Deck 45: Plant Reproduction and Development

Question 1

In the fern life cycle, how do spores and gametes differ?

A) Spores are produced mitotically; gametes are produced meiotically.
B) Meiotic cell division produces haploid spores; mitotic cell division produces haploid gametes.
C) Gametes are easily visible to the unaided eye; spores are not.
D) Gametes are diploid; spores are haploid.
E) Gametes are produced by the sporophyte.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

If you see moss near the base of a tree in your yard, the green leafy moss plants are

A) sporophytes.
B) zygotes.
C) gametophytes.
D) gametes.
E) spores.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In general, the plant life cycle has evolved from _ _ to .

A) dominant gamete; dominant gametophyte
B) dominant sporophyte; dominant gametophyte
C) dominant gamete; dominant spore
D) dominant spore; dominant gamete
E) dominant gametophyte; dominant sporophyte

Answer 3

E

Question 4

In general, plants have evolved from to .

A) diploid; haploid life cycle
B) fruit; seedless
C) seedless; seed
D) seed; seedless
E) no fruit; no spores

Question 5

During a late- summer walk through a park, you notice a tree that has remnants of many flowers but no fruits or seeds developing. There are no other trees like this one in the area. What could explain this occurrence?

A) It is a male tree with only male flowers that produce pollen, but no seed, and hence does not form fruit.
B) It is actually a gymnosperm, not an angiosperm.
C) It is a female tree, and there are no known male trees of the same species in the area.
D) It is a species that reproduces only by runners, not via fruits (or the seeds they contain).

Question 6

The sporophyte produces

A) gametes by mitosis.
B) spores by meiosis.
C) spores by mitosis.
D) gametes by mitosis, followed by meiosis.
E) gametes by meiosis.

Question 7

The sexual life cycle of plants is described as alternation of generations because it alternates between

A) sporophytes and gametophytes.
B) male plants and female plants.
C) reproductive plants and vegetative plants.
D) flowers and spores.
E) eggs and sperm.

Question 8

Ferns and mosses mainly live in environments.

A) arid
B) sterile
C) moist
D) desert

Question 9

In the life cycle of a fern, the large fern plant that we normally see is the

A) gametophyte.
B) zygote.
C) gamete.
D) sporophyte.
E) spore.

Question 10

Spores and gametes are both haploid reproductive cells. What is the difference between the two?

A) Gametes germinate and grow into a multicellular haploid gametophyte, and spores carry out fertilization.
B) Spores are found only in plants that reproduce asexually, and gametes are found only in plants that reproduce sexually.
C) Spores germinate and grow into a multicellular haploid gametophyte, and gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote.
D) Spores fuse to form a diploid zygote that eventually becomes the sporophyte, gametes.

Question 11

In the alternation of generations, what is formed when a spore germinates?

A) A plant that produces spores when mature.
B) A haploid stage called the sporophyte.
C) A plant that meiotically produces sex cells.
D) A haploid stage called the gametophyte.
E) An increased number of spores.

Question 12

A plant, such as an iris, that reproduces asexually most of the time probably

A) lacks the ability to make flowers.
B) forms spores.
C) produces offspring that move into new environments.
D) has offspring that live in the same environment as the parents.
E) is found in a changing environment.

Question 13

Which of the following has a gametophyte that is an independent plant that dominates the life cycle and does NOT have a sporophyte that is an independent plant?

A) Moss
B) Pine
C) Fern
D) Rose

Question 14

A pollen grain is actually the

A) combination of male and female gametophytes.
B) male gametophyte.
C) female gametophyte.
D) primitive egg cell, which will develop into the embryo.
E) megaspore mother cell.

Question 15

results in the production of spores in flowering plants.

A) Mitosis
B) Germination
C) Meiosis
D) Fertilization
E) Spermatogenesis

Question 16

In flowering plants, the sperm does not have to swim to the egg. The sperm reaches the eggs by

A) digestion of the seed coat.
B) burrowing through the embryo sac wall.
C) cell division within the spore case.
D) wind pollination.
E) a pollen tube.

Question 17

Which of the following is "male" in the life cycle of angiosperms?

A) Pollen grain
B) Embryo sac
C) Seed cone
D) Endosperm
E) Megaspore mother cell

Question 18

Angiosperms with wind- dispersed pollen include

A) roses.
B) grasses.
C) mosses.
D) pine trees.
E) ferns.

Question 19

Conifers do not have flowers to attract pollinators. Instead, fertilization occurs

A) as the sperm and egg unite inside the woody cone.
B) when birds transfer pollen in their droppings after eating the pine seeds.
C) via wind pollination.
D) when the endosperm takes the place of the male gametes.
E) when insects coated with pollen are trapped in the sticky resin.

Question 20

An oak tree is a

A) sporophyte.
B) gametophyte.
C) spore.
D) zygote.
E) gamete.

Question 21

All of the following are processes that occur during angiosperm reproduction EXCEPT

A) the microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid microspores.
B) the generative cell forms two sperm cells via mitosis.
C) one megaspore degenerates, and the other three divide once to produce the six- celled embryo sac.
D) the megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores.
E) the tube cell produces the pollen tube.

Question 22

The female reproductive structure, the carpel, consists of

A) filament, anther, and pollen.
B) stigma, filament, and sepals.
C) stigma, style, and ovary.
D) sepals, petals, and ovary.
E) stamen, sepals, and filament.

Question 23

Which of the following is TRUE for female reproductive structures in angiosperms?

A) The sepals are contained within the petals, which enclose the carpel.
B) The carpel includes a stigma, a style, and ovules enclosed within an ovary.
C) The style, which is vase- shaped, contains the ovary, stigma, and anther.
D) The stamen includes the filament and pollen- producing anther.
E) The filament and anther enclose the stigma and style.

Question 24

In flowering plants, the unfertilized ovule contains the

A) female gametophyte.
B) embryo.
C) pollen grain.
D) stigma.
E) endosperm.

Question 25

Which of the following undergoes meiosis during the development of pollen grains?

A) Megaspore mother cell
B) Generative nucleus
C) Microspore
D) Megaspore
E) Microspore mother cell

Question 26

All of the following are included in the male parts of a flower EXCEPT

A) ovules.
B) stamens.
C) pollen.
D) anthers.

Question 27

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) When mature, the stamen will become the seed and the stigma will become the fruit.
B) The style, which is vase- shaped, contains the ovary, stigma, and anther.
C) When mature, the carpel will become the seed and the anther will become the fruit.
D) The filament and anther enclose the stigma and style.
E) When mature, the ovules will become seeds and the ovary will develop into a fruit.

Question 28

are modified leaves that are often brightly colored and scented to attract pollinators.

A) Filaments
B) Anthers
C) Sepals
D) Stigma
E) Petals

Question 29

What is the evolutionary significance of a flower that has large, brightly colored petals?

A) The wind is a significant factor in pollination, especially because of the large petals.
B) These flowers attract pollinators that are animals.
C) In general, these are aquatic plants, and water aids in their pollination, regardless of color and odor.
D) Such plants are usually self- pollinators and do not rely on external factors for pollination.
E) Such flowers produce only microspores or megaspores, not both.

Question 30

All of these flower structures are modified leaves EXCEPT

A) pollen.
B) sepals.
C) stamens.
D) petals.
E) carpels.

Question 31

Meiosis produces a , which eventually gives rise to an egg in an unfertilized seed.

A) sepal
B) pollen tube
C) sporophyte
D) megaspore
E) microspore

Question 32

Flowers that make pollen, but not ovules, lack

A) carpels.
B) filaments.
C) sepals.
D) stamens.
E) petals.

Question 33

Grass flowers lack petals and sepals. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) They are pollinated by flies, which don't require showy, scented petals.
B) These flowers are pollinated at night, so they don't benefit from showy petals or sepals.
C) They are incomplete flowers lacking one or more floral parts.
D) They are imperfect flowers lacking stamen or carpals.

Question 34

The American holly tree requires a "male" tree and a "female" tree to produce red berries in the winter, which indicates that the male flowers lack and the female flowers lack .

A) petals; carpels
B) sepals; anthers
C) anthers; stamens
D) petals; ovules
E) carpels; stamens

Question 35

are modified leaves that are often green and surround the flower bud.

A) Petals
B) Ovules
C) Filaments
D) Sepals
E) Stigma

Question 36

An incomplete flower

A) is incapable of self- fertilization.
B) manufactures infertile pollen.
C) lacks one or more of the four basic floral parts.
D) produces sterile seeds.
E) remains in the bud stage and does not bloom.

Question 37

The male gametophyte of flowering plants is produced by cell divisions within the

A) filament.
B) stigma.
C) anther.
D) sepal.
E) carpel.

Question 38

The male reproductive structure, the stamen, consists of

A) a carpel enclosed in the petals, then the sepals.
B) one or more sepals, the style, and one or more anthers.
C) a filament that bears an anther.
D) the stigma, style, and ovary.
E) a single sepal, four or more petals, and the entire carpel.

Question 39

In the development of a plant's ovule, the result is a gametophyte made up of

A) seven diploid cells and one haploid cell.
B) seven cells: six haploid cells and one cell with two nuclei.
C) seven binucleate cells and one haploid cell.
D) eight haploid, uninucleate cells.

Question 40

A flowering plant produces pollen in the

A) anther.
B) stigma.
C) fruit.
D) style.
E) ovule.

Question 41

While walking along a riverbank after a swim, you step on a sharp fruit. When you pick it up, you notice that it rattles, which indicates there is an air pocket around the seeds. How is this fruit most likely dispersed?

A) Clinging to animals
B) Being eaten by animals
C) Water
D) Wind
E) Explosively propelled

Question 42

Plants that grow in areas most likely do not require drying or exposure to cold to break dormancy were it to occur.

A) arctic
B) subtropical or tropical
C) northern temperate
D) desert

Question 43

When wheat is processed to make white, all- purpose flour, the wheat is passed through rollers that pop off the embryo and the ovary wall. Some people add "wheat germ" to the white flour used to make baked goods in order to increase the protein content of these products. What is wheat germ?

A) Wheat flour
B) Wheat fruit
C) Endosperm
D) Embryo
E) Bran

Question 44

Yucca flowers are pollinated only by yucca moths, which lay their eggs in the flower's ovary. This interaction ensures that the plant has seed for the next plant generation and that the moth larvae have a food source to develop. What is a potential disadvantage or vulnerability of this very specialized plant- animal interaction?

A) Pollination can occur only during the day, but the moths are most active at night.
B) The plant ovary may be consumed by the larvae, which would kill all the developing seeds.
C) If the moths are exterminated by insecticides, the plant- animal interaction ceases and the plant will no longer be pollinated or reproduce.
D) Other moths that do not serve as pollinators may outcompete the yucca moths.

Question 45

What are the results of double fertilization?

A) Diploid zygote and diploid endosperm
B) Embryo sac and pollen sac
C) Egg cell and sperm cell
D) Triploid endosperm and diploid zygote
E) A zygote and an embryo

Question 46

In monocots, the shoot tip is protected by , which eventually degenerate(s) once exposed to air.

A) cotyledons
B) the coleoptile
C) the hypocotyl
D) the epicotyl
E) a slime layer formed by the shoot cells

Question 47

A fruit is a mature

A) cotyledon.
B) integument.
C) embryo.
D) endosperm.
E) ovary.

Question 48

All of the following are true of the relationship between the yucca and the yucca moth EXCEPT

A) the moth lays its eggs directly inside the yucca ovary, where its eggs hatch into caterpillars.
B) some of the developing yucca seeds feed the yucca caterpillars.
C) the yucca moth spreads pollen on the stigma of the yucca flower in which it lays its eggs.
D) the yucca plant is dependent on the yucca moth to reproduce, but the yucca moth can lay its eggs in any of several kinds of flowers.
E) the female moth collects yucca pollen.

Question 49

Cotyledons, or "seed leaves," absorb food molecules stored in the

A) ovary wall.
B) sporophyte.
C) megaspore.
D) gametophyte.
E) endosperm.

Question 50

The first leaves produced by an embryo while still inside the seed are

A) coleoptiles.
B) epicotyls.
C) embryo sacs.
D) endosperms.
E) cotyledons.

Question 51

In dicots, the shoot tip is protected by

A) the hypocotyl hook.
B) a woody sheath around the epicotyl.
C) the coleoptile.
D) a slime layer formed by the shoot cells.

Question 52

The immature angiosperm pollen grain consists of a tube cell and a generative cell that will divide to produce sperm cells.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 53

Some very showy desert flowers avoid desiccation of delicate floral tissues by blooming at night. They are pollinated by

A) wind.
B) bats.
C) hummingbirds.
D) bees.

Question 54

Cotyledons and endosperm both provide nutrition. What is the difference between them?

A) Cotyledons are found only in flowering plants; endosperm is found only in young ferns.
B) Cotyledons provide nutrition for the developing embryo; endosperm provides nutrition for the young seedling.
C) Endosperm provides nutrition for the developing embryo; cotyledons provide nutrition for the young seedling.
D) Endosperm is found only in monocots; cotyledons are found only in dicots.
E) Endosperm is always photosynthetic; cotyledons are usually not.

Question 55

The seed coat develops from the

A) integuments of the ovule.
B) female gametophyte.
C) wall of the pollen sac.
D) endosperm.
E) ovary wall.

Question 56

Desert plants often have _ _ in their seed coats that keep them dormant until there is enough rain to complete their life cycle.

A) wetting agents
B) cold- sensitive compounds
C) digestive enzymes
D) water- soluble chemicals
E) drying agents

Question 57

Endosperm has allowed the angiosperms to become the most numerous and diverse plant group. What is the role of the endosperm?

A) It ejects and disperses seeds after they mature.
B) It is a type of male gamete.
C) It is the ripened ovary tissue involved in seed dispersal and protection.
D) It is the hard outer seed coat that protects the embryo.
E) It provides nutrition for the developing embryo, therefore increasing survival rates.

Question 58

Which of the following pollinators would likely visit a flower that is relatively simple in design and smells like rotting carrion?

A) Butterflies
B) Bees
C) Beetles
D) Moths and butterflies
E) Hummingbirds

Question 59

You have some freshly produced seeds that refuse to germinate when placed in moist soil. What can you do to break dormancy and encourage the seeds to germinate?

A) Put them in the dark.
B) Freeze them, then follow up with sufficient warmth and moisture.
C) Put them in sunlight.
D) Treat them with abscisic acid.
E) Boil them.

Question 60

In many dicots, the first pair of leaves to emerge from the soil after seed germination is completely unlike all the rest of the leaves that form on that plant. In such plants, these leaves are

A) made from the opening and greening of the coleoptile.
B) formed from the endosperm.
C) made from the epicotyl hook.
D) derived from the root, not the shoot.
E) cotyledons, which have elongated and turned green.

Question 61

What two key adaptations in plants were necessary for insect pollination to be successful?

Question 62

A diploid fertilized egg is called a(n) _ .

Question 63

The process in flowering plant reproduction in which the first sperm unites with an egg to form a diploid zygote and the second sperm unites with two haploid polar bodies to form the diploid endosperm is called double fertilization.

Question 64

Describe the process of alternation of generations in plants.

Question 65

When you eat a cherry, you know that the fruit was derived from the and the seed was derived from the .

Question 66

What are the advantages of producing gametes within a flower?

Question 67

In primitive land plants, such as mosses and ferns, how does the sperm get to the egg?

Question 68

In temperate deciduous forests, most of the small flowers that grow on the forest floor must complete their life cycle quickly before tree leaves shade out most of the light. Many of these plants reproduce asexually by runners. What advantages does this have for such plants?

Question 69

Most "hay fever" is actually caused by ragweed, and not hay grass.

Question 70

What is the function of the stigma of a flower?

Question 71

How many sperm nuclei are necessary for the successful fertilization of flowering plants?

Question 72

In angiosperms, but not conifers, pollen grains can form pollen tubes.

Question 73

Asexual reproduction is rare in plants.

Question 74

Why is fertilization in flowering plants called double fertilization?

Question 75

Megaspore mother cells are diploid.

Question 76

Throughout the world, the most common types of plants are the flowering plants.

Question 77

When we consume whole grains, we are eating endosperm.

Question 78

The female gametophyte of angiosperms is made up of eight diploid cells and one haploid egg cell.

Question 79

In the ovule, which two cells (with a total of three nuclei) are fertilized?

Question 80

The aptly named dead horse arum has a heat- producing flower. What advantage does this heat provide?

A) It prevents inefficient pollinators from collecting pollen.
B) It increases the evaporation of the scent, attracting pollinators from greater distances.
C) It creates a barrier to invasive plant species.
D) It enables blooms to emerge through snow.
E) It warms the pollinators, which are usually bats.