ____________.

A) narcolepsy
B) parasomnia
C) REM rebound
D) sleep apnea

Question 15

Russell needs more of the drug he has been using to get the normal high he got when he first started. Russell is experiencing _______________.

A) drug tolerance
B) drug detoxification
C) withdrawal
D) overdrawal

Question 16

Melatonin is a _______________.

A) hormone
B) sleeping pill
C) depressant
D) stimulant

Question 17

Which of the following pairs belong together?

A) LSD; tetrahydrocannabinol
B) marijuana; psilocybin
C) MDMA; acetylcholine
D) marijuana; tetrahydrocannabinol

Question 18

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship of the total amount of sleep that an individual receives as a function of age?

A) We require more sleep as we age.
B) As we age, we tend to get less sleep.
C) We require much sleep during infancy and early childhood, less sleep in adolescence and early adulthood, and then more sleep in middle and older age.
D) The amount of sleep we require solely depends on individual difference variables.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true concerning cocaine use in the United States?

A) During the Civil War, many Confederate soldiers bought cocaine from Union soldiers.
B) At one time, cocaine was an ingredient in Coca-Cola.
C) Cocaine was used by early Greek philosophers.
D) One of the powerful addictive ingredients in cocaine is heroin.

Question 20

The key to hypnotic induction seems to be related to ________________.

A) the gender of the person doing the hypnotizing
B) education
C) state of suggestibility
D) time of day

Question 21

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located?

A) thalamus
B) cerebellum
C) basal ganglia
D) hypothalamus

Question 22

The state we are in when we are awake and reasonably alert is called ________.

A) altered state of consciousness
B) waking consciousness
C) self-awareness
D) intelligence

Question 23

________, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland.

A) Serotonin
B) Testosterone
C) Estrogen
D) Melatonin

Question 24

The hypothalamus controls the ________.

A) hypnotic suggestibility ratio
B) sleep-wake cycle
C) frequency of nightmares
D) growth hormones that occur during sleep

Question 25

Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as ________.

A) hyperconsciousness
B) unconscious states
C) relaxed wakefulness
D) altered states of consciousness

Question 26

Circadian rhythms are controlled by the ________.

A) pineal gland
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
C) thalamus
D) hippocampus

Question 27

Melatonin is a ________.

A) hormone
B) sleeping pill
C) depressant
D) stimulant

Question 28

What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts?

A) thinking
B) cognition
C) conscience
D) consciousness

Question 29

A circadian cycle is about ________ hours long.

A) 1.5
B) 12
C) 6
D) 24

Question 30

Our sleep-wake cycle follows a(n) ________rhythm.

A) infradian
B) diurnal
C) circadian
D) ultradian

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT an altered state of consciousness?

A) concentration
B) meditation
C) daydreaming
D) intoxication

Question 32

What aspect of circadian rhythms might explain why we tend to feel so tired at night?

A) Body temperature bottoms out on Monday mornings.
B) The three biorhythm patterns converge at low points on Mondays.
C) Heart rates typically increase at night.
D) There is an organ in the brain sensitive to light changes, which then affects our sleepiness.

Question 33

The sleep-wake cycle is ultimately controlled by the part of the brain called the ________.

A) optical nerve
B) frontal lobe
C) hypothalamus
D) median forebrain bundle

Question 34

What used to be called "the gentle tyrant"?

A) drugs
B) dreams
C) sleep
D) meditation

Question 35

Consciousness is the ________.

A) state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes
B) awareness of ourselves and the environment
C) memory of personally experienced events
D) intentional recollection of an item of information

Question 36

SCN stands for ________.

A) stop control now
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus
C) serotonin-controlled nucleus
D) sleep control nucleus

Question 37

A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n) ________ cycle.

A) infradian
B) circadian
C) diurnal
D) ultradian

Question 38

According to the ________ view, consciousness is generated by a set of action potentials in the communication among different neurons just sufficient to produce a specific perception, memory, or experience in our awareness.

A) cognitive neuroscience
B) behavioral genetics
C) humanistic
D) psychodynamic

Question 39

What do we call a state of consciousness that can result from the use of alcohol, drugs, or hypnosis?

A) daydreaming
B) meditative absorption
C) stream of consciousness
D) altered state of consciousness

Question 40

Daydreaming, meditation, intoxication, sleep, and hypnosis are all types of ________.

A) self-awareness
B) self-absorption
C) waking consciousness
D) altered states of consciousness

Question 41

If the EEG record reveals evidence of very small and very fast waves, you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is ________.

A) really not sleeping and is awake
B) in N1
C) in N2
D) in N3

Question 42

Periods of R sleep alternate with periods of N sleep in a cycle that recurs about every ________ minutes or so.

A) 30
B) 90
C) 150
D) 210

Question 43

Which statement is correct concerning sleep?

A) Most older people need at least 10 hours.
B) Men need more sleep than women.
C) Most young adults need between 7 and 9 hours of sleep.
D) Women need more sleep than men.

Question 44

You see an advertisement for a method of learning a foreign language that seems simple-just put on a tape and fall asleep. The accompanying description cites proof that people can learn while asleep. Being a good psychological detective, what question would you ask about the offered proof?

A) Did the individuals actually dream about the foreign language?
B) What did the EEG indicate about the participants' level of sleep?
C) Did the researchers use only long sleepers who would spend more time with the tapes?
D) Were study breaks included in the tape to provide greater comprehension of the material?

Question 45

Which of the following stages of sleep is marked by the production of very slow delta waves?

A) REM
B) Stage 1 (N1)
C) Stage 2 (N2)
D) Stage 4 (N3)

Question 46

REM sleep refers to ________.

A) dreamless sleep
B) sleep induced by sleeping pills
C) sleep periods in which sleepwalking is likely
D) sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly

Question 47

If you are awakened from sleep and you feel as though you had not even been asleep, then you were most likely in which stage of sleep?

A) Stage 1 (N1)
B) Stage 2 (N2)
C) Stage 3 (N3)
D) slow wave sleep

Question 48

Sleep spindles appear during ________ sleep.

A) Stage 1 (N1)
B) REM
C) Stage 2 (N2)
D) Stage 4 (N3)

Question 49

You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult. The participant is hooked up to an EEG. What brain waves would you observe as the person becomes drowsy and then enters the first stage of sleep?

A) alpha eventually replaced by delta
B) delta eventually replaced by theta
C) beta eventually replaced by alpha
D) delta eventually replaced by beta

Question 50

Short, rhythmic bursts of brainwave activity that appear during Stage 2 sleep are called ________.

A) delta waves
B) sleep spindles
C) paradoxical sleep waves
D) beta waves

Question 51

Your brain waves are being monitored in a sleep laboratory. If you are in deep sleep less than an hour after falling asleep, what brain waves will be detected?

A) beta
B) alpha
C) theta
D) delta

Question 52

Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves?

A) electromyograph (EMG)
B) electrocardiograph (EKG)
C) electro-oculograph (EOG)
D) electroencephalograph (EEG)

Question 53

Melatonin is to ________ as an aspirin is to ________.

A) nausea; a nightmare
B) nightmare; blood clots
C) insomnia; a headache
D) sleep apnea; a blood thinner

Question 54

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship of the total amount of sleep that an individual receives as a function of age?

A) We require more sleep as we age.
B) As we age, we tend to get less sleep.
C) We require much sleep during infancy and early childhood, less sleep in adolescence and early adulthood, and then more sleep in middle and older age.
D) The amount of sleep we require solely depends on individual difference variables.

Question 55

What term do sleep researchers use to designate stages 1-4 of sleep?

A) REM (R) sleep
B) non-REM (N) sleep
C) REMN (W) sleep
D) paradoxical sleep

Question 56

The deepest stage of sleep is ________ sleep.

A) Stage 1 (N1)
B) Stage 2 (N2)
C) Stage 3 (N3)
D) Stage 4 (N3)

Question 57

Upon just waking up, you report a vivid visual event. What term do psychologists use for such phenomena?

A) hypnotic illusion
B) positive hallucination
C) hypnogogic images or hallucinations
D) hypnopompic image

Question 58

If the EEG record reveals evidence of sleep spindles, you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is in which stage of sleep?

A) REM
B) Stage 1 (N1)
C) Stage 2 (N2)
D) Stage 4 (N3)

Question 59

The stage of sleep in which delta waves begin to appear is ________ sleep.

A) Stage 1 (N1)
B) Stage 2 (N2)
C) Stage 3 (N3)
D) REM (R)

Question 60

According to your textbook, serious consequences for mental and physical functioning can result from just ________ of sleep deprivation.

A) an hour or two
B) one or two nights
C) three to five days
D) weeks

Question 61

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is ________.

A) zombulism
B) cataplexy
C) narcolepsy
D) insomnia

Question 62

Stage 4 sleep is marked by ________ waves.

A) alpha
B) beta
C) theta
D) delta

Question 63

REM behavior disorder most commonly occurs ________.

A) in men over 60
B) in women under 60
C) in children
D) among the poor

Question 64

What would you expect to see on the EEG record of a person who is engaged in an episode of sleepwalking?

A) paradoxical sleep waves
B) very large sleep spindles
C) evidence of N3 sleep
D) a record that is virtually the same as a daydreaming person

Question 65

Each of the following is true of sleepwalking EXCEPT ________.

A) more boys than girls sleepwalk
B) sleepwalking is more common among children than adults
C) sometimes sleepwalking involves nothing more than sitting up in bed
D) waking a sleepwalker is always dangerous

Question 66

John will likely experience REM rebound tonight if he:

A) takes a sleeping pill before bed tonight.
B) drinks too much caffeine prior to sleeping.
C) did not sleep much last night.
D) slept more than 8 hours last night.

Question 67

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Night terrors are a rare disorder.
B) Nightmares, but not night terrors, suggest some psychological problems.
C) Night terrors, but not nightmares, suggest some psychological problems.
D) Both nightmares and night terrors suggest psychological problems.

Question 68

Sleep research supports three "helpful hints" to avoid insomnia. Which of the following statements is NOT a helpful hint?

A) Don't try too hard to get to sleep.
B) Try to get up at around the same time each morning.
C) Try to nap as much as possible.
D) It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night.

Question 69

Sleep research supports three of the following helpful hints. Which statement is NOT accurate?

A) Don't try too hard to get to sleep.
B) Don't do anything in your bed but sleep.
C) Sleeping pills help cure insomnia.
D) It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night.

Question 70

If you have been waking up too early for several weeks, you are probably suffering from ________.

A) insomnia
B) parasomnia
C) hypersomnia
D) reverse insomnia

Question 71

Which of the following is CORRECT concerning REM deprivation?

A) REM deprivation results in long-term mental illness.
B) REM deprivation only occurs among the elderly.
C) REM deprivation leads to increased amounts of REM sleep on subsequent nights of sleep.
D) REM deprivation can lead to visual impairments.

Question 72

Which of the following individuals is most likely to sleepwalk?

A) a 10-year-old child
B) a 24-year-old adult
C) a 44-year-old adult
D) a 74-year-old adult

Question 73

People in Stage 4 (N3) sleep ________.

A) dream all the time
B) are hard to wake up
C) are easy to wake up
D) hallucinate

Question 74

Mary is having insomnia. Which piece of advice would you give to help her deal with it?

A) Take sleeping pills.
B) Go to bed every night at different times to "shock your sleep system."
C) Study in bed and then go immediately to sleep.
D) Don't do anything but sleep in your bed.

Question 75

To treat your sleep problem, you are told that you should do nothing in your bed but sleep, you should set your alarm clock to wake up at the same time each day, and you should not try too hard to fall asleep. What sleep disorder have you been experiencing?

A) enuresis
B) narcolepsy
C) insomnia
D) REM sleep behavior disorder

Question 76

Approximately ________ percent of the population experiences at least some incidents of sleepwalking.

A) 20
B) 40
C) 60
D) 80

Question 77

Which of the following statements is correct?

A) Sleepwalking is far more common in adults than in children.
B) Most people with sleepwalking disorder eventually grow out of the condition.
C) Sleepwalking in prisons is a common occurrence.
D) Sleepwalking indicates a serious level of psychopathology and underlying anxiety issues.

Question 78

Each of the following is a sleep disorder EXCEPT ________.

A) narcolepsy
B) REM rebound
C) insomnia
D) night terrors

Question 79

This early researcher did a study that seemed to suggest that people deprived of REM sleep would become paranoid, seemingly mentally ill, from lack of this one stage of sleep.

A) Freud
B) Dement
C) Jung
D) James

Question 80

Judith is startled when her 6-year-old daughter, Laura, sleepwalks into the family room. It is most likely that Laura is experiencing the ________ stage of the sleep cycle.

A) REM
B) first
C) second
D) fourth