Deck 2: Research Ethics

Question 1

Introduction Although scientists bring their own values, ethics, morals, and sense of right
And wrong to their work, science is commonly perceived as

A)amoral.
B)immoral.
C)moral.
D)unethical.

Answer 1

amoral.

Question 2

Research Ethics Informed consent must be obtained

A)if an institutional review board recommends it.
B)in all "at risk" psychological studies using human subjects .
C)only in experiments that use deception.
D)only in research funded by Federal grants.

Answer 2

in all "at risk" psychological studies using human subjects .

Question 3

Research Ethics Under Federal law, "subject at risk" means that an individual may be exposed
To the possibility of ____ injury.

A)physical
B)psychological
C)social
D)physical, psychological, or social

Answer 3

physical, psychological, or social

Question 4

Research Ethics IRBs perform a risk/benefit analysis for ____ studies.

A)all studies involving animal and human subjects
B)"at risk" studies
C)"minimal risk" studies
D)"at risk" and "minimal risk" studies

Question 5

Introduction From a scientific perspective, facts discovered through science are

A)ethical.
B)immoral.
C)moral.
D)neither moral nor immoral.

Question 6

Research Ethics Informed consent means that

A)subjects agree to allow the experimenter to use their data for approved purposes.
B)subjects agree to participate in a study after receiving complete information about the nature and purpose of the study.
C)subjects agree to participate in a study after receiving complete. information about the nature, purpose, and hypothesis of the study.
D)the institutional review board has agreed to allow the researcher to recruit subjects for an approved experiment.

Question 7

Research Ethics Which of these must be established by institutions engaging in research with
Human subjects?

A)human research review committee
B)institutional animal care and use committee
C)institutional review board
D)subjects use committee

Question 8

Research Ethics Research ethics

A)apply only to research with human subjects.
B)are value neutral.
C)articulate scientists' sense of right and wrong.
D)must be weighed against the benefits of research.

Question 9

Research Ethics A researcher could be sued for damages if an experiment injured a subject
And the injury was

A)accidental.
B)intentional.
C)psychological.
D)accidental, intentional, or psychological.

Question 10

Research Ethics Which statement about "at risk" studies is correct?

A)panels should always approve these studies as long as researchers obtain informed consent
B)panels should reject these studies due to possible subject injury
C)panels should require that researchers revise these studies until risks are eliminated
D)panels should only approve these studies if potential benefits outweigh risks to subjects

Question 11

Research Ethics In Mann's study of informed consent, fewer than ____ of the subjects
Understood the procedures or how injuries would be treated.

A)25%
B)35%
C)50%
D)75%

Question 12

Research Ethics Select the study that would be most likely to place subjects "at risk."

A)a study of whether talking on cell phones increases driving simulator errors
B)a study of whether classical music improves working memory
C)a study of whether exposure to violent pornography increases male acceptance of the "rape myth"
D)a study of whether a person in a wheelchair will receive more assistance on campus than in a shopping mall

Question 13

Research Ethics The Tuskegee syphilis study violated the principle of justice because
Researchers

A)infected the subjects with syphilis.
B)treated the subjects with unconventional medical treatments.
C)quarantined subjects against their will.
D)withheld penicillin treatment from poor, rural black men, but not from their wealthy, urban white counterparts.

Question 14

Research Ethics The primary concern of an institutional review board is to

A)determine whether deception is necessary.
B)determine whether informed consent will be obtained.
C)ensure that the safety of research participants is adequately protected.
D)evaluate the scientific merit of a proposed study.

Question 15

Research Ethics Federal law requires that an institutional review board be comprised of

A)laypeople.
B)researchers.
C)subjects.
D)both laypeople and researchers.

Question 16

Research Ethics Samantha has developed an original research proposal.Since her
Psychology experiment involves human subjects, she will have to submit it to
The campus

A)human research review committee.
B)institutional animal care and use committee.
C)institutional review board.
D)subjects use committee.

Question 17

Research Ethics Researchers who follow the Belmont report's principle of justice do not select
Subjects simply because they are

A)disadvantaged.
B)readily available.
C)easily manipulated.
D)all of these

Question 18

Research Ethics The first task of a board reviewing human subject research is to decide
Whether

A)deception is necessary.
B)human subjects are necessary.
C)informed consent will be obtained.
D)the proposed study places subjects at risk.

Question 19

Research Ethics Which human experiment could not be justified, regardless of the knowledge
That might be gained?

A)studying the effectiveness of subliminal advertising on product recognition
B)studying the effectiveness of a drug that produces complete muscular paralysis in treating alcohol addiction
C)studying the effect of mild sleep deprivation on cognitive performance
D)studying the effect of shift rotation schedules on employee absenteeism

Question 20

Research Ethics Rosenthal has argued that poorly designed research can be unethical
Because

A)it diverts student, teacher, and administrator time from potentially more beneficial educational experiences.
B)poorly designed research can lead to unwarranted and inaccurate conclusions that may harm society.
C)poor-quality science diverts finite time and money from better-quality research.
D)all of these

Question 21

The American Psychological Association Guidelines In a study of obedience by ____, subjects were deceived about whether
They were administering dangerous shocks to learners.

A)Brady
B)Bramel
C)Donnerstein, Linz, and Penrod
D)Milgram

Question 22

The American Psychological Association Guidelines All of these could be "minimal-risk" studies except

A)a study of how amphetamine affects long-term memory.
B)a study of the frequency of texting in a library.
C)a study of the seating patterns of specific ethnic groups in a dormitory cafeteria.
D)an anonymous questionnaire regarding personal preference for wearing boxers or briefs.

Question 23

Research Ethics Mann's (1994) study of subject comprehension of consent forms showed that
Most participants

A)believed they had given up their right to sue.
B)did not remember the provisions of the form they had signed .
C)did not understand the procedures designed to protect them in case of injury.
D)all of these

Question 24

The American Psychological Association Guidelines In psychological research, a confederate

A)analyzes experimental data.
B)collects data for the experimenter.
C)helps deceive research subjects.
D)runs subjects for the experimenter.

Question 25

Research Ethics Which of these statements describes informed consent?

A)consent forms should be written in lay language at the subjects' reading level
B)consent should be obtained in writing
C)subjects should receive a copy of the consent form to keep
D)all of these

Question 26

Research Ethics Which conclusion should be drawn from Mann's (1994) study of informed
Consent?

A)allowing subjects to read and sign an informed consent form ensures that most subjects will understand what they are signing
B)most subjects understand research procedures outlined in the informed consent form
C)most subjects understand that they do not give up their rights by signing an informed consent form
D)researchers need to verbally reinforce information contained in an informed consent form

Question 27

Research Ethics Experimenters should obtain informed consent

A)after each subject completes the experiment.
B)after the experiment is concluded.
C)in writing.
D)through verbal agreement .

Question 28

Research Ethics Who paralyzed subjects using Scoline in a classical conditioning study
That predated modern ethical guidelines for research?

A)Bramel
B)Campbell, Sanderson, and Laverty
C)Donnerstein, Linz, and Penrod
D)Milgram

Question 29

Research Ethics After an experimenter explained Alex's rights as a subject and the potential
Risks and benefits of participating in the research study, Alex signed a form
Containing this information.These steps are essential elements of

A)anonymity.
B)confidentiality.
C)debriefing.
D)informed consent.

Question 30

Research Ethics In which of these might informed consent be unnecessary but desirable?

A)observation of couples' public displays of affection
B)anonymous questionnaires about academic dishonesty
C)some archival studies
D)all of these

Question 31

The American Psychological Association Guidelines In some studies, subjects may be considered to be at "minimal risk." This
Means that

A)fewer than 10% of the subjects are likely to be injured.
B)participation does not alter the participants' odds of being harmed.
C)the researcher does not have to obtain informed consent.
D)the risk is psychological instead of physical.

Question 32

The American Psychological Association Guidelines The ____ publishes the code of ethical principles that apply to
Psychologists and students who conduct research.

A)American Association for the Advancement of Science
B)American Psychiatric Association
C)American Psychological Association
D)Psychonomic Society

Question 33

The American Psychological Association Guidelines In a study of negative ions and aggression by _____, a student accomplice
Of the experimenter provoked half of the subjects with scripted nasty
Comments.

A)Baron, Russell, and Arms
B)Donnerstein, Linz, and Penrod
C)Mann
D)Milgram

Question 34

Research Ethics All of these are aspects of informed consent except

A)if the subject is a minor or impaired, consent must be obtained from a judge.
B)informed consent must be given without the use of force, duress, or coercion.
C)researchers must give subjects a full explanation of the procedures to be followed.
D)researchers must make clear the potential risks and benefits of the experiment.

Question 35

The American Psychological Association Dawn is studying attitudes about using "morning after" contraceptives.She is
Afraid that if she reveals her experimental hypothesis, she will distort subject
Responses.If she withholds information about this study, she must be sure
That

A)she extensively debriefs subjects at the end of the experiment.
B)she obtains informed consent from the subjects.
C)subjects can withdraw from the experiment at any time.
D)the information withheld will not affect the subjects' decision to participate.

Question 36

The American Psychological Association Guidelines According to Sieber and colleagues, in 1992 some form of deception was
Used in ___ of studies published in the Journal of Personality & Social
Psychology.

A)15%
B)25%
C)47%
D)65%

Question 37

The American Psychological Association Guidelines When a researcher has questions about research ethics, she should

A)design another experiment.
B)seek advice from an IRB or colleagues and employ all possible safeguards to protect research subjects.
C)seek approval to conduct the experiment from the American Psychological Association.
D)use her own best judgment as to whether to proceed with the experiment.

Question 38

Research Ethics All of these are aspects of informed consent except

A)informed consent must be given without the use of force, duress, or coercion.
B)a researcher may ask subjects to waive their legal rights in the case of negligence and to release the researcher from liability.
C)researchers must make clear the potential risks and benefits of the experiment.
D)researchers must provide assurances that all data will remain private and confidential.

Question 39

The American Psychological Association Guidelines Final responsibility for conducting ethical research rests with the

A)American Psychological Association.
B)institutional review board.
C)person who actually collects the experimental data.
D)principal researcher.

Question 40

Research Ethics Why would an IRB reject the Campbell, Sanderson, and Laverty (1964) study
If it were proposed today?

A)debriefing may not have corrected the harmful effects of false heart rate feedback
B)subjects were deceived about whether they were administering dangerous electric shocks
C)subjects were paralyzed and believed they were dying
D)subjects were provoked by a confederate

Question 41

The American Psychological Association Guidelines Researchers identify subjects by code numbers and report group data to
Maintain

A)anonymity.
B)confidentiality.
C)informed consent.
D)subject safety.

Question 42

The American Psychological Association Guidelines According to Christensen's (1988) review of subject attitudes towards
Deception, most subjects

A)believe that deception studies can be personally harmful.
B)consider deception studies more beneficial than nondeception studies.
C)consider nondeception studies more enjoyable than deception studies.
D)consider deception studies and nondeception studies equally enjoyable and beneficial.

Question 43

The American Psychological Association Guidelines Katie was shocked by the sudden transformation of her boyfriend Jay.After
Participating in a single experiment involving violent pornography, roommates
Overheard him making outrageous statements like, "Women really want to be
Raped," and "I'd rape a woman in a second if I knew that I would never be
Caught." In which study might Jay have participated?

A)Baron, Russell, and Arms
B)Bramel
C)Donnerstein, Linz, and Penrod
D)Milgram

Question 44

The American Psychological Association Guidelines The ____ study showed that when male undergraduates are exposed
To high levels of violent pornography in a psychology experiment, they
Become more accepting of the "rape myth" than nonexposed men.

A)Baron, Russell, and Arms
B)Bramel
C)Donnerstein, Linz, and Penrod
D)Milgram

Question 45

The American Psychological Association Guidelines The guideline concerning ____ may be violated whenever deception is used
In a psychological experiment.

A)anonymity of subject information
B)confidentiality of subject information
C)informed consent
D)subject debriefing

Question 46

The American Psychological Association Guidelines The most critical ethical problem in the Bramel (1963) study on projection was
That

A)full disclosure may not have reversed the effects of false feedback.
B)male subjects may have been uncomfortable viewing photographs of nude males.
C)researchers did not obtain informed consent.
D)researchers did not provide complete disclosure.

Question 47

The American Psychological Association Guidelines All of these statements describe Christensen's (1988) findings on subject
Attitudes towards deception except

A)most subjects believe that deception studies are more beneficial than nondeception studies.
B)most subjects find deception studies more enjoyable than nondeception studies.
C)most subjects believe that deception studies can be personally harmful.
D)most subjects do not mind being misled.

Question 48

The American Psychological Association Guidelines After Rebecca participated in a psychology experiment, the researcher
Explained the study's nature and purpose to her.This procedure is called

A)confidentiality.
B)debriefing.
C)interrogation.
D)nondisclosure.

Question 49

The American Psychological Association Guidelines Which pair of studies raised the concern that simple debriefing may not
Reverse the negative effects of an experiment?

A)Baron, Russell, and Arms; Christensen
B)Bramel; Donnerstein, Linz, and Penrod
C)Mann; Milgram
D)Milgram; Baron, Russell, and Arms

Question 50

The American Psychological Association Guidelines Puck returned from an experiment looking slightly betrayed.He cornered his
Roommate and said, "You know that study with hot pictures you told me to
Sign up for? Those photos weren't from the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit issue."
In which study might Marty have participated?

A)Baron, Russell, and Arms
B)Bramel
C)Campbell, Sanderson, and Laverty
D)Milgram

Question 51

The American Psychological Association Guidelines What did Misra (1992) recommend that researchers provide following
Participation in a deception study?

A)education about the persistence of false beliefs
B)extensive postexperimental debriefing
C)simple postexperimental debriefing
D)stronger safeguards to protect subject anonymity

Question 52

The American Psychological Association Guidelines Full disclosure, by completely debriefing subjects at the end of an experiment,
Is required whenever psychology experiments

A)collect personally-sensitive information.
B)employ deception.
C)place subjects "at risk."
D)use human subjects.

Question 53

The American Psychological Association Guidelines The term, ____, refers to a researcher's responsibility to explain the
Nature and purpose of a study to subjects at the end of an experiment.

A)confidentiality
B)debriefing
C)interrogation
D)nondisclosure

Question 54

The American Psychological Association Guidelines Deliberate deception may be acceptable in a psychology experiment if

A)researchers obtain informed consent.
B)subjects are allowed to withdraw at any time.
C)subjects are at least 18 years old.
D)the experimental hypothesis cannot be tested without misleading research subjects.

Question 55

The American Psychological Association Guidelines Dr.Breault reprimanded students in her Psychological Research class after
She discovered data sheets containing subject names and personality test
Scores.Her students failed to protect

A)anonymity.
B)confidentiality.
C)informed consent.
D)subject safety.

Question 56

The American Psychological Association Guidelines A critical finding of the Donnerstein, Linz, and Penrod (1987) study of the
Effects of violent pornography on male undergraduates was that

A)exposure to high levels of violent pornography did not affect acceptance of the "rape myth."
B)exposure to high levels of violent pornography briefly increased acceptance of the "rape myth."
C)extensive debriefing was required to counter the harmful beliefs created by the films.
D)simple debriefing at the end of the experiment corrected the harmful beliefs created by the films.

Question 57

The American Psychological Association Guidelines Male subjects received false heart rate feedback about their sexual arousal in
The study by

A)Baron, Russell, and Arms.
B)Bramel.
C)Donnerstein, Linz, and Penrod.
D)Milgram.

Question 58

The American Psychological Association Guidelines If researchers intentionally mislead subjects in an experiment, ethical
Guidelines require that deception be limited to the study's

A)potential benefits.
B)potential risks.
C)potential risks and benefits.
D)purpose and procedure.

Question 59

The American Psychological Association Guidelines What was the deception in the Bramel (1963) study?

A)subjects believed that the confederate who insulted them was another subject
B)subjects believed that they administered painful shocks to the learners
C)subjects believed that they administered unpleasant bursts of heat to the learners
D)subjects believed that they received heart rate feedback about their sexual arousal to pictures of nude males

Question 60

The American Psychological Association Guidelines The most serious ethical problem in debriefing subjects in a psychology
Study is whether

A)debriefing might damage subject self-esteem when they learn that they were easily deceived.
B)debriefing will reverse all of an experiment's negative effects.
C)researchers should ask subjects if they were deceived by the experimental procedure.
D)subjects will reveal the true purpose of a study to prospective subjects.

Question 61

Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects Which of the following raised ethical concerns about Brady's (1958) research
With rhesus monkeys?

A)animals were deprived of food and water for more than 23 hours
B)animals received long-duration, high-intensity shocks
C)primates could not move their heads and limbs
D)some animals were kept in restraining chairs for as long as 6 months

Question 62

Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects ____ paralyzed a single monkey limb to demonstrate that they could be
Trained to reuse the limb and regrow functional sensory connections.This has
Resulted powerful new therapeutic techniques for treating human paralysis.

A)Brady
B)Miller
C)Singer
D)Taub

Question 63

The American Psychological Association Guidelines Researchers securely store experimental data and only use this information
For purposes explained to the subjects to ensure

A)anonymity.
B)confidentiality.
C)informed consent.
D)subject safety.

Question 64

Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects APA ethical guidelines require that the termination of an animal's life should
Be

A)completed rapidly and with minimal pain.
B)done immediately after an experiment.
C)only considered when an animal is suffering.
D)only performed by a veterinarian.

Question 65

Fraud in Science It is widely believed that ____ falsified results from studies of the
Inheritability of IQ in identical and fraternal twins.

A)Brady
B)Breuning
C)Burt
D)Singer

Question 66

Fraud in Science All of these are steps to avoid plagiarism except

A)identify direct quotations by using quotation marks.
B)include a complete list of references at the end of a research report.
C)never paraphrase.
D)take complete notes.

Question 67

The American Psychological Association Guidelines Which steps should an experimenter take to protect confidentiality?

A)use discretion when sharing data with colleagues
B)store data in a secure place
C)only use data for purposes explained to the subjects
D)all of these

Question 68

Fraud in Science All of these are examples of fraud except

A)fabricating data.
B)falsifying data.
C)plagiarism.
D)using deception in a research study.

Question 69

Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects Which professional organizations monitor and inform the scientific
Community about the humane use and care of animals for research?

A)AALAS and AAALAC
B)AAALAC and IACUC
C)CARE and AALAS
D)NIMH and CARE

Question 70

Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects Coile and Miller's (1984) review of articles reporting animal research in major
Psychology journals between 1979 and 1983 found that

A)many studies seemed to be motivated by idle curiosity.
B)over 25% of the articles reported deprivation of food and water for over 24 hours.
C)over 30% of the articles reported using intense, repeated, electric shock.
D)the allegations of extreme critics were not supported.

Question 71

Fraud in Science Who admitted to falsifying data in studies of stimulant treatment of
Hyperactivity?

A)Brady
B)Breuning
C)Burt
D)Singer

Question 72

Fraud in Science Misty, a graduate student, primarily designed and ran her own experiment.
While her faculty supervisor and department chair did not make significant
Contributions to this study, her supervisor did answer a few statistics
Questions and the department chair provided her with laboratory space.Who
Should receive authorship credit?

A)Misty
B)Misty and her department chair
C)Misty and her faculty supervisor
D)Misty and her department chair and faculty supervisor

Question 73

Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects An institutional animal care and use committee must decide that ____
Before it approves animal experimentation.

A)harm to animals will be outweighed by potential gains in knowledge
B)the researcher has provided adequate facilities and veterinary care
C)the study will not place animals "at risk"
D)there are no alternatives to animal experimentation

Question 74

Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects The 1991 revision of the Animal Welfare Act

A)prohibits painful shock to primates.
B)prohibits surgical procedures on primates.
C)requires that primates be housed with other members of their species.
D)specifies the appropriate species to be used in specific investigations.

Question 75

Fraud in Science Which of these practices are unethical?

A)republishing previously published data as if they were original data
B)republishing an entire previously published report listing credit for the initial publication
C)republishing part of a previously published report listing credit for the initial publication
D)all of these

Question 76

Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects The ____ regulates the care and treatment of animals in research.

A)Animal Welfare Act
B)Biomedical Research Act
C)Laboratory Animal Care Act
D)Protection of Laboratory Animals Act

Question 77

Fraud in Science Who ended a promising career in social psychology by fabricating data on
Discrimination in three experiments?

A)Breuning
B)Burt
C)Ruggiero
D)Tobin

Question 78

Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects Which of the following is required by institutions engaged in animal research?

A)committee on animal research ethics (CARE)
B)laboratory animal oversight committee (LAOC)
C)institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)
D)institutional review board (IRB)

Question 79

Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects Which study exposed rhesus monkeys to alternating 6-hour periods of shock
Avoidance and rest?

A)Brady
B)Coile and Miller
C)Milgram
D)Singer