Deck 5: The Integumentary System

Question 1

The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the dermis.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Region that thickens markedly when one gains weight.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Responsible for shock absorption and located in the hypodermis.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________.

A) medulla
B) cuticle
C) external root sheath
D) cortex

Question 5

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.

A) Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant.
B) Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant.
C) Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum.
D) Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.

Question 6

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?

A) basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
B) granulosum, basale, spinosum, corneum
C) basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum
D) corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Question 7

The skin is not able to receive stimuli because the cells of the epidermis are not living and therefore there are no sensory receptors in the skin.

Question 8

When an individual is exposed to extremely cold air the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that more blood will be brought closer to the outside surface of the skin.

Question 9

The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen.

Question 10

The skin cancer most likely to metastasize is cancer of the melanocytes.

Question 11

When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third or more of the body.

Question 12

Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. and the burn is quite painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn.

Question 13

The dermis contains blood vessels and nerve fibers while the epidermis does not.

Question 14

During the regressive phase of hair growth, the matrix is inactive and the follicle atrophies.

Question 15

For a doctor, simply looking at a patient's skin can help in making a diagnosis.

Question 16

Thick skin has a more extensive dermal layer than thin skin.

Question 17

The apocrine sweat glands are not the primary gland involved in thermoregulation.

Question 18

The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis.

Question 19

Cells in the stratum corneum undergo mitosis to keep the layer thick and protective.

Question 20

Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes.

Question 21

The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?

A) the reticular layer
B) the hypodermal layer
C) the subcutaneous layer
D) the papillary layer

Question 22

A dendritic or Langerhan cell is a specialized________.

A) squamous epithelial cell
B) melanocyte
C) nerve cell
D) phagocytic cell

Question 23

Which statement correctly expl ains why hair appears the way it does?

A) Perfectly round hair shafts result in wavy hair.
B) Gray hair is the result of hormonal action altering the chemical composition of melanin.
C) Air bubbles in the hair shaft cause straight hair.
D) Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.

Question 24

The friction ridges seen in finger, palm and foot prints are different among various people but very similar between identical twins. This evidence suggests which of the following?

A) That friction ridges aid in griping.
B) That friction ridges allow for better tactile sensation.
C) That friction ridges change over time.
D) That friction ridges are genetically determined.

Question 25

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?

A) The stretching causes the tension lines to disappear.
B) The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.
C) There is an episode of acute pain due to the large number of tactile corpuscles.
D) The blood vessels in the dermis rupture and the blood passes through the tissue, causing permanent "black-a nd-blue marks."

Question 26

The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.

A) serve as a source for new epidermal cells for hair growth after the resting stage has passed
B) cause apocrine gland secretion into the hair follicle
C) allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
D) bind the hair root to the dermis

Question 27

A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot, almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured?

A) granulosum
B) spinosum
C) basale
D) lucidum

Question 28

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?

A) The dermis is the thickest portion of the skin and water cannot pass through it.
B) Glycolipids that are secreted by keratinocytes into extracellular spaces.
C) Fat associated with skin prevents water loss.
D) The size and shape of the cells that make up the stratum spinosum, as well as the thick bundles of intermediate filaments.

Question 29

Which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched?

A) keratinocytes - provide sense of touch and pressure
B) melanocytes - protects cells in the stratum corneum from damaging effects of sun's rays
C) tactile cells - protection
D) dendritic cells - activate the immune system

Question 30

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in thehealth, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?

A) stratum corneum
B) stratum basale
C) stratum lucidum
D) stratum granulosum

Question 31

The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________.

A) overexposure to UV radiation
B) use of farm chemicals
C) race
D) genetics

Question 32

Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize?

A) squamous cell carcinoma
B) adenoma
C) melanoma
D) basal cell carcinoma

Question 33

Which glands produce ear wax?

A) eccrine glands
B) apocrine glands
C) ceruminous glands
D) merocrine glands

Question 34

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.

A) provide the melanocyte with nutrients necessary for melanin synthesis
B) accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer
C) maintain the appropriate temperature so the product of the melanocyte will not denature
D) maintain the appropriate pH in order for the melanocyte to synthesize melanin granules

Question 35

The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.

A) the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber
B) the cells that make up the hypodermis secrete a protective mucus
C) it is located just below the epidermis and protects the dermis from shock
D) it has no delicate nerve endings and can therefore absorb more shock

Question 36

The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?

A) goblet cells, parietal cells, and chondrocytes
B) osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and epithelial cells
C) monocytes, reticulocytes, and osteocytes
D) fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

Question 37

The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of loosely packed connective tissue withnumerous peg-like projections that provide a great deal of surface area connecting the dermis to the epidermis. Which of the statements below do not represent benefits provided by thepapillary layer's anatomy?

A) The high surface area allows for a stronger connection of dermis to epidermis.
B) The spaces in the connective tissue allow many small blood vessels to deliver nutrients and pickup waste diffusing from the superficial epidermal layers.
C) The looseness allows for phagocytes to roam through the tissue and search for infection.
D) The looseness allows for easy separation of the dead cell layer of epidermis to be shed.

Question 38

Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?

A) free nerve ending
B) tactile corpuscle
C) Ruffini body
D) Pacinian corpuscle

Question 39

Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease?

A) The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance.
B) The skin appears to have an abnormal, yellowish tint.
C) Black-a nd-blue marks become evident for no apparent cause.
D) It is impossible to suggest Addison's disease from an inspection of a person's skin.

Question 40

Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?

A) The skin is protected by the synthesis of three pigments that contribute to the skin's color.
B) The skin is protected by increasing the number of epidermal dendritic cells, which help to activate the immune system.
C) Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.
D) Carotene, which accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermal adipose tissue, is synthesized in large amounts in the presence of sunlight.

Question 41

Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?

A) Release of sweat by eccrine glands in response to heat.
B) Excretion of salts within the sweat.
C) Lack of pain in third degree burns due to damage to sensory nerves in the dermis.
D) An increase in sebum production in response to androgens (male sex hormones).

Question 42

The arrector pili muscle's predominate, useful function in humans is to ________.

A) stimulate faster hair growth
B) provide warmth by making the hair stand on end
C) assist in the release sebum from nearby sebaceous glands
D) prevent germs from entering the hair shaft

Question 43

Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?

A) in the axillary and anogenital area
B) in all body regions and buried deep in the dermis
C) in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
D) beneath the flexure lines in the body

Question 44

The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ________.

A) by high temperatures
B) when the air temperature drops
C) as a protective coating when one is swimming
D) by hormones, especially androgens

Question 45

What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?

A) nutrition and hormones
B) age and glandular products
C) sex and hormones
D) the size and number of hair follicles

Question 46

Which of the following is not one of the functions of the skin?

A) Delivers important information about our environmental conditions to our brains.
B) Holds a portion of the bloods total volume to be shunted (diverted) to other organs when needed.
C) Gives the body its overall shape, loss of this function can be seen with the drooping of skin with age.
D) Conducts endergonic metabolic chemical reactions using the suns energy to initiate vitamin D synthesis.

Question 47

Cells of the stratum spinosum have many interlocking desmosomes that will remain between the cells as they migrate to the stratum corneum. These cell junctions serve the body by________.

A) stopping water loss and preventing dehydration
B) allowing secretions like sweat or sebum to pass through
C) preventing ultraviolet light from penetrating the deeper layers of the epidermis
D) preventing mechanical stress or trauma from damaging the epidermis

Question 48

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?

A) mammary and ceruminous
B) sebaceous and merocrine
C) holocrine and mammary
D) eccrine and apocrine

Question 49

Which layer of skin is least protected by melanin?

A) stratum granulosum
B) stratum basale
C) stratum corneum
D) stratum spinosum

Question 50

Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body.How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?

A) by measuring urinary output and fluid intake
B) by observing the tissues that are usually moist
C) by using the "rule of nines"
D) through blood analysis

Question 51

Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?

A) The secretion of antibacterial compounds in sebum.
B) Release of chemical signals by keratinocytes that have been damaged by UV light that will increase the production of melanin.
C) The near waterproof secretions of glycolipids that is released by cells in the stratum granulosum.
D) Removal of nitrogenous compounds like urea within the sweat.

Question 52

Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________.

A) they grow much slower
B) the vascular supply of the eyebrow follicle is one-tenth that of the head hair follicle
C) eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months
D) hormones in the eyebrow follicle switch the growth off after it has reached a predetermined length

Question 53

The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________.

A) fatty substances, proteins, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitamins
B) 99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C
C) metabolic wastes
D) primarily uric acid

Question 54

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions.Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?

A) It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases.
B) The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy.
C) It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.
D) It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body.

Question 55

All of the following will help the skin to fight infection but one. Which of the following will have little effect on the skin's ability to fight infection?

A) Greater production of keratinocytes resulting in more layers of the stratum corneum.
B) Increased secretions of defensins from skin cells.
C) More tight junctions between keratinocytes of the stratum corneum.
D) Greater production of melanin.

Question 56

Which layer of the epidermis will be supplied with the highest levels of oxygen from the blood?

A) stratum spinosum
B) stratum basale
C) stratum granulosum
D) stratum corneum

Question 57

Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?

A) Thickening of epidermis to form a callus in places where the skin is exposed to friction.
B) Formation of cerumen wax to deter insects from entering the ear.
C) Production of vitamin D initiated by the suns UV light striking the skin.
D) Changes in the response of the hair follicle to dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

Question 58

A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be________.

A) giving the patient supplemental oxygen by mask
B) encouraging the patient to eat more orange colored vegetables (rich in beta carotene)
C) exposing the patient to more sunlight
D) increasing fluids through IV therapy

Question 59

What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn?

A) unbearable pain
B) catastrophic fluid loss
C) loss of immune function
D) infection

Question 60

A light skinned person who is very cold may have a pale appearance. Which of the following is the best explanation for why this might be so?

A) The cold has slowed the movement of blood.
B) The person is in fear of hypothermia (sever cold exposure).
C) The person's blood vessels in the epidermis have undergone vasodilation (widening).
D) The person's blood vessels in the dermis have undergone vasoconstriction (narrowing).

Question 61

A summertime golden bronze tan may not be a tan at all; especially if the skin appears almost metallic bronze, it may be the result of ________ disease.

Question 62

Why is profuse sweating on a hot day good, and yet a potential problem?

Question 63

In addition to the synthesis of vitamin D, keratinocytes are able to carry out some other biologically important functions. Name at least two of these other functions.

Question 64

A light skinned person may appear pink when they become over heated. The best explanation for this is ________.

A) blood flow has increased to the sweat glands in order to increased their metabolic activity
B) the melanocytes are responding to the heat of the sun and change the appearance of the skin with increased production
C) the heart is pumping faster because the person was probably exercising
D) the blood vessels of the dermis have undergone vasodilation, bringing a greater volume of blood to the skin

Question 65

The white crescent portion of the nail is called the ________.

Question 66

Billions of consumer dollars are spent for deodorants and antiperspirants each year. Explain the production of body odors frequently associated with axillary skin.

Question 67

William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information you would predict that the cut has penetrated to ________.

A) the stratum basale but not the dermal layers
B) the papillary layer but not the reticular layer
C) the subcutaneous layer, but no deeper
D) the stratum corneum but not the stratum granulosum

Question 68

The ________ are the small muscles located in the dermis that cause goose bumps.

Question 69

What are vellus hairs?

Question 70

There are several reasons other than genetics for hair loss. Identify some of these other factors.

Question 71

List the layers of the dermis and describe the functions of the tissue that makes up each layer.

Question 72

The layer of the epidermis immediately under the stratum lucidum in thick skin is the stratum ________.

Question 73

Why are the apocrine sweat glands fairly unimportant in thermal regulation?

Question 74

What complications might be anticipated from the loss of large areas of skin surfaces?

Question 75

The skin protects, but how does it protect us and from what? Describe how the epidermal dendritic cells and melanocytes protect us. Describe what these cells protect us from.

Question 76

The only place you will find stratumthe feet.

Question 77

Balding men have tried all kinds of remedies, including hair transplants, to restore their lost locks. Explain the cause of male pattern baldness.

Question 78

Pigment-producing cells in the epidermis are ________.

Question 79

A surgeon opens her patient by cutting the integument parallel to the cleavage lines of the dermis (tension lines). This will result in ________.

A) greater chance of infection
B) faster healing of the skin and less scaring
C) slowed healing and grater scaring
D) less chance for infection

Question 80

How are burns commonly classified? Give an example.