Deck 36: The Urinary System

Question 1

Which of the following is closest to the external surface of the kidney?

A) Renal medulla
B) Renal pelvis
C) Renal cortex
D) Nephron loops
E) Collecting ducts

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of these structures most closely resembles a vertebrate nephron?

A) Protonephridium
B) Malpighian tubule
C) Nephridium
D) Flame cell
E) Nephrostome

Answer 2

C

Question 3

You have conscious control over

A) the internal urethral sphincter.
B) muscles that propel urine from the kidney to the bladder.
C) muscles that cause the bladder to contract.
D) the external urethral sphincter.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which portion of the nephron receives filtrate from the glomerular capsule?

A) Nephron loop
B) Glomerulus
C) Proximal tubule
D) Collecting duct
E) Distal tubule

Question 5

Nitrogenous waste products, such as urea and uric acid, are primarily formed because of the digestion of

A) salts.
B) lipids.
C) carbohydrates.
D) proteins.

Question 6

What is the thin, muscular tube through which urine leaves each mammalian kidney?

A) Urethra
B) Collecting duct
C) Nephron
D) Ureter
E) Bladder

Question 7

The human kidneys are located

A) in front of the large intestine.
B) at about the level of the waist.
C) on either side of the esophagus.
D) in the abdominal cavity just above the rectum.
E) in the chest cavity.

Question 8

Which sequence properly describes the flow of filtrate through the nephron?

A) Glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, renal artery, arteriole, venule, renal vein
B) Collecting duct, distal tubule, nephron loop, proximal tubule, glomerular capsule
C) Proximal tubule, nephron loop, glomerular capsule, distal tubule, collecting duct
D) Glomerular capsule, proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule, collecting duct
E) Glomerular capsule, peritubular capillaries, nephron loop, distal tubule, collecting duct

Question 9

Which type of animal would you dissect to locate a nephridium?

A) Flatworm
B) Insect
C) Reptile
D) Earthworm
E) Bird

Question 10

Which of the following correctly traces the path of urine?

A) Ureter -urethra -bladder -renal pelvis
B) Renal pelvis -urethra -bladder -ureter
C) Renal pelvis -uterus -bladder -urethra
D) Renal pelvis -bladder -ureter -urethra
E) Renal pelvis -ureter -bladder -urethra

Question 11

Which of the following nitrogenous waste products is the least toxic, but requires the most energy to produce?

A) Urine
B) Uric acid
C) Ammonia
D) Urea

Question 12

Which of the following has a urinary system that makes use of flame cells?

A) Bird
B) Flatworm
C) Shark
D) Mollusk
E) Earthworm

Question 13

All of the following are part of the nephron EXCEPT the

A) nephron loop.
B) proximal tubule.
C) glomerular capsule.
D) renal medulla.
E) glomerulus.

Question 14

The feces of which of the following would contain a high concentration of uric acid?

A) Insect
B) Flatworm
C) Bird
D) Mollusk

Question 15

Which of these structures converts highly toxic ammonia into urea, a less toxic form of nitrogenous waste?

A) Kidney
B) Spleen
C) Pancreas
D) Liver
E) Muscles

Question 16

Which of the following describes the role of urinary systems in maintaining cellular homeostasis?

A) Urinary systems filter out diseased and damaged cells that can be excreted from the body.
B) Urinary systems ensure the delivery of the proper amount of nitrogen to the cells.
C) Urinary systems are important for the generation of urea, which cells can use as an energy source when carbohydrates become scarce.
D) Urinary systems regulate water balance, pH, and the concentrations of ions in body fluids for cells.

Question 17

Insect urinary systems consist of

A) Malpighian tubules.
B) nephrostomes.
C) flame cells.
D) protonephridia.
E) nephridia.

Question 18

The funnel- like chamber of the kidney that collects urine is called the

A) renal pelvis.
B) smooth muscle.
C) glomerulus.
D) renal medulla.
E) renal cortex.

Question 19

Birds excrete their nitrogenous wastes in the form of

A) uric acid.
B) urea.
C) ammonia.
D) amine groups.
E) amino acids.

Question 20

What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

A) Collecting duct
B) Peritubular capillaries
C) Nephron
D) Glomerular capsule
E) Glomerulus

Question 21

The composition of urine varies to help maintain homeostasis within the body. With this in mind, which of the following would you NOT expect to find in the urine of a healthy individual?

A) Drug metabolites
B) Potassium ions
C) Ammonia
D) Glucose
E) Hydrogen ions

Question 22

Which sequence properly describes the flow of blood through a kidney?

A) Glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, outgoing arteriole, renal artery, incoming arteriole, venule, renal vein
B) Peritubular capillaries, incoming arteriole, glomerulus, glomerular capsule, outgoing arteriole, renal artery
C) Renal vein, venule, glomerulus, outgoing arteriole, peritubular capillaries, incoming arteriole, renal artery
D) Renal artery, incoming arteriole, glomerulus, outgoing arteriole, peritubular capillaries, venule, renal vein

Question 23

In a healthy kidney, glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed into the blood at which location in the nephron?

A) Nephron loop
B) Proximal tubule
C) Glomerulus
D) Ureter
E) Distal tubule

Question 24

Which of the following is the most likely to be secreted into the renal tubule for excretion?

A) Water
B) Excess Na+
C) Vitamins
D) Glucose
E) Amino acids

Question 25

Which structure collects the water and small dissolved molecules forced out of the bloodstream during the process of filtration?

A) Glomerular capsule
B) Distal tubule
C) Glomerulus
D) Nephron loop
E) Proximal tubule

Question 26

An average hemodialysis session usually lasts 4 hours and occurs about

A) three times a week.
B) once a month.
C) three times a month.
D) 7 days a week.
E) once a week.

Question 27

Kidney failure or end- stage renal disease is most commonly associated with

A) a high- fat diet and low blood pressure.
B) low blood pressure.
C) diabetes and high blood pressure.
D) a low- protein diet.
E) a low- carbohydrate diet.

Question 28

What is the process by which water and nutrients are removed from the filtrate and returned to the blood?

A) Elimination
B) Excretion
C) Reabsorption
D) Secretion
E) Filtration

Question 29

Most reabsorption takes place in what part of the tubule system in the kidney?

A) Proximal tubule
B) Nephron loop
C) Glomerular capsule
D) Collecting duct
E) Distal tubule

Question 30

Which of the following explains why a sample of the filtrate taken from the proximal tubule is NOT ideal for conducting a drug test or toxicology screen?

A) Some of the toxins and drugs do not enter the filtrate until they are secreted in the distal tubule.
B) As soon as the toxins and drugs enter the proximal tubule, they are immediately reabsorbed.
C) Only a blood test can detect drugs and toxins because they are too large to enter the kidney tubule system.
D) Many of the toxins and drugs are not added to urine until it enters the bladder.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a function of the vertebrate urinary system?

A) Eliminating cellular wastes
B) Adjusting water and ion concentrations
C) Secreting hormones
D) Regulating body temperature
E) Maintaining blood pH

Question 32

Which of these is normally found in the glomerular filtrate?

A) Erythrocytes
B) White blood cells
C) Na+
D) Fat droplets
E) Large proteins

Question 33

During reabsorption, organic nutrients and ions are moved by diffusion or active transport from the renal tubule into the

A) glomerular capsule.
B) incoming arteriole.
C) outgoing arteriole.
D) glomerulus.
E) peritubular capillaries.

Question 34

Cellular wastes and excess ions are moved from the blood into nephrons by

A) filtration and secretion.
B) reabsorption only.
C) filtration only.
D) filtration and reabsorption.
E) secretion only.

Question 35

In a healthy kidney, which of the following would you NOT expect to find in the filtrate?

A) Drugs
B) Glucose
C) Large proteins
D) Water
E) Salt

Question 36

Hormones regulate reabsorption in which region of the kidney tubule system?

A) Nephron loop
B) Glomerular capsule
C) Distal tubule
D) Glomerulus
E) Proximal tubule

Question 37

What is the force that drives glomerular filtration (movement of fluid from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule)?

A) Blood pressure
B) Osmosis
C) Salt gradients
D) pH gradients
E) Smooth muscle contraction

Question 38

Filtration of the blood occurs when fluid is forced by blood pressure out of the

A) glomerulus.
B) distal tubule.
C) glomerular capsule.
D) proximal tubule.
E) nephron loop.

Question 39

Glomerular filtrate contains many components that need to be reabsorbed (returned to the blood). Which of the following is (are) reabsorbed by osmosis?

A) Amino acids
B) Red blood cells
C) Urea
D) Glucose
E) Water

Question 40

In what region of the nephron does most secretion take place?

A) Proximal tubule
B) Nephron loop
C) Glomerulus
D) Distal tubule
E) Collecting duct

Question 41

What percentage of the water that enters a nephron is reabsorbed into the blood in the absence of ADH?

A) 99%
B) 80%
C) 25%
D) 50%

Question 42

Which of the following is (are) produced by the kidney and is (are) important in the regulation of blood pressure?

A) Renin and angiotensin
B) Aldosterone only
C) ADH only
D) Erythropoietin
E) Aldosterone and ADH

Question 43

ADH exerts its effect on which of the following?

A) Proximal tubule and nephron loop
B) Collecting duct and distal tubule
C) Proximal and distal tubules
D) Collecting duct and proximal tubule
E) Descending portion of the nephron loop

Question 44

ADH is released into the blood by the

A) kidney.
B) pituitary gland.
C) liver.
D) small intestine.

Question 45

What are the two main functions of the nephron loop?

A) Creates a high salt concentration in the renal cortex and reabsorbs some salt and water
B) Creates a high salt concentration in the renal medulla and reabsorbs salt and water
C) Creates a high glucose concentration in the renal cortex and releases extra salt into the filtrate
D) Filters cellular wastes from blood in the capillaries and reabsorbs some salt and water
E) Creates a low salt concentration in the renal medulla and reabsorbs salt and water

Question 46

Which of the following increases the reabsorption of water by inserting aquaporins into the membranes of the distal tubule and collecting duct cells?

A) Aldosterone
B) Erythropoietin
C) Angiotensin
D) ADH
E) Renin

Question 47

The descending limb of the nephron loop

A) is not permeable to water.
B) pulls water from the renal medulla to make the filtrate more dilute.
C) responds to high levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the blood.
D) is permeable to salt and urea.
E) loses water to the medulla as the filtrate becomes more concentrated.

Question 48

Which of the following hormones increases blood pressure by constricting arterioles all over the body?

A) Angiotensin
B) ADH
C) Erythropoietin
D) Aldosterone

Question 49

The ascending limb of the nephron loop

A) is permeable to salt.
B) is permeable to water.
C) pulls salt from the renal medulla to make the filtrate more concentrated.
D) responds to high levels of ADH in the blood.
E) is the primary site of tubular secretion.

Question 50

How would the kidneys respond to a decrease in blood pH caused by a high protein diet?

A) Increased secretion of both H+ and HCO₃-
B) Increased H+ secretion and HCO₃- reabsorption
C) Increased production of renin and ADH
D) Increased HCO₃- secretion and H+ reabsorption
E) Increased reabsorption of both H+ and HCO₃-

Question 51

Long nephron loops correlate with

A) urine with glucose in it.
B) urine hypotonic to the blood.
C) more dilute urine.
D) more concentrated urine.
E) urine isotonic to the blood.

Question 52

You analyze a blood sample taken from a man who survived for 2 days in the desert with no water to drink. Based on your knowledge of kidney physiology, you are not surprised to find that his blood level of ADH is

A) zero.
B) higher than normal.
C) lower than normal.
D) normal.

Question 53

What effect will increased blood levels of ADH have on blood volume?

A) It will decrease blood volume.
B) It will have no effect on blood volume because ADH affects only urine output.
C) It will increase blood volume.
D) Only the plasma (fluid) part of the blood will decrease.

Question 54

Water may be reabsorbed from many regions of the nephron; however, which regions can do so only if the blood levels of ADH are elevated?

A) Nephron loop and distal tubule
B) Distal tubule and collecting duct
C) Proximal tubule and nephron loop
D) Proximal and distal tubules
E) Glomerulus and the glomerular capsule

Question 55

An animal whose kidneys have a high percentage of long- looped nephrons probably lives in a _ environment.

A) desert
B) seasonally wet
C) saltwater
D) rain- forest
E) freshwater

Question 56

How much urine does the average adult human excrete per day?

A) 1,000 milliliters (1 quart)
B) 1,500 milliliters (1.5 quarts)
C) 500 milliliters (1 pint)
D) 250 milliliters (1 cup)
E) 125 milliliters (1/2 cup)

Question 57

Officials associated with international track and field competitions have noted an increase in the number of athletes who use a synthetic form of erythropoietin. Athletes use this drug because it

A) stimulates the release of ADH, which then goes on to cause an increase in the number of red blood cells and helps athletes increase their aerobic capacity for an event.
B) increases the number of oxygen- transporting red blood cells, which helps athletes increase their aerobic capacity for an event.
C) decreases blood pressure so that they can be more focused and relaxed during a competition.
D) increases urine output so that they can shed weight just prior to an important competition.

Question 58

Which of these animals has the greatest proportion of long- looped nephrons in their kidneys?

A) A freshwater mammal, such as a beaver
B) A saltwater fish
C) A human
D) A desert mammal, such as a sand rat
E) A freshwater fish

Question 59

Which of these hormones enables us to excrete concentrated urine?

A) ADH
B) Diuretic hormone
C) Renal diluting hormone
D) Homeostatic hormone
E) Aldosterone

Question 60

A person taking antibiotics must take pills several times each day to maintain effective concentrations in the blood. This is because of

A) secretion.
B) reabsorption.
C) a decrease in antidiuretic hormone.
D) osmoregulation.
E) a decrease in angiotensin.

Question 61

Alcohol increases urine output by inhibiting the release of ADH.

Question 62

Flatworms have simple kidneys consisting of tubular structures called nephridia.

Question 63

The composition of glomerular filtrate is almost identical to that of urine.

Question 64

Earthworms utilize Malpighian tubules to conserve water and excrete cellular wastes.

Question 65

People whose kidneys have failed can eat and drink whatever they like as long as they go to dialysis three times a week as scheduled.

Question 66

The funnel- shaped opening of a nephridium is known as a .

Question 67

The glomerulus, like all other capillary beds, empties into a venule.

Question 68

Your entire blood volume is filtered by your kidneys approximately 60 times per day.

Question 69

Animals vary the composition of their urine depending on their environment and their need to conserve water.

Question 70

Why do mammals adapted to dry climates tend to have considerably more long- looped nephrons than those adapted to wet climates?

A) So that a higher concentration of salt can be produced in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla, causing more water to be reabsorbed into the capillaries
B) So that the excess urea they produce as a result of dehydration can be properly filtered by the nephrons and excreted
C) So that their blood pressure does not drop to dangerously low levels during periods of drought
D) So that a lower concentration of salt can be produced in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla, causing less water to be reabsorbed into the capillaries
E) So that the wastes can be excreted as uric acid instead of urine

Question 71

Urea is more toxic to the human body than is ammonia.

Question 72

The primary nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine of all mammals is .

Question 73

Ammonia, uric acid, and urea are products of the breakdown of that accumulate because of protein digestion.

Question 74

Osmolarity is the

A) pH concentration of a solution.
B) pressure within a closed system.
C) concentration of dissolved solutes in solution.
D) ratio of oxygen to carbon dioxide.

Question 75

The primary nitrogenous waste product of aquatic organisms is .

Question 76

Which type of fish stores urea in its tissues to keep its body the same osmolarity as the water in which it lives?

A) Goldfish
B) Tuna
C) Trout
D) Shrimp
E) Shark

Question 77

Which type of fish is more likely to live in an environment that has a lower osmolarity than that of its body fluids?

A) Brackish water fish (salt- and freshwater combined)
B) Saltwater fish
C) Freshwater fish

Question 78

The kidneys help regulate blood pressure.

Question 79

Urine is the watery liquid that contains substances filtered from the blood or the fluid that bathes all cells.

Question 80

The is the region of the kidney involved in producing concentrated urine.