Deck 5: Alternatives to Experimentation: Correlational and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Question 1

Introduction Which is a critical difference between quasi-experimental and experimental
Designs?

A)experimental designs randomly assign subjects to different treatment conditions
B)experimental designs use preexisting life events as treatments
C)quasi-experiments are lower in external validity than experiments
D)quasi-experiments are lower in imposition of units than experiments

Answer 1

experimental designs randomly assign subjects to different treatment conditions

Question 2

Correlational Designs A shotgun approach, while not elegant, has heuristic value.This means that
This strategy

A)achieves high internal validity.
B)achieves a high degree of realism.
C)helps us discover new findings.
D)generates findings that are easily replicated.

Answer 2

helps us discover new findings.

Question 3

Introduction Which best describes quasi-experiments?

A)low in imposition of units
B)high in imposition of units
C)low-to-high in the degree of manipulation of antecedents
D)high in imposition of units and low-to-high in the degree of manipulation of antecedents

Answer 3

high in imposition of units and low-to-high in the degree of manipulation of antecedents

Question 4

Correlational Designs If a survey found a correlation of r = - .03 between income level and
Happiness, this would suggest that

A)higher income was associated with increased happiness.
B)higher income was associated with reduced happiness.
C)income and happiness affected each other.
D)there was no appreciable relationship between income level and happiness.

Question 5

Correlational Designs A regression line

A)depicts a causal relationship between two variables.
B)depicts the typical score in a sample.
C)is a line of best fit on a scatterplot.
D)is the vertical axis on a scatterplot.

Question 6

Correlational Designs Which of these correlations would permit the most accurate prediction?

A)- 0.93
B)- 0.20
C)+ 0.81
D)+ 1.32

Question 7

Correlational Designs The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient ranges between

A)0 and -1.
B)0 and +1.
C)-1 and +1.
D)-2 and +2.

Question 8

Introduction Which design do researchers use to study a possible causal relationship
Between preexisting antecedent conditions (e.g., smoking) and behavioral
Effects (e.g., lung cancer) in human subjects?

A)causal modeling
B)correlational
C)experimental
D)quasi-experimental

Question 9

Correlational Designs Correlational studies can be used to

A)estimate the amount of variability in one variable that can be explained by another variable.
B)make predictions.
C)measure the relationship between two variables.
D)all of these

Question 10

Correlational Designs A ____ visually depicts a relationship between two variables.

A)frequency histogram
B)frequency polygram
C)pie chart
D)scatterplot

Question 11

Correlational Designs Which of these calculates a simple correlation between pairs of scores?

A)factor analysis
B)multiple correlation
C)multiple regression
D)Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient

Question 12

Introduction Both correlational and quasi-experimental designs tend to be high in

A)control of extraneous variables.
B)internal validity.
C)imposition of units.
D)manipulation of antecedents.

Question 13

Introduction How do quasi-experiments compare with laboratory experiments?

A)quasi-experiments achieve less realism
B)quasi-experiments achieve lower internal validity
C)quasi-experiments achieve higher internal validity
D)both designs achieve comparable internal validity

Question 14

Correlational Designs J.D.computed a Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient from
Sample data and found that r = + 1.8.What should we conclude from this
Result?

A)J.D.should recheck his calculations
B)there was a strong positive relationship between the two variables
C)there was a weak negative relationship between the two variables
D)there was no relationship between the two variables

Question 15

Introduction Both correlational designs and quasi-experiments are often higher in ____
Than laboratory experiments.

A)external validity
B)imposition of units
C)internal validity
D)manipulation of antecedents

Question 16

Introduction Correlational studies are generally ____ in the degree of manipulation of antecedent conditions and ____ in the degree of imposition of units.

A)low, high
B)low, low
C)high, high
D)high, low

Question 17

Correlational Designs Which is used to determine the degree to which two or more traits,
Behaviors, or events are related?

A)case study
B)correlational study
C)ex post facto study
D)pretest/posttest design

Question 18

Correlational Designs The relationship between ____ best illustrates a positive correlation.

A)alcohol consumption and driving performance
B)aspirin use and risk of heart attack
C)exercise frequency and depression
D)wearing seat belts and life expectancy

Question 19

Introduction Which could be used as a "treatment" in a quasi-experiment?

A)being raised in a one- or two-parent home
B)birth order
C)experiencing a tsunami
D)all of these

Question 20

Correlational Designs The ____ of a correlation coefficient indexes its strength.

A)absolute value
B)direction
C)probability
D)sign

Question 21

Correlational Designs Conway and Rubin (1991) measured responses to 27 statements about
Reasons for watching television and identified six different groups of
Statements that were strongly intercorrelated.Which statistical procedure did
They use?

A)factor analysis
B)multiple correlation
C)path analysis
D)simple correlation

Question 22

Correlational Designs Chaplin et al found that firmness of handshake and positivity of first
Impressions were correlated r = .56.Which statistic estimates the amount of
Variability in first impressions ratings that can be accounted for by handshake
Firmness?

A)coefficient of determination
B)multiple correlation
C)multiple regression
D)simple correlation

Question 23

Correlational Designs The coefficient of determination is represented by the symbol

A)d'.
B)r.
C)r ^2.
D)R.

Question 24

Correlational Designs A negative correlation between marijuana use and student motivation does
Not prove that marijuana lowers motivation because

A)correlations are symmetrical, so that either variable could cause the other.
B)depression could affect both marijuana use and motivation.
C)marijuana use could lower motivation and reduced motivation could increase marijuana use.
D)all of these

Question 25

Correlational Designs Which of these can we use to determine whether there is a relationship
Among three or more measured behaviors?

A)factor analysis
B)multiple correlation
C)Pearson Product Moment Correlation
D)simple correlation

Question 26

Correlational Designs Cohen (1988) has argued that a coefficient of determination of ___ or more
Indicates a strong association between two variables.

A).10
B).25
C).50
D).60

Question 27

Correlational Designs Which of the following does not describe a correlational study?

A)it allows researchers to infer causation
B)it allows researchers to make predictions
C)it allows researchers to measure the relationship between two variables
D)it uses data from the laboratory and/or the field

Question 28

Correlational Designs ____ estimates the amount of variability in scores on one variable that
Can be explained by another variable.

A)Multiple correlation
B)Multiple regression
C)Simple correlation
D)The coefficient of determination

Question 29

Correlational Designs If SAT scores and first year college grades are positively correlated because
Both reflect learning in high school, this would illustrate the ____ problem.

A)bidirectional causation
B)causal direction
C)regression to the mean
D)third variable

Question 30

Correlational Designs When the correlation between X and Y is ____, prediction using a
Regression equation is most accurate.

A)high
B)low
C)negative
D)positive

Question 31

Correlational Designs If depression increases alcohol consumption and alcohol consumption
Worsens depression, we could not infer a causal relationship due to the
____ problem.

A)bidirectional causation
B)causal direction
C)regression to the mean
D)third variable

Question 32

Correlational Designs Which relationship best illustrates a negative correlation?

A)height and weight
B)years of education and income
C)IQ and GPA
D)automobile engine size and fuel economy

Question 33

Correlational Designs The ____ problem prevents us from drawing causal conclusions because
Two correlated variables affect each other.

A)bidirectional causation
B)causal direction
C)regression to the mean
D)third variable

Question 34

Correlational Designs When computing linear regression, Y' is the

A)mean for Y.
B)predicted score.
C)predictor variable.
D)standard deviation for Y.

Question 35

Correlational Designs If there is a +.20 correlation between SAT scores and high school GPA, SAT
Scores account for ___% of the fluctuation in GPA.

A)2
B)4
C)20
D)40

Question 36

Correlational Designs We need all of the following to calculate Y' using linear regression except the

A)mean for X.
B)mean for Y.
C)score on variable X.
D)score on variable Y.

Question 37

Correlational Designs Researchers can use ____ to estimate the score on one variable when
We only know their score on a second variable.

A)linear regression analysis
B)multiple correlation
C)multiple regression
D)the coefficient of determination

Question 38

Correlational Designs Multiple correlation is represented by the symbol

A)r.
B)r ^2.
C)R.
D)Y'.

Question 39

Correlational Designs Which statistic would a researcher use when measuring the relationships
Among age, television viewing, and vocabulary?

A)factor analysis
B)multiple correlation
C)Pearson Product Moment Correlation
D)simple correlation

Question 40

Correlational Designs If time spent watching television and scores on a vocabulary were correlated,
We could plug in a subject's viewing time and use ____ to predict
Vocabulary test performance.

A)linear regression analysis
B)multiple correlation
C)multiple regression
D)the coefficient of determination

Question 41

Causal Modeling Serbin and colleagues (1990) studied differences in boys' and girls'
Academic performance in elementary school.Using ____, they found that
Girls' academic performance was better explained by social responsiveness
And willingness to follow directions while the boys' performance was better
Predicted by their visuospatial skills.

A)factor analysis
B)multiple correlation
C)path analysis
D)simple correlation

Question 42

Correlational Designs Researchers can use ____ to predict hyperactivity scores for children
Diagnosed with attention deficit disorder if they know their daily consumption
Of both refined sugar and artificial food coloring.

A)factor analysis
B)multiple regression analysis
C)path analysis
D)simple correlation

Question 43

Quasi-Experimental Designs Researchers select values of ____ variables in ex post facto studies.

A)environmental
B)social
C)subject
D)task

Question 44

Causal Modeling All of these are quasi-experimental designs except

A)cross-sectional studies.
B)ex post facto studies.
C)longitudinal designs.
D)path analysis.

Question 45

Causal Modeling In a cross-lagged panel design, researchers focus on the ____ to identify
A possible causal path.

A)diagonal correlations
B)horizontal correlations
C)regression line
D)vertical correlations

Question 46

Correlational Designs Researchers can use ____ to predict the score on one behavior from
Scores on two related behaviors.

A)factor analysis
B)multiple regression analysis
C)path analysis
D)simple correlation

Question 47

Causal Modeling Researchers who use path analysis to model causal relationships achieve low
Internal validity because

A)no antecedents are manipulated.
B)subjects are selected using nonprobability sampling.
C)there is low imposition of units.
D)all of these

Question 48

Causal Modeling A researcher creates models of possible causal relationships in

A)factor analysis.
B)longitudinal designs.
C)path analysis.
D)pretest/posttest designs.

Question 49

Quasi-Experimental Designs All of these describe an ex post facto study except

A)different treatment groups.
B)high degree of imposition of units.
C)random assignment of subjects to treatment groups.
D)rigorous control procedures.

Question 50

Causal Modeling A cross-lagged panel design can only suggest the possible direction of a
Causal relationship between two behaviors because of

A)bidirectional causation.
B)low imposition of units.
C)the third variable problem.
D)bidirectional causation and the third variable problem.

Question 51

Causal Modeling Researchers use cross-lagged panel designs and path analysis, which are
____ procedures, in causal modeling.

A)correlational
B)cross-sectional
C)longitudinal
D)pretest/posttest

Question 52

Causal Modeling In ____ studies, experimenters systematically examine selected traits,
Events, or behaviors, without actually manipulating them.

A)cross-lagged panel design
B)ex post facto
C)experimental
D)cross-lagged panel design and ex post facto

Question 53

Quasi-Experimental Designs Which study would a researcher use to compare the birth weights of children
Whose mothers chose to smoke or abstain from smoking during pregnancy?

A)correlational
B)cross-sectional
C)ex post facto
D)longitudinal

Question 54

Causal Modeling Batson and colleagues (2002) constructed a path analysis model for helping
Using

A)beta weights.
B)cross-lagged panel analysis.
C)factor analysis.
D)simple correlation.

Question 55

Correlational Designs A beta weight reported in multiple regression analysis refers to the

A)importance of a variable as a predictor.
B)intercorrelation among three or more variables.
C)reliability of a variable as a predictor.
D)variability of the predicted variable.

Question 56

Causal Modeling Which method creates causal models by measuring relationships over time?

A)cross-lagged panel design
B)cross-sectional design
C)ex post facto study
D)path analysis

Question 57

Causal Modeling Researchers measured body mass index and collected exercise diaries from 250 college students during their freshman and senior years.They
Calculated correlations between these variables and found that the largest
Diagonal correlation was + .45.Which design did they use?

A)cross-lagged panel design
B)cross-sectional design
C)ex post facto study
D)path analysis

Question 58

Quasi-Experimental Designs Ex post facto studies are generally ____ in the degree of manipulation of antecedent conditions and ____ in the degree of imposition of units.

A)low, high
B)low, low
C)high, high
D)high, low

Question 59

Causal Modeling Researchers can use beta weights in ____ to construct possible causal
Sequences for related behaviors.

A)factor analysis
B)multiple correlation
C)path analysis
D)simple correlation

Question 60

Quasi-Experimental Designs At the start of the semester, the university installed computer workstations in
One General Psychology classroom and traditional desks and an LCD
Projector in another.At the end of the semester, researchers compared
Student satisfaction with their classrooms.Which quasi-experimental design
Did they use?

A)cross-lagged panel design
B)longitudinal design
C)nonequivalent groups design
D)pretest/posttest design

Question 61

Quasi-Experimental Designs Longitudinal and cross-sectional designs tend to be high in

A)imposition of units.
B)internal validity.
C)manipulation of antecedents.
D)all of the above

Question 62

Quasi-Experimental Designs Choose the quasi-experimental design in which subjects of different ages are measured at the same time to compare their attitudes.

A)cross-lagged panel design
B)cross-sectional study
C)ex post facto study
D)longitudinal design

Question 63

Quasi-Experimental Designs Which design's internal validity is most threatened by the possibility of
Practice effects?

A)cross-lagged panel
B)cross-sectional
C)ex post facto
D)pretest/posttest

Question 64

Quasi-Experimental Designs Select the quasi-experimental design in which the same subjects are
Measured at different points in time to see if their behavior has changed.

A)cross-lagged panel design
B)cross-sectional study
C)ex post facto study
D)longitudinal design

Question 65

Quasi-Experimental Designs Longitudinal designs can be challenging due to

A)extensive time commitment.
B)low external validity.
C)subject dropout.
D)extensive time commitment and subject dropout.

Question 66

Quasi-Experimental Designs The Solomon 4-group design is an extension of the ____ design.

A)cross-lagged panel
B)cross-sectional
C)ex post facto
D)pretest/posttest

Question 67

Quasi-Experimental Designs If a researcher studies sibling rivalry by comparing pairs in which the oldest
Member is 10-years-old with pairs in which she is 13-years-old, she is using a
____ design.

A)cross-lagged panel design
B)cross-sectional study
C)longitudinal design
D)pretest/posttest design

Question 68

Quasi-Experimental Designs If a researcher studies the effectiveness of anti-drug commercials by
Comparing the self-reported frequency of drug use among teens for a 6-
Month period before and after the commercials aired, she is using a(n)
____ design.

A)cross-lagged panel
B)cross-sectional
C)ex post facto
D)pretest/posttest

Question 69

Quasi-Experimental Designs Researchers measured the sugared-beverage consumption and obesity of
The same children for two years.They found that when these children added
One sugared drink a day to their diet, their risk of obesity increased 60%.
Which quasi-experimental design did they use?

A)cross-lagged panel design
B)cross-sectional study
C)longitudinal design
D)pretest/posttest design

Question 70

Quasi-Experimental Designs To determine whether drinking wine with dinner can reduce blood cholesterol
Levels, a researcher measured cholesterol in a group of middle-aged men.
She compared cholesterol levels during 2 months in which they abstained
From alcohol and the next 2 months in which they drank 2 ounces of red
Wine with dinner.Which research design did she use?

A)cross-lagged panel
B)cross-sectional
C)ex post facto
D)pretest/posttest

Question 71

Quasi-Experimental Designs In a pretest/posttest design, participants may improve with repeated testing
Due to increased familiarity with a test.This problem is called

A)bidirectional causation.
B)practice effects.
C)regression to the mean.
D)the third variable problem.

Question 72

Quasi-Experimental Designs Which quasi-experimental design would you use to compare time spent this
Month in chat rooms by college freshmen and seniors?

A)cross-lagged panel design
B)cross-sectional study
C)ex post facto study
D)longitudinal design

Question 73

Quasi-Experimental Designs A researcher wants to study change in student attitudes towards body
Piercing across their 4 years of high school.Which quasi-experimental
Design should she use?

A)cross-lagged panel design
B)cross-sectional study
C)ex post facto study
D)longitudinal design