Deck 4: Alternatives to Experimentation: Surveys and Interviews

Question 1

Important Considerations for Survey Items Some students always guess the answers to exam questions they are unsure
Of while others leave such questions blank.These students differ in

A)concern about social desirability.
B)position preference.
C)response set.
D)willingness to answer.

Answer 1

willingness to answer.

Question 2

Important Considerations for Survey Items The tendency to choose "B" on a multiple-choice test when unsure about
The answer illustrates

A)nay-saying.
B)position preference.
C)reactivity.
D)yea-saying.

Answer 2

position preference.

Question 3

Measuring Responses Which measurement scale provides the most complete description of a variable's magnitude or quantitative size?

A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio

Answer 3

ratio

Question 4

Measuring Responses Schachter (1959) measured affiliation using a ____ scale, since subjects selected among three categories: wait alone, wait with others, or no preference.

A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio

Question 5

Measuring Responses In the play, "The Devil and Daniel Webster," Webster agreed to plead for his
Client's soul before a jury composed of "the quick and the dead." His criteria
For jury selection implied a ____ scale of measurement.

A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio

Question 6

Important Considerations for Survey Items One way to control for response style when designing a questionnaire with
Yes/no items is to

A)construct items with comparable social desirability.
B)discard all yes responses for yea-sayers and all no responses for nay-sayers.
C)emphasize the manifest content of the questions in the instructions.
D)phrase questions so that a high score requires both yes and no answers.

Question 7

Survey Research Experimenters often obtain subject opinions in field studies by using

A)archival methods.
B)naturalistic observation.
C)surveys.
D)systematic observation.

Question 8

Constructing Surveys Select the closed question from the following choices.

A)Describe your most interesting class.
B)How do you use the internet?
C)How many netbooks does your family own?
D)What are your best features?

Question 9

Important Considerations for Survey Items Test builders often vary the letter used for correct answers throughout a
Multiple-choice test to control for the response style known as

A)nay-saying.
B)position preference.
C)willingness to answer.
D)yea-saying.

Question 10

Important Considerations for Survey Items Nay-sayers tend to

A)answer "no" or "false" to most questions.
B)respond to a question's manifest content.
C)select the most socially desirable answer.
D)skip questions when they lack specific factual knowledge.

Question 11

Measuring Responses A panel of beer drinkers participated in a blind taste test in which each participant ranked crafted brews from first to fifth place.Which scale of measure did the contestants use?

A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio

Question 12

Important Considerations for Survey Items When taking the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, Sara tended
To agree with many of the true/false statements.Her answers were probably
Influenced by

A)position preference.
B)social desirability.
C)willingness to answer.
D)yea-saying.

Question 13

Important Considerations for Survey Items Researchers should build detailed content into questionnaire items to
Encourage subjects to think about each choice.This guards against

A)experimenter bias.
B)reactivity.
C)response style.
D)social desirability.

Question 14

Measuring Responses Which scale of measurement provides the least information about a variable's magnitude?

A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio

Question 15

Constructing Surveys Is there a problem with the following item?
What is your religious affiliation?
__ Christianity
__ Islam
__ Judaism

A)the choices are not exhaustive
B)the question is double-barreled
C)the question is ambiguous
D)the survey item is fine

Question 16

Constructing Surveys Select the open-ended question from the list below.

A)Do your parents use e-mail?
B)Rate your campus social life from 1 to 10.
C)Should fetal tissue research be banned?
D)What do you like most about your best friend?

Question 17

Important Considerations for Survey Items An inventory first asked respondents to their apartment's appearance on the
Semantic differential item:
Immaculate __ __ __ __ __ Toxic waste dump
Then, it asked them to rate their roommates on the item:
Responsible __ __ __ __ __ Irresponsible.
If the apartment item affected the response to the roommate
Item, this would illustrate the problem of

A)context effects.
B)latent content.
C)manifest content.
D)social desirability.

Question 18

Constructing Surveys Cam is interested in studying student attitudes toward illegal music file
Sharing.How should he proceed to develop his survey objectives?

A)conduct a literature review of prior research on illegal music file sharing
B)examine previously published surveys
C)specify each aspect of illegal music file sharing that he wants to evaluate
D)all of these answers are correct

Question 19

Constructing Surveys Open-ended questions like "What is your favorite comfort food?"
Produce data that are ____ than closed questions.

A)easier to code
B)easier to quantify
C)more accurate
D)more variable

Question 20

Important Considerations for Survey Items When taking questionnaires, both yea-sayers and nay-sayers seem to
Focus on each item's

A)latent content.
B)manifest content.
C)social desirability.
D)none of these

Question 21

Probability Sampling ____ is the most basic form of probability sampling.In this method,
We select a portion of the whole population in an unbiased way.

A)Cluster sampling
B)Simple random sampling
C)Stratified random sampling
D)Systematic random sampling

Question 22

Probability Sampling To increase sampling precision, researchers may randomly sample from
Subjects in each subgroup in the same proportions that exist in the
Population.This technique is called

A)cluster sampling.
B)quota sampling.
C)simple random sampling.
D)stratified random sampling.

Question 23

Probability Sampling A barrel contains red and white beans.Instead of counting each bean, you
Take a handful of beans and count them, assuming that the proportion of
Colored beans will be consistent throughout the barrel.Which sampling
Method did you use?

A)cluster sampling
B)simple random sampling
C)stratified random sampling
D)systematic random sampling

Question 24

Sampling What does a sample's representativeness affect?

A)the ability to generalize experimental findings
B)the experimental design
C)the internal validity of experimental findings
D)the statistics used to analyze experimental data

Question 25

Probability Sampling A researcher uses ____ when she samples naturally occurring groups
Within the population.

A)cluster sampling
B)convenience sampling
C)quota sampling
D)stratified random sampling

Question 26

Collecting Survey Data Which survey method may result in the least concern with a social
Responsibility response set?

A)computer survey
B)face-to-face interview
C)mail survey
D)telephone interview

Question 27

Evaluating Surveys and Survey Data When your questionnaire contains sensitive items that might trigger a social
Desirability response set, you might

A)include a few buffer items.
B)include a few Crowne and Marlowe (1964) scale items.
C)include a nonsense question to identify untruthfulness.
D)include a few Crowne and Marlowe (1964) scale items or a nonsense question.

Question 28

Probability Sampling Researchers often prefer ____ when a population is known to contain
Distinct subgroups.

A)cluster sampling
B)simple random sampling
C)stratified random sampling
D)systematic random sampling

Question 29

Collecting Survey Data A low survey return rate signals a potential problem with

A)experimenter bias.
B)position preference.
C)nay-saying and yea-saying .
D)sample bias.

Question 30

Important Considerations for Survey Items Identify the most serious problem when asked to rate comedian John Stewart
On the following semantic differential items:
Liberal __ __ __ __ __ Conservative
Biased __ __ __ __ __ Unbiased

A)ambiguous wording
B)context effects
C)position preference
D)willingness to answer

Question 31

Collecting Survey Data Researchers should ____ when asking sensitive questions in face-
To-face interviews.

A)adjust their tone of voice to each subject
B)establish trust
C)maintain a detached appearance
D)vary the way you ask questions

Question 32

Collecting Survey Data Response rates for telephone surveys usually fall between

A)10-15%.
B)25-35%.
C)45-75%.
D)60-90%.

Question 33

Evaluating Surveys and Survey Data A reliable survey should possess all of these qualities except:

A)Responses to similar questions in the survey should be consistent.
B)The survey should generate very similar responses across different survey-givers.
C)The survey should generate very similar responses if given to the same person multiple times.
D)The survey should measure what you want it to measure.

Question 34

Sampling Wyatt randomly selects every tenth name from his fraternity roster to monitor
An upcoming date party.The chosen members constitute a ____ or subset
Of the population from which they were drawn.

A)cluster
B)cohort
C)factor
D)sample

Question 35

Sampling The term, ____, refers to all people, animals, or objects that share at
Least one characteristic.

A)cluster
B)factor
C)population
D)sample

Question 36

Important Considerations for Survey Items Immediately after designing questions for an inventory, you should

A)ask subjects to read and respond to each question.
B)ask subjects to rate question difficulty.
C)ask subjects which problems made a question difficult to answer.
D)read each question out loud to yourself.

Question 37

Probability Sampling To measure opinion about banning smoking in bars and restaurants, voters
Are randomly chosen to receive a questionnaire within selected zip codes.
This illustrates

A)cluster sampling.
B)convenience sampling.
C)quota sampling.
D)stratified random sampling.

Question 38

Probability Sampling Random selection of subjects means that

A)any member of the population has an equal opportunity to be selected.
B)results from the sample will be consistent if the survey is re-administered.
C)sample scores are normally distributed.
D)the sample will always represent the population from which it was drawn.

Question 39

Evaluating Surveys and Survey Data Which of the following statements describe a valid survey?

A)Performance on the survey predicts actual behavior.
B)The survey measures what you want it to measure.
C)The survey provides the same results as other surveys designed to measure similar topics.
D)all of these are correct

Question 40

Collecting Survey Data Which of the following is an advantage of administering questionnaires in a
Group setting?

A)answers will be less affected by social desirability
B)data collection will be easier
C)each subject will take less time to complete the questionnaire
D)subjects will take the questionnaire more seriously

Question 41

Nonprobability Sampling Which sampling method is likely to yield the lowest external validity?

A)cluster sampling
B)quota sampling
C)simple random sampling
D)stratified random sampling

Question 42

Probability Sampling Researchers should sample many clusters and obtain the largest sample
Possible to control the problem of

A)demand characteristics.
B)experimenter bias.
C)reactivity.
D)subjects within clusters sharing similar economic status, education, ethnicity, and age.

Question 43

Nonprobability Sampling Which nonprobability sampling method is probably used most often?

A)cluster sampling
B)convenience sampling
C)quota sampling
D)simple random sampling

Question 44

Nonprobability Sampling Statisticians prefer probability samples over nonprobability samples because
They

A)are less time consuming.
B)are normally distributed.
C)increase the internal validity of our studies.
D)often better represent the population of interest.

Question 45

Nonprobability Sampling Mercedes administered a survey concerning university sponsorship of
Religious organizations that prohibit gay and lesbian members to her
American National Government class because they were readily available.
Which sampling method did she use?

A)cluster sampling
B)convenience sampling
C)purposive sampling
D)snowball sampling

Question 46

Nonprobability Sampling We do not know which population our sample represents when we use

A)cluster sampling.
B)convenience sampling.
C)quota sampling.
D)convenience sampling or quota sampling.

Question 47

Nonprobability Sampling Which must be reported when discussing a sample?

A)how the sample was selected
B)participant age, gender, and ethnicity
C)subject dropout from study
D)all of these

Question 48

Probability Sampling The main advantage of cluster sampling is that

A)a researcher can efficiently sample data from relatively few locations.
B)a researcher can obtain all experimental subjects from one cluster.
C)it provides a more representative sample than stratified random sampling.
D)subjects within clusters may share similar economic status, education, ethnicity, and age.

Question 49

Nonprobability Sampling Igor was fascinated by alien abduction stories and wanted to administer a
Survey to people who claim to be abductees.Since this is a unique
Population, he asked abductees for help in locating additional subjects.Igor
Used

A)convenience sampling.
B)purposive sampling.
C)quota sampling.
D)snowball sampling.

Question 50

Nonprobability Sampling Marcus gave advising satisfaction surveys to psychology and political science
Majors to compare the success of these two departments.Which nonrandom
Sampling method did he use?

A)convenience sampling
B)purposive sampling
C)quota sampling
D)snowball sampling

Question 51

Nonprobability Sampling Maggie is asked by her editor to interview 20 students, 10 men and 10
Women, because the student body has equal numbers of men and women.
There are no constraints on how she selects her interview subjects.She
Approaches and interviews students until she has talked to all 20 students.
Which sampling method did Maggie use?

A)convenience sampling
B)purposive sampling
C)quota sampling
D)stratified random sampling