Deck 37: Defenses Against Disease

Question 1

Natural killer cells prevent viral infection by

A) secreting proteins that punch holes in viral plasma membranes.
B) ingesting the viruses and digesting them.
C) enzymatically destroying virus- infected cells.
D) phagocytizing cells that are infected with a virus.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is a consequence of histamine release?

A) Decreased blood flow
B) Constriction of the smooth muscle that surrounds arterioles
C) Initiation of blood clotting
D) Leaky capillary walls

Answer 2

D

Question 3

How does histamine contribute to the inflammatory response?

A) It decreases blood flow to the injured area.
B) It causes fever.
C) It increases warmth at the site of infection.
D) It makes capillaries less leaky.
E) It attracts macrophages to the site of infection.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Aspirin reduces fevers; however, many physicians do NOT recommend aspirin to patients with a low- grade fever. Why not?

A) Fevers decrease the amount of interferon produced by the body.
B) Aspirin increases the release of pyrogens.
C) Fevers reduce bacterial reproduction rates.
D) Aspirin increases the activity of phagocytic white blood cells.

Question 5

are white blood cells that attack cancer cells.

A) Natural killer cells
B) Macrophages
C) Mast cells
D) Neutrophils
E) Microphages

Question 6

These white blood cells kill virus- infected cells exhibiting "non- self" major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins.

A) Neutrophils
B) Dendritic cells
C) Plasma cells
D) Macrophages
E) Natural killer cells

Question 7

All bacteria and viruses are

A) microbes.
B) antibodies.
C) causes of cancer.
D) pathogens.
E) plasma cells.

Question 8

Cells that produce antibodies and provide future immunity against similar pathogens are

A) B cells.
B) dendritic cells.
C) mast cells.
D) T cells.
E) natural killer cells.

Question 9

The skin inhibits bacterial growth by releasing

A) lysozyme.
B) macrophages.
C) T cells.
D) lactic acid.
E) white blood cells.

Question 10

Which of the following is a harmless bacterium, in which mutated strains may cause toxic shock syndrome, inhabits your skin?

A) Aeromonas hydrophila
B) Vibrio cholerae
C) Staphylococcus aureus
D) Clostridium tetani
E) Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 11

How does the skin act as a barrier to microbial invasion?

A) It releases B cells and T cells to fight infections.
B) Dendritic cells patrol the skin's surface, producing secretions that inhibit microbe growth.
C) Sweat and sebaceous gland secretions inhibit bacterial growth.
D) Dead skin cells are packed with keratin, an antibacterial protein that punches holes in bacterial membranes.

Question 12

Which of the following defense cells are able to squeeze through the intact walls of capillaries into the tissues to attack and ingest invading microbes?

A) Lymphocytes
B) Mast cells
C) B cells
D) Natural killer cells
E) Phagocytes

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT part of the body's first line of defense against microbial attack?

A) Phagocytes
B) Skin
C) Mucus
D) Stomach acid
E) Lysozyme

Question 14

Which of the following immune system cells produce histamine?

A) Mast cells
B) T cells
C) Macrophages
D) B cells
E) Neutrophils

Question 15

Which of the following predictions is the most accurate about a person who has normal external barriers and specific internal defenses but lacks nonspecific internal defenses?

A) He won't get sick because the specific defenses will kill invading pathogens.
B) He will have many more infections than normal.
C) Invading microbes will be able to enter through the respiratory tract.
D) He won't get sick because the external barriers will keep out pathogens.

Question 16

"Big eater" cells that ingest and destroy microbes are

A) macrophages.
B) mast cells.
C) natural killer cells.
D) T cells.
E) plasma cells.

Question 17

Inflammation occurs in response to chemicals, such as histamine, secreted by

A) plasma cells.
B) neutrophils.
C) natural killer cells.
D) T cells.
E) mast cells.

Question 18

Nonspecific internal defenses include

A) inflammation.
B) T cells.
C) plasma cells.
D) skin.
E) tears and saliva.

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of a nonspecific response to infection?

A) Formation of memory B cells
B) Fever
C) Production of antibodies
D) Activation of T cells

Question 20

Pyrogens are produced by phagocytic white blood cells in response to infection. Pyrogens

A) initiate an increase in body temperature.
B) kill bacteria by digesting their cell walls.
C) increase the concentration of iron in the blood.
D) are the chemicals that triggers an inflammatory response.
E) relax the smooth muscle of arterioles delivering blood to the site of infection.

Question 21

Interferon

A) causes inflammation.
B) kills bacteria.
C) causes fever.
D) helps cells resist viral infection.

Question 22

are substances that induce fever.

A) Pyrogens
B) Interferons
C) MHC proteins
D) Cytokines

Question 23

The proteins that must be matched as closely as possible between an organ donor and a recipient are the proteins.

A) antibody
B) clotting factor
C) cytokine
D) MHC

Question 24

Which of these are immune cells produced by the bone marrow?

A) T cells
B) B cells
C) Red blood cells
D) Both B and T cells
E) B cells, T cells, and red blood cells

Question 25

What are antibodies?

A) Viruses
B) Cells that undergo apoptosis
C) Bacteria
D) Proteins produced by T cells that bind to foreign proteins
E) Proteins produced by B cells that bind to foreign proteins

Question 26

Natural killer cells

A) destroy body cells that have been invaded by viruses.
B) produce secretions that inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes.
C) are a type of lymphocyte.
D) are located on the surface of the skin.
E) engulf and destroy invading bacteria.

Question 27

Antibodies are attached to the surface of a B cell by

A) the light chain of the arm of the antibody.
B) the stem of the antibody.
C) mucus.
D) the heavy chain of the arm of the antibody.
E) sticky proteins produced by T cells.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT part of the inflammatory response?

A) Migration of phagocytes to the site of injury
B) Localized tissue swelling
C) The release of histamine
D) Elevated body temperature
E) The release of antibodies

Question 29

MHC proteins

A) control antibody gene expression.
B) cause cancer.
C) are released by T cells during an infection to kill virus- infected cells.
D) help white blood cells distinguish "self" from "non- self."

Question 30

Most specialized immune cells are located in the

A) gall bladder.
B) hypothalamus.
C) thyroid gland.
D) lymph nodes.

Question 31

cells are immune system cells that mature in the bone marrow.

A) B
B) Memory
C) Helper T
D) Cytotoxic T

Question 32

Macrophages

A) phagocytize invading microbes
B) produce proteins that digest bacterial cell walls.
C) release chemicals that initiate blood clotting.
D) cannot squeeze through capillary walls.
E) are large, ciliated cells found in tears, saliva, and mucus.

Question 33

Why is it sometimes a disadvantage to take aspirin to reduce a fever?

A) Aspirin reduces the fever and therefore decreases the activity of phagocytic white blood cells.
B) Aspirin reduces the production of toxins so that you feel better, even though you are still sick and need to rest.
C) Aspirin makes you irritable and fatigued.
D) Aspirin reduces the fever and stimulates a dangerous inflammatory response.

Question 34

Fever is caused by

A) increased blood flow to the brain.
B) the release of histamine by damaged cells.
C) the effect of pyrogens on the hypothalamus.
D) decreased white blood cell count in the bloodstream.

Question 35

Antibodies are

A) protein molecules.
B) produced by T cells.
C) derived from vitamins.
D) carbohydrate molecules.
E) amino acid molecules.

Question 36

Which of the following antibody types is the most common in the blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid?

A) IgE
B) IgD
C) IgG
D) IgM
E) IgA

Question 37

The constant region of an antibody

A) recognizes and binds to the antigen.
B) determines where the antibody is located and its role in the immune response.
C) has no function.
D) stimulates the production of macrophages and T- cells.

Question 38

Foreign proteins that bind to an antibody are called

A) antigens.
B) histamines.
C) interferons.
D) cytotoxins.

Question 39

Where on the Y- shaped antibody does an antigen bind?

A) Stem of the Y
B) Constant region of the heavy chain
C) Constant region of the light chain
D) Tip of the arm

Question 40

Antibodies are most similar in structure to

A) viruses.
B) T- cell receptors.
C) bacteria.
D) B- cell receptors.
E) macrophages.

Question 41

Who first performed vaccinations by inoculating children with cowpox virus to provide immunity against smallpox?

A) Lady Montague
B) Louis Pasteur
C) Edward Jenner
D) Milkmaids

Question 42

Vaccinations involve injecting _ into the person or animal.

A) antibiotics
B) weakened or killed microbes
C) antibodies against similar diseases
D) the disease itself
E) antibodies against the disease

Question 43

You were sick with the flu last winter. Why then does your doctor suggest you be vaccinated against the flu this year?

A) Flu viruses mutate rapidly.
B) The virus inactivates helper T cells.
C) The virus blocked your immune system's ability to produce memory cells.
D) Surviving the flu one year inhibits the immune system the second year.

Question 44

Your immune system has identified some body cells infected with an influenza (flu) virus. Which of the following will the immune system use to destroy these infected cells?

A) Phagocytes
B) Antibodies
C) Cytotoxic T cells
D) B cells
E) Antigens

Question 45

Complement is a collection of

A) antibodies.
B) blood proteins that assist antibodies.
C) antibiotics.
D) nonspecific antigens.
E) phagocytic cells that consume virus- infected body cells.

Question 46

Plasma cells are derived from

A) neutrophils.
B) B cells.
C) T cells.
D) dendritic cells.
E) macrophages.

Question 47

How does a cell "inform" the immune system that it is infected with a virus?

A) It secretes steroid hormones.
B) It synthesizes enzymes that activate helper T cells.
C) It displays viral proteins on its membrane.
D) It releases histamine into the bloodstream.
E) It produces interferon.

Question 48

Clonal selection occurs when

A) antibodies that are the most common become cloned.
B) natural selection favors specific white blood cells and they multiply rapidly.
C) antigen- antibody binding causes selected B cells to multiply.
D) scientists clone antibodies for specific diseases and use them to prepare vaccines.
E) daughter cells differentiate into memory B cells and plasma cells.

Question 49

Some of the daughter cells resulting from clonal selection of a B cell differentiate into plasma cells. Which of these is a function of plasma cells?

A) They act as natural killer cells and destroy cancer cells.
B) They transform into helper T cells and bind to antigens displayed by a dendritic cell.
C) They are responsible for cell- mediated immunity.
D) They produce specific antibodies and release them into the blood.

Question 50

Individual B cells produce

A) their own unique antibody.
B) an infinite diversity of antibodies.
C) several different types of antibodies.
D) the antibodies specified by its constant region gene.

Question 51

Last summer a bee stung you for the first time. You developed only a small area of redness and swelling at the site. However, if you are stung again and have a severe reaction that occurs more rapidly, you know that this is due to the activation of

A) complement.
B) helper T cells.
C) tissue macrophages.
D) cytotoxic T cells.
E) memory cells.

Question 52

Why are new flu shots necessary every year?

A) Flu viruses have a high mutation rate.
B) Depending on the year, either bacteria or viruses cause the flu.
C) The antiviral chemicals in flu shots last only 11 months.
D) Flu shots do not result in the production of memory cells.

Question 53

Which type of cell secretes antibodies into the blood?

A) Memory
B) Helper T
C) Cytotoxic T
D) Plasma

Question 54

Vaccinations protect against future exposure to disease organisms by

A) stimulating suppressor T cells.
B) increasing the number of red blood cells.
C) forming memory cells.
D) increasing complement proteins.

Question 55

The recent appearance of antibiotic- resistant strains of bacteria is an example of

A) the action of memory cells.
B) natural immunity.
C) inflammation.
D) evolution by natural selection.

Question 56

Triclosan is a common antibiotic used in antiperspirants, toothpastes, and antibacterial soaps. You are a doctor studying the evolution of bacterial resistance to triclosan. You need to find a population of nonresistant bacteria. Where should you look?

A) In areas where these triclosan- containing products have not been used
B) In areas with low percentages of bacterial infection
C) In areas where bacteria are usually not found
D) In areas where triclosan- containing products are used frequently

Question 57

Which of the following provides cell- mediated immunity?

A) Antibodies
B) T cells
C) Red blood cells
D) B cells

Question 58

Vaccinations are effective because they stimulate the production of cells.

A) cytotoxic T
B) plasma
C) helper T
D) memory

Question 59

Antibiotics are NOT effective against

A) fungi.
B) protists.
C) viruses.
D) bacteria.

Question 60

The primary function of cell- mediated immunity is to

A) promote the production of antibodies.
B) decrease the amount of complement.
C) protect the body against extracellular parasites.
D) increase the number of macrophages.
E) destroy cancerous or virus- infected host cells.

Question 61

Antibodies are nonspecific.

Question 62

Chemotherapy drugs make patients nauseous because they

A) stimulate stomach acid production.
B) interfere with the brain's interpretation of sensory input.
C) cause fever, which can trigger nausea.
D) attack rapidly dividing cells, including those lining the digestive tract.

Question 63

Allergies occur when

A) antibodies malfunction and attack "self" cells.
B) too much complement is released into the blood.
C) mast cells release histamine in response to harmless substances.
D) foreign MHC proteins trigger an immune response.

Question 64

When AIDS patients die, it is because

A) they lack HIV antibodies.
B) the AIDS virus has a high rate of mutation.
C) their immune systems cannot defend them from other infections.
D) HIV destroys the internal organs.
E) there are no treatments to slow the progress of the disease.

Question 65

HIV weakens a person's ability to fight off other infections by infecting and destroying helper T cells.

Question 66

Type 1 diabetes is considered an autoimmune disease because the body's immune system attacks and destroys insulin- producing cells in the pancreas.

Question 67

All B cells produce the same type of antibodies.

Question 68

Pus, a thick white substance that sometimes accumulates at the site of an infection, is a mixture of dead bacteria, debris, and white blood cells.

Question 69

Antibodies and T- cell receptors are both produced by B cells.

Question 70

Vertebrate and invertebrate immune systems are similar in that their first line of defense is a nonspecific external barrier; however, they differ in that invertebrates do not produce white blood cells.

Question 71

Viruses are known to cause certain cancers.

Question 72

Cancer cells form in our bodies every day. How does the immune system destroy them?

A) Antibodies attach to the cancer cells and then macrophages engulf them.
B) The immune system cannot destroy cancer cells.
C) Immune secretions, such as interferon, disrupt the DNA of the cancer cells.
D) Fevers slow the replication of cancerous cells.
E) Natural killer and cytotoxic T cells recognize the cancer cells as foreign and attack them.

Question 73

HIV selectively destroys

A) plasma cells.
B) helper T cells.
C) all B and T cells.
D) memory B cells.
E) cytotoxic T cells.

Question 74

An autoimmune disease is characterized by

A) the absence of an inflammatory response.
B) "anti- self" antibodies that can destroy some "self" cells.
C) increased lysozyme enzyme concentration in saliva, tears, and mucous secretions.
D) an insufficient or completely inactivated immune system.

Question 75

Would you expect someone with AIDS to have inflammation and/or a fever in response to an infection?

A) No, because HIV weakens or destroys the nonspecific defenses.
B) No, because HIV weakens or destroys the specific immune response.
C) Yes, because HIV does not destroy the nonspecific defenses.
D) Yes, because HIV does not affect the specific immune response.

Question 76

HIV may be transmitted from one individual to another by holding hands.

Question 77

B cells and T cells cannot design and build antibodies or T- cell receptors to fit specific invading antigens.

Question 78

It is likely that a hospitalized patient with a high lymphocyte count has some type of infection.

Question 79

IgD, IgM, IgG, IgA, and IgE are types of white blood cells.

Question 80

The rejection of a transplanted kidney is due to a humoral immune response.