Deck 14: Biotechnology

Question 1

Which of the following is the correct sequence of PCR?

A) Heat to 70°C (to bind primers and enzymes), then cool to 50°C (to synthesize DNA), and then reheat to 90°C (to separate DNA).
B) Heat to 70°C (to separate DNA), then cool to 50°C (to bind primers and enzymes), and then reheat to 90°C (to synthesize DNA).
C) Heat to 90°C (to separate DNA), then cool to 50°C (to bind primers and enzymes), and then reheat to 70°C (to synthesize DNA).
D) Heat to 90°C (to bind primers and enzymes), then cool to 50°C (to separate DNA), and then reheat to 70°C (to synthesize DNA).

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Plasmids are

A) noncircular DNA segments found only in bacteria.
B) chromosomal loops made of RNA.
C) small, replicating rings of DNA found in bacteria.
D) found only in three species of bacteria.
E) necessary for bacteria to reproduce.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

All of the following are goals of biotechnology EXCEPT

A) creating humans with higher intelligence levels.
B) generating economic benefits.
C) improving agriculturally important food plants.
D) efficiently producing biologically important molecules.
E) treating disease more effectively.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a use for biotechnology?

A) Producing effective and safe vaccines
B) Altering food plants to increase yields
C) Altering the intelligence levels of newborn infants
D) Identifying human fetuses with particular genetic diseases
E) Producing large quantities of particular human proteins

Question 5

DNA from different bacteria may be combined using all of the following EXCEPT

A) viruses.
B) plasmids.
C) transformation.
D) cloning.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT an example of genetic recombination between different species in nature?

A) Viruses that transfer DNA between host organisms
B) Sexual reproduction
C) Bacterial transformation
D) Bacteria that acquire foreign plasmids

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a natural means of DNA recombination?

A) Viral infection
B) PCR
C) Transformation in bacteria
D) Sexual reproduction

Question 8

Recombinant DNA technology

A) involves only changing genes in large mammals.
B) involves combining existing genes from different organisms.
C) will never be of economic importance.
D) randomly creates new genes from free nucleotides.
E) is always dangerous and inevitably leads to mutations and mistakes.

Question 9

How many copies of a particular gene of interest are produced from a single template DNA strand after three cycles of PCR?

A) Three
B) Two
C) Four
D) Five
E) Eight

Question 10

DNA moves within an electric field because it

A) makes up chromosomes, which are slightly electromagnetic.
B) is positively charged.
C) can possess different charges (positive or negative), depending on its base sequence.
D) is negatively charged.

Question 11

The earliest examples of biotechnology included the

A) use of genetic markers to learn more about genetic inheritance.
B) careful examination of patterns of bacterial inheritance.
C) use of selective breeding to provide better, more nutritious food.
D) study and treatment of genetic diseases in people.

Question 12

In biotechnology research, DNA fragments created by restriction enzyme action are separated from one another via

A) centrifugation.
B) PCR.
C) filtering.
D) gel electrophoresis.
E) crossing over.

Question 13

An organism that contains altered genes is considered all of the following EXCEPT

A) genetically engineered.
B) polymorphic.
C) a genetically modified organism (GMO).
D) transgenic.

Question 14

An organism that contains foreign DNA, which was inserted into its own genetic material, is called

A) foreign.
B) transgenic.
C) electrophoresed.
D) polygenic.

Question 15

What is the term for manipulating the molecular basis of inheritance via recombinant DNA technology?

A) Biotechnology
B) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
C) DNA fingerprinting
D) Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
E) Mendelian genetics

Question 16

Small, accessory chromosomes found in bacteria that are useful in recombinant DNA procedures are called

A) viroids.
B) bacteriophages.
C) plasmids.
D) centrioles.

Question 17

PCR is essential for

A) making many copies of a small amount of DNA.
B) analyzing a person's fingerprints.
C) cutting DNA into many small pieces.
D) allowing restriction enzymes to cut DNA.
E) creating recombinant plasmids.

Question 18

The genetic recombination of caused massive, widespread epidemics that affected the global human population several times in the twentieth century.

A) human and bacterial plasmids
B) HIV and flu viruses
C) bird flu viruses and human flu viruses
D) bacterial and viral plasmids

Question 19

Which of the following results from inserting foreign DNA into an organism to produce a new gene combination?

A) Recombinant DNA
B) Regulatory genes
C) Gene cloning
D) Mutations
E) Translation

Question 20

The history of biotechnology spans

A) fewer than 50 years.
B) at least 10,000 years.
C) around 100 to 150 years.
D) about 1,000 years.

Question 21

To join a fragment of human DNA to bacterial or yeast DNA, both the human DNA and the bacterial or yeast DNA must first be treated with the same

A) DNA gyrase.
B) DNA polymerase.
C) restriction enzyme.
D) DNA ligase.

Question 22

PCR enables scientists to do all of the following EXCEPT

A) make billions of copies of a particular gene.
B) make gene copies very rapidly.
C) use a very small amount of DNA as starting material.
D) sequence the bases within a gene as it is being copied.
E) make gene copies quite cheaply.

Question 23

DNA is negatively charged because of its

A) ribose molecules.
B) phosphate groups.
C) bases.
D) deoxyribose molecules.
E) large molecular size.

Question 24

Specific fragments of DNA on a gel can be visualized using

A) PCR.
B) STRs.
C) restriction enzymes.
D) electrophoresis.
E) DNA probes.

Question 25

If you cut out a gene using the restriction enzymes EcoRI and BamHI, what enzyme(s) will you need to insert the gene into another chromosome?

A) EcoRI only
B) BamHI only
C) Both EcoRI and BamHI
D) Neither of these enzymes

Question 26

The enzymes used to cut genes in recombinant DNA research are called

A) DNA polymerases.
B) RNA polymerases.
C) spliceosomes.
D) restriction enzymes.
E) replicases.

Question 27

Suppose ENZ- 1 and ENZ- 2 are two different restriction enzymes. If various pieces of DNA from different species are cut with these enzymes (as follows), which would most easily form recombinant molecules?

A) Bacterial DNA cut with ENZ- 1 and bacterial DNA cut with ENZ- 2
B) Human DNA cut with ENZ- 1 and gorilla DNA cut with ENZ- 2
C) Human DNA cut with ENZ- 2 and gorilla cut with ENZ- 2
D) Human DNA cut with ENZ- 1 and human DNA cut with ENZ- 2

Question 28

Which of the following techniques amplifies a specific region of DNA?

A) PCR
B) Gel electrophoresis
C) DNA profiles
D) The use of DNA probes

Question 29

Which of the following is currently used by the U.S. Department of Justice as a form of genetic "fingerprints" of criminals?

A) The number of introns in a chromosome
B) PCRs
C) The genes responsible for producing the unique patterns of swirls and loops on a person's fingers
D) STRs
E) Plasmids

Question 30

Restriction enzymes are useful in recombinant DNA studies because they

A) can reproduce in bacteria.
B) cut DNA only at specific locations.
C) join the cut ends of small DNA molecules.
D) give plasmids antibiotic properties.
E) can separate pieces of DNA and RNA from each other.

Question 31

Modern forensic biotechnology labs use sophisticated machines to analyze , such as D16, and to determine the number of specific genetic repeats in the samples.

A) (STRs)
B) PCRs
C) primers
D) AIDs

Question 32

Which pair of enzymes is necessary to make recombinant DNA?

A) Restriction enzyme and DNA ligase
B) Restriction enzyme and DNA polymerase
C) DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase
D) DNA polymerase and DNA ligase

Question 33

How does DNA move during gel electrophoresis?

A) The DNA moves toward the negative electrode.
B) Larger pieces of DNA move at a faster rate.
C) DNA moves at a constant rate, regardless of fragment size.
D) Smaller pieces of DNA move faster toward the positive electrode.

Question 34

If the DNA fingerprint of a suspect does NOT match a blood sample from a crime scene, what can you conclude?

A) The suspect may have been at the crime scene, because DNA fingerprinting has a large error rate.
B) The blood sample had to come from another person, but the suspect may still have been there.
C) The DNA in the blood sample probably degraded in a short period of time.
D) The suspect was never at the crime scene.

Question 35

What is an advantage to a farmer using an insect- resistant crop plant?

A) More pesticide use and better crop yields
B) Less pesticide use and better crop yields
C) Sterile plants, with inability to form strange hybrids
D) More herbicide use but less pesticide use

Question 36

The term transfecting refers to

A) inserting the gene of interest into the host organism.
B) making GMOs that are sterile.
C) viral DNA becoming part of human DNA.
D) making multiple copies of a small sample of DNA.

Question 37

In 2011, more than 85% of the _ grown in the United States was transgenic.

A) corn (only)
B) soybeans (only)
C) corn, cotton, and soybeans
D) cotton (only)
E) corn and soybeans (only)

Question 38

In recombinant DNA technology, plasmids

A) are the sites of protein synthesis in bacteria.
B) are used to insert foreign DNA into bacteria.
C) are isolated from the blood of mammals.
D) show restriction enzymes where to cut bacterial DNA.
E) are necessary for cellular respiration in certain plants.

Question 39

Which of the following molecular techniques involves "DNA replication in a tube"?

A) Transformation
B) STR
C) Gel electrophoresis
D) PCR

Question 40

Restriction enzymes

A) randomly cut DNA into small pieces.
B) can cut only bacterial DNA.
C) separate the strands of DNA during PCR.
D) produce single- stranded DNA fragments with "sticky ends."

Question 41

In the 1990s, researchers attempted to improve the balance of amino acids in soybean protein by inserting a gene from Brazil nuts. Which of the following is the best reason as to why the transgenic soybeans have never been grown commercially?

A) Some people were allergic to the protein product of the Brazil nut gene.
B) The public was misinformed by food- safety advocates and refused to buy products made from the modified soybeans.
C) The modified soybeans could not grow with the foreign gene present.
D) Regulatory hurdles made the modified soybeans too expensive to market profitably.

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT a valid difference between traditional and modern forms of biotechnology?

A) Traditional biotechnology can produce cloned animals with new genes.
B) Traditional biotechnology was based solely on selective breeding.
C) Modern biotechnology can isolate and manipulate individual genes.
D) Modern forms of biotechnology are slower than traditional forms of biotechnology.

Question 43

Which of the following applications of biotechnology results in an insect- resistant plant?

A) Bt toxin production by soybeans
B) Herbicide- resistant corn
C) Insulin production by bacteria
D) Banana- based vaccine against pathogenic Escherichia coli
E) Growth- hormone- treated cows

Question 44

In nature, DNA recombination occurs but it is random and undirected.

Question 45

Prenatal diagnosis is available for all of the following disorders EXCEPT

A) Down syndrome.
B) AIDS.
C) sickle- cell anemia.
D) cystic fibrosis.

Question 46

Which of the following involves the use of human genes?

A) Herbicide- resistant corn
B) Insulin production by bacteria
C) Bt toxin production by soybeans
D) Genetically altered soybean oils
E) Banana- based vaccine against pathogenic E. coli

Question 47

Which of the following is a valid scientific concern about the environment and transgenic crops?

A) Wild animals might eat the transgenic crops and become genetically mutated.
B) The toxic products of the modified genes would be released to the environment when the plants die, resulting in drastic die- offs of local wildlife.
C) Eating transgenic foods will permanently change human DNA.
D) Pollen from transgenic crops could carry the recombinant genes to wild relatives, with unpredictable consequences.

Question 48

Sexual reproduction in humans is an example of DNA recombination.

Question 49

Which of the following is a valid difference between traditional (selective breeding) and modern (genetic engineering) forms of biotechnology?

A) Genetic engineering can use genes from unrelated species, whereas selective breeding must use genes from the same or very closely related individuals.
B) Selective breeding can be done much more quickly than can genetic engineering.
C) Genetic engineering can alter the DNA sequence of entire populations, whereas selective breeding cannot.

Question 50

Which of the following techniques is most commonly used in the prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, in a human fetus?

A) Chorionic villus sampling
B) Isolation of fetal cells from maternal blood
C) Amniocentesis

Question 51

Controversy has arisen about using genetically engineered bovine growth hormone to increase milk yield in cattle. The lesson gained from this controversy is that

A) humans are not wise enough to use this technique properly.
B) the whole human society should decide the proper uses of recombinant DNA technology.
C) society should let scientists decide the proper uses of recombinant DNA technology.
D) citizens should not be allowed to decide such issues, as they tend to make decisions based on emotion.
E) recombinant DNA technology is inherently a bad idea and should be abandoned.

Question 52

Sequencing the genes of humans is important because

A) it provides information on how to build lipids in the cell.
B) knowing the nucleotide sequence of human genes will aid in the treatment of diseases caused by them.
C) it will give us a better understanding of agricultural animals.
D) it will allow scientists to create human clones.

Question 53

Which of the following was successfully used to treat a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)?

A) Gene therapy
B) Insulin
C) Vaccines
D) Growth hormones
E) Bt toxins

Question 54

Which of the following can be used to detect genetic disorders?

A) STRs only
B) Arrays of DNA probes only
C) Restriction enzyme fragments and DNA probe arrays only
D) Restriction enzyme fragments only

Question 55

If you want to develop a procedure for identifying a genetic disorder caused by 20 different alleles, what method is most likely to be useful?

A) PCR
B) Gene therapy
C) Arrays of DNA probes on filter paper
D) STRs

Question 56

All of the following are ways in which scientists can transfect an organism EXCEPT

A) using a "gene gun" to shoot genes into cells in culture.
B) infecting a host organism with a virus carrying a new gene.
C) spraying plants with herbicide containing new genes.
D) injecting DNA into an egg using a small, sharp pipette.

Question 57

All of the following are benefits of sequencing the human genome EXCEPT

A) the number of genetic disorders that can be diagnosed with molecular techniques has increased.
B) better comparisons can be made between human genetics and the genetics of other organisms.
C) more genes that cause disease have been discovered.
D) every genetic disorder is now curable or preventable.
E) genes were discovered whose functions were previously unknown.

Question 58

The human genome contains about _ _ genes.

A) 1,800
B) 100
C) 1 million
D) 1 billion
E) 20,000 to 25,000

Question 59

DNA recombination changes the genetic makeup of organisms.

Question 60

All of the following have been produced by inserting human genes into bacteria EXCEPT

A) cancer- cell- killing hormones, which cure patients who have malignancies.
B) growth hormone, which helps children grow normally.
C) insulin, which treats diabetics.
D) clot- dissolving enzymes, which help heart attack victims recover.
E) blood- clotting enzymes, which treat hemophiliacs.

Question 61

PCR joins many small DNA molecules into a long chain.

Question 62

Ligase enzymes are used to covalently bind together pieces of DNA.

Question 63

The DNA of humans and chimps differs by about 10%.

Question 64

are small, circular pieces of DNA that are often used in the process of transformation.

Question 65

How were ancient peoples involved in biotechnology?

Question 66

An important tool of genetic engineering is DNA, which is DNA altered by the incorporation of genes from a different organism.

Question 67

Define the term biotechnology.

Question 68

Restriction enzymes have the ability to cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.

Question 69

In gel electrophoresis, DNA is separated based on charge and .

Question 70

Stringent safety rules are not necessary for recombinant DNA research because it is a natural process that occurs in the absence of human intervention.

Question 71

The discovery of the organism Thermus aquaticus was critical for the development of the technique of PCR.

Question 72

Restriction enzymes are "restricted" in the sense that they normally work on only bacterial DNA.

Question 73

Golden Rice was originally developed to provide a source of to people for whom rice is the principal food.

Question 74

There are potential risks in performing recombinant DNA research on humans and plants.

Question 75

A recombinant plasmid contains only human and bacterial DNA.

Question 76

A radioactively labeled single- stranded DNA can be used to identify a specific piece of DNA in an electrophoresis gel.

Question 77

Individuals within the same species have the same DNA "fingerprint," but individuals from different species have different DNA fingerprints.

Question 78

About 90% of the human genome contains the genes.

Question 79

Enzymes that cut double- stranded DNA at specific sites are called .

Question 80

animals and plants contain DNA inserted in them from another species.