Deck 8: Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration

Question 1

In the glucose activation stage of glycolysis, glucose receives a phosphate group from ATP. This reaction is

A) respiration.
B) endergonic.
C) exergonic.
D) fermentation.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

During cellular respiration, the pyruvate produced in glycolysis is

A) the source of electrons for NADH and FADH₂.
B) broken down to O₂ and hydrogen.
C) transported out of the mitochondria.
D) converted to lactate or ethanol.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

For bacteria to continue growing rapidly when they shift from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment, they must

A) produce ATP using NADH.
B) produce more ATP per molecule of glucose during glycolysis.
C) increase the rate of glycolysis.
D) increase the rate of the Krebs cycle.
E) increase the rate of glucose production.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which kind of metabolic poison would interfere with the glycolysis stage of cellular respiration?

A) An agent that binds to lactate and inactivates it
B) An agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell
C) An agent that inhibits the formation of acetyl CoA
D) An agent that reacts with FADH₂ and oxidizes FAD+
E) An agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not capable of being metabolized and broken down

Question 5

All of the following are true statements about ATP EXCEPT that it is

A) the cell's principal compound for energy transfers.
B) synthesized only within mitochondria.
C) the molecule that all living cells rely on to do work.
D) a short- term energy- storage compound.

Question 6

The overall products of glycolysis are

A) ATP, NADH, pyruvate, and FADH₂.
B) ATP and pyruvate only.
C) ATP, NADH, and acetyl CoA.
D) ATP, NADH, FADH₂, and CO₂.
E) ATP, NADH, and pyruvate.

Question 7

Which event occurs in the fluid portion of the cytoplasm of a cell undergoing glucose metabolism?

A) Acetyl CoA formation
B) Krebs cycle
C) Chemiosmosis
D) Glycolysis
E) Electron transport

Question 8

During glycolysis in the energy- investing stage, two ATP molecules are "spent" to convert glucose to the highly reactive molecule

A) fructose bisphosphate.
B) pyruvate.
C) FADH₂.
D) glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate.
E) NADH.

Question 9

During aerobic respiration in cells, about _ of the chemical energy in a metabolized glucose molecule is used for ATP production and the rest is released as heat.

A) more than 90%
B) 25%
C) 40%
D) less than 1%

Question 10

The anaerobic breakdown of glucose is called

A) the Krebs cycle.
B) cellular respiration.
C) fermentation.
D) phosphorylation.
E) chemiosmosis.

Question 11

Where does the production of pyruvate occur during glycolysis?

A) Intermembrane compartment
B) Mitochondrial matrix
C) Cytoplasmic fluid
D) Inner membrane
E) Ribosomes

Question 12

During glycolysis, what is the net gain of ATP molecules produced from one glucose molecule?

A) 36
B) 4
C) 34
D) 2
E) No ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis.

Question 13

The main function of cellular respiration is to produce

A) ATP.
B) glucose.
C) CO₂.
D) NADH and FADH₂.

Question 14

At the end of glycolysis, the original carbons of the glucose molecule form

A) two molecules of NADH.
B) two molecules of fructose.
C) two molecules of citric acid.
D) six molecules of carbon dioxide.
E) two molecules of pyruvate.

Question 15

If glucose is metabolized under completely anaerobic conditions, pyruvate

A) immediately enters the Krebs cycle.
B) is converted to NADH.
C) is converted by fermentation to lactate or CO₂ + ethanol.
D) is converted back to fructose until the concentration of oxygen increases.
E) leaves the fluid portion of the cytoplasm and enters the mitochondrial matrix.

Question 16

The end product of glycolysis is

A) two citric acid molecules.
B) one lactate molecule.
C) two pyruvate molecules.
D) one G3P molecule.
E) two NAD+ molecules.

Question 17

What molecule is common to both C3 photosynthesis and the process of glycolysis?

A) G3P
B) NADPH
C) Fructose
D) Acetyl CoA
E) Pyruvate

Question 18

If no oxygen is available to a cell, then the net ATP production resulting from the metabolism of a single glucose molecule is

A) 32 ATP molecules.
B) 2 ATP molecules.
C) 1 ATP molecule.
D) no ATP.
E) 36 ATP molecules.

Question 19

During the glucose activation stage of glycolysis

A) there is a net gain of four ATP molecules.
B) fructose bisphosphate is split into two G3P molecules.
C) there is a conversion of two G3P molecules to two pyruvate molecules.
D) two ATP molecules are used to make one fructose bisphosphate molecule.
E) there is a net gain of two ATP molecules.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is TRUE of glycolysis?

A) It only takes place under anaerobic conditions.
B) It can be performed only by bacteria.
C) It produces a net gain of ATP.
D) It produces more ATP than does aerobic respiration.
E) It produces a net gain of FADH.

Question 21

During the final events of cellular respiration, oxygen combines with to form .

A) hydrogen ions only; water
B) energy- depleted electrons and hydrogen ions; water
C) carbon only; CO₂
D) energy- depleted electrons only; water
E) energy- depleted electrons and carbon; CO₂

Question 22

Which of the following parts of the mitochondria is (are) directly involved in the synthesis of ATP during chemiosmosis?

A) Matrix only
B) Outer membrane only
C) Inner and outer membranes
D) Matrix and inner membrane
E) Inner membrane only

Question 23

Chemiosmosis in mitochondria directly results in the synthesis of

A) ATP.
B) H₂O.
C) FADH₂.
D) NADH.
E) acetyl CoA.

Question 24

Which of the following most closely matches the correct order of the main events of aerobic cellular respiration?

A) Krebs cycle, ETC, major ATP production, glycolysis
B) Glycolysis, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion, Krebs cycle, major ATP production, ETC
C) Major ATP production, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion, Krebs cycle, ETC
D) Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC, major ATP production
E) Glycolysis, major ATP production, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion, ETC, Krebs cycle

Question 25

From the beginning of glycolysis to the end of the Krebs cycle (excluding the ETC), what has the cell gained from the breakdown of each molecule of glucose?

A) 2 molecules of ATP and 6 of NADH
B) 2 molecules of ATP, lactate, and NAD+
C) 4 molecules of ATP, 10 of NADH, and 2 of FADH₂
D) 2 molecules of pyruvate
E) 2 molecules of ATP, 4 of NADH, and 2 of FADH₂

Question 26

If ATP is made in the mitochondria, how does it provide energy for reactions in the cytoplasm of the cell?

A) The energy in ATP is converted to NADH, which travels to the cytoplasm.
B) ATP diffuses into the cytoplasm through large pores in the outer membrane of the mitochondria out.
C) ATP is converted to ADP, which is transported to the cytoplasm and converted back to ATP.
D) ATP is used to make glucose, which is transported to the cytoplasm.
E) ATP is pumped out from the intermembrane space of the mitochondria to the cytoplasm.

Question 27

The metabolic breakdown of one molecule of glucose generates the greatest amount of ATP energy during

A) glycolysis.
B) mitochondrial matrix reactions.
C) the Krebs cycle.
D) fermentation.
E) ETC.

Question 28

To be able to continue, each turn of the Krebs cycle must regenerate which of the following as a final product?

A) Acetyl CoA
B) Oxaloacetate
C) NADH and FADH₂
D) Pyruvate
E) ATP

Question 29

How many CO₂ molecules are generated from each pyruvate molecule that enters the mitochondrial matrix?

A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
E) Five

Question 30

The products of the Krebs cycle include

A) ATP only.
B) carbon dioxide only.
C) ATP, carbon dioxide, and energy carriers.
D) energy carriers only.
E) carbon dioxide and energy carriers only.

Question 31

The part of a mitochondrion that is analogous to the stroma of a chloroplast is the

A) inner membrane.
B) outer membrane.
C) matrix.
D) thylakoids.
E) grana.

Question 32

In aerobic cellular respiration, the ETC receives electrons directly from

A) NADH and FADH₂.
B) ATP only.
C) FADH₂ only.
D) NADH and ATP.
E) NADH only.

Question 33

Some of the CO₂ that is exhaled during breathing is created during

A) the reduction of oxygen in the ETC.
B) glycolysis.
C) the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.
D) fermentation.
E) chemiosmosis.

Question 34

Oxygen is necessary for cellular respiration because oxygen

A) combines with electrons and hydrogen ions to form water.
B) reduces glucose to form carbon dioxide and water.
C) combines with carbon to form carbon dioxide.
D) combines with carbon dioxide and water to form glucose.
E) combines with electrons to form CO₂.

Question 35

What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

A) Oxygen
B) Carbon dioxide
C) NADH
D) FADH₂
E) ATP

Question 36

During which step of aerobic respiration is oxygen used?

A) Glycolysis
B) Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
C) Electron transport chain (ETC)
D) Krebs cycle
E) Fermentation

Question 37

In the mitochondrial matrix reactions, the original carbons in pyruvate

A) form the ring structure of oxaloacetic acid.
B) end up in molecules of CO₂.
C) form glucose.
D) form the backbone chain of citric acid.
E) are incorporated into molecules of NADH and FADH₂.

Question 38

Which of the following is an example of an electron- carrier molecule?

A) ATP
B) NADH
C) CO₂
D) Acetyl CoA
E) Citric acid

Question 39

We breathe more heavily during exercise because our cells

A) need more glucose to be broken down.
B) are producing more CO₂ and need to get rid of it.
C) need more ADP to be converted to ATP.

Question 40

The step in aerobic respiration that produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose is

A) alcohol fermentation.
B) the ETC.
C) glycolysis.
D) lactate fermentation.
E) the citric acid cycle.

Question 41

Which step produces the most ATP?

A) Glycolysis
B) The Krebs cycle
C) The ETC

Question 42

After fermentation in human cells, lactate is converted to pyruvate in the

A) heart.
B) muscles.
C) lungs.
D) bone marrow.
E) bloodstream.

Question 43

The term chemiosmosis is associated with which process?

A) The Krebs cycle
B) The ETC
C) Glycolysis
D) Fermentation

Question 44

During which of the following processes is ATP NOT produced?

A) Glycolysis by itself
B) Fermentation by itself
C) Cellular respiration by itself

Question 45

The inner membrane of the mitochondria can be compared functionally to the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast because both contain a system for

A) glucose synthesis.
B) pyruvate production.
C) anaerobic respiration.
D) enzyme synthesis.
E) electron transport.

Question 46

What is the significance of the conversion of pyruvate to lactate during fermentation?

A) The oxidation of pyruvate becomes possible.
B) NAD+ is regenerated for use in glycolysis.
C) ATP is produced at a higher rate.
D) Pyruvate becomes available to enter mitochondrial matrix reactions.
E) The citric acid cycle is initiated.

Question 47

When oxygen is present

A) most animal cells carry on fermentation and produce lactate.
B) two ATP molecules are produced for each glucose molecule.
C) most animals convert CO₂ to glucose.
D) most bacteria and yeasts carry on fermentation.
E) most animal cells utilize aerobic cellular respiration.

Question 48

Which of the following is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration?

A) Glycolysis
B) Electron transport
C) Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
D) Reduction of pyruvate to lactate
E) Krebs cycle

Question 49

Which of the following processes involves citric acid?

A) The ETC
B) The Krebs cycle
C) Glycolysis

Question 50

Which of the following processes involves hydrogen ions moving through ATP synthase channels, generating ATP molecules?

A) Glycolysis
B) The Krebs cycle
C) The ETC

Question 51

Which of the following processes requires oxygen?

A) The Krebs cycle
B) Fermentation
C) The ETC
D) Glycolysis

Question 52

As a bicyclist pedals up a hill to the finish line of a race and "feels the burn" in his leg muscles, those muscle cells are most likely utilizing

A) only oxygen for maximum ATP production.
B) some lactate fermentation and lactic starting to build up in his muscle tissue causing a cramp.
C) only cellular respiration for maximum ATP production.
D) both cellular respiration and oxygen for maximum ATP production.

Question 53

During which of the following processes is CO₂ produced?

A) The ETC
B) The Krebs cycle
C) Glycolysis

Question 54

Which of the following processes occurs across the mitochondrial membrane?

A) Glycolysis
B) The Krebs cycle
C) The ETC

Question 55

Within a cell undergoing anaerobic metabolism of glucose, fermentation occurs in the

A) fluid portion of the cytoplasm.
B) nucleus.
C) mitochondrial matrix.
D) stroma of the chloroplast.
E) phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane.

Question 56

During the fermentation of one molecule of glucose, the net production of ATP is

A) eight molecules.
B) three molecules.
C) six molecules.
D) one molecule.
E) two molecules.

Question 57

Suppose an organism can alternate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. If it had to use anaerobic respiration exclusively, how many glucose molecules must it break down to generate the same ATP as it would in aerobic respiration?

A) 19
B) 1
C) 14
D) 6
E) 38

Question 58

In vertebrate animal cells, where does the synthesis of lactate occur?

A) Mitochondrial inner membranes
B) Fluid portion of the cytoplasm
C) Mitochondrial matrix
D) Nucleus
E) Surface of ribosomes

Question 59

Which of the following processes occurs in the cytoplasm?

A) Glycolysis
B) The Krebs cycle
C) The ETC

Question 60

In the absence of oxygen, suppose a single yeast cell undergoes fermentation and uses 100 molecules of glucose. How many molecules of ATP will be generated?

A) 400
B) 200
C) 36
D) 300
E) 100

Question 61

In human muscle cells, fermentation (by itself) produces

A) pyruvate.
B) lactate.
C) adenosine triphosphate.
D) water.

Question 62

The reason bread dough "rises" is due to the production of

A) carbon dioxide gas.
B) ethanol.
C) oxygen gas.
D) lactic acid.

Question 63

During chemiosmosis, a hydrogen ion gradient is linked to the production of ATP.

Question 64

is the first stage in glucose metabolism and does not require oxygen.

Question 65

How does one account for the bubbles in a glass of beer or champagne?

A) Bubbles of CO₂, produced by aerobic respiration in yeast cells, were trapped in the beverage at bottling.
B) Bubbles of CO₂ were formed by the yeast cells during glycolysis.
C) The bubbles are simply air bubbles resulting from the brewing process.
D) Bubbles of CO₂ were produced by yeast during anaerobic metabolism and were trapped in the bottle.
E) Lactate fermentation accounts for the bubbles.

Question 66

Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle reactions both occur in the mitochondria.

Question 67

Human muscle cells can perform

A) lactic acid fermentation.
B) alcoholic fermentation, lactic acid fermentation, and aerobic cellular respiration.
C) lactic acid fermentation and aerobic cellular respiration.
D) aerobic cellular respiration.
E) alcoholic fermentation.

Question 68

How do fatigued human muscle cells repay an "oxygen debt"?

A) The cells decrease CO₂ production.
B) The cells convert glucose to pyruvate.
C) The cells produce more oxygen.
D) The cells increase production of ATP.
E) The cells convert lactate back to pyruvate.

Question 69

In the cell, more than half of the energy produced by the metabolic breakdown of glucose is released as
and the remaining energy is stored in .

Question 70

Which of the following metabolic processes directly utilizes oxygen?

A) ETC
B) Alcohol fermentation
C) Lactic acid fermentation
D) Glycolysis

Question 71

At the end of aerobic cellular respiration, how many total carbon dioxide molecules are produced for each glucose metabolized?

A) 36
B) 32
C) 4
D) 6
E) 2

Question 72

Some plans for weight loss include eating a low- carbohydrate diet. In the absence of a lot of glucose in the diet, what other food molecules can be used to extract energy for cellular respiration?

A) Protein and fats
B) Protein only
C) Fats only

Question 73

Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is generated in the mitochondrial after the movement of hydrogen ions through ATP- synthesizing proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

Question 74

The organelles responsible for the bulk of ATP production via cellular respiration are the .

Question 75

The process of fermentation is energetically more efficient than that of cellular respiration.

Question 76

End products of the different fermentation processes include all of the following EXCEPT

A) lactate.
B) ethanol.
C) carbon dioxide.
D) water.

Question 77

Bacteria in our mouths feed off the sugars in foods that we eat. As these bacteria ferment the sugars, they generate a product that can cause dental cavities. What is this product?

A) Pyruvate
B) Lactic acid
C) Acetyl CoA
D) Hydrochloric acid
E) Citric acid

Question 78

Cyanide poisoning occurs because cyanide inhibits an enzyme in the electron transport pathway. Which of the following is the reason why cyanide poisoning becomes deadly?

A) Oxygen is reduced to water.
B) ATP is no longer produced by chemiosmosis.
C) Glycolysis stops.
D) Cells switch to anaerobic fermentation.

Question 79

is a series of reactions, occurring under aerobic conditions, in which large amounts of ATP are produced from the breakdown of glucose.

Question 80

Carbon dioxide is considered a waste product of cellular respiration.