Question 1

Adverse effects such as an unproductive cough and taste disturbances may occur from which category of medicine frequently used for treatment of heart failure?&#10;A) Diuretics&#10;B) Aldosterone antagonists&#10;C) Cardiac glycosides&#10;D) ACE inhibitors

Accepted Answer

ACE inhibitors are known to cause an unproductive cough and taste disturbances among other side effects. These are common reasons patients might discontinue or switch their medication.

Question 2

When the left side of the heart fails,what symptoms result?&#10;A)Splenic congestion&#10;B)Peripheral oedema&#10;C)Pulmonary congestion&#10;D)Hepatic congestion

Accepted Answer

When the left side of the heart fails, blood backs up into the lungs, causing pulmonary congestion. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. Splenic congestion, peripheral oedema, and hepatic congestion are more commonly associated with right-sided heart failure.

Question 3

The current optimal drug therapy in the management of heart failure is:&#10;A) the cardiac glycoside digoxin.&#10;B) the dopamine agonist dobutamine.&#10;C) a non-selective ?-blocker.&#10;D) an ACE inhibitor and a diuretic.

Accepted Answer

The most effective current drug therapy for the management of heart failure is a combination of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and a diuretic. ACE inhibitors improve cardiovascular outcomes by decreasing fluid retention and improving blood flow, while diuretics help to reduce excess fluid in the body, relieving symptoms of heart failure. This combination has been shown to reduce symptoms and improve survival rates in patients with heart failure. Cardiac glycosides such as digoxin and dopamine agonists such as dobutamine may be used in certain cases, but they are not considered first-line therapies for the management of heart failure. Non-selective beta-blockers have also been shown to be effective in heart failure management, but they are typically used in combination with ACE inhibitors and diuretics rather than as standalone therapies.

Question 4

Which one of the following is NOT a pathophysiological change associated with heart failure?&#10;A) Increased myocardial oxygen demand&#10;B) Myocardial remodelling&#10;C) Decreased angiotensin II production&#10;D) Decreased myocardial contractility

Accepted Answer

Decreased angiotensin II production is not a pathophysiological change associated with heart failure. The other options (increased myocardial oxygen demand, myocardial remodelling, and decreased myocardial contractility) are commonly seen in heart failure.

Question 5

Milrinone is an example of what type of cardiac drug?&#10;A)&#946;-blockers&#10;B)Calcium channel blockers&#10;C)ACE inhibitors&#10;D)Inotropic vasodilators

Accepted Answer

Milrinone is an inotropic vasodilator drug, which means it helps the heart to pump more efficiently and also relaxes the blood vessels. It is commonly used in the treatment of heart failure.

Question 6

To use ivabradine,the patient's heart rate must be at least ________ beats per minute.&#10;A)50&#10;B)60&#10;C)70&#10;D)80

Accepted Answer

Ivabradine is indicated for use in patients with a resting heart rate of at least 70 beats per minute, as it is designed to lower heart rate.

Question 7

According to guidelines developed by the National Heart Foundation and Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand,what is the first medication to consider for heart failure?&#10;A)&#946;-blockers&#10;B)Calcium channel blockers&#10;C)ACE inhibitors&#10;D)Aldosterone antagonist

Accepted Answer

ACE inhibitors are the first medication to consider for heart failure according to guidelines developed by the National Heart Foundation and Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. They are shown to improve symptoms, reduce hospitalizations and mortality rates.

Question 8

Dopamine and dobutamine are examples of what class of cardiac drugs?&#10;A)Inotropic agents&#10;B)Cardiac glycosides&#10;C)Inotropic antagonists&#10;D)Angiotensin converting enzymes

Accepted Answer

Dopamine and dobutamine are both inotropic agents, which means they increase the force of contraction of the heart muscle.

Question 9

Clients who have renal impairment are at risk of developing ________ during treatment with ACE inhibitors.&#10;A) hypokalaemia&#10;B) hyperkalaemia&#10;C) hyponatraemia&#10;D) hypernatraemia

Accepted Answer

Clients with renal impairment may have decreased potassium excretion and therefore have an increased risk of developing hyperkalaemia, which can be further exacerbated by treatment with ACE inhibitors. ACE inhibitors can decrease aldosterone secretion, which can lead to potassium retention and hyperkalaemia in renal impairment.

Deck 49: Topic: Medicines Used to Treat Heart Failure