Question 1

In an RCT if you analyse all participants who were randomised and analyse them in the groups to which they were originally allocated then what sort of analysis have you conducted?&#10;A)A random allocation analysis&#10;B)An intention to treat analysis&#10;C)Analysis of covariance&#10;D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

An intention to treat analysis involves analyzing all participants in the groups to which they were originally allocated, regardless of whether they completed the intervention according to the study protocol. This approach helps to preserve the benefits of randomization and provides a more realistic estimate of the intervention's effectiveness.

Question 2

Blinding refers to the process of:&#10;A)blindfolding participants in a study&#10;B)concealing information about participant allocation to conditions&#10;C)deceiving participants as to the true purpose of the study&#10;D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

Blinding in research typically means concealing information about participant allocation to conditions from either the participants, the researchers, or both, to prevent bias.

Question 3

Which of the following could be considered as multiple baseline designs?&#10;A)Multiple single cases which have varying durations for the baseline&#10;B)A single case which has multiple outcome measures&#10;C)A single case which has an outcome measure measured in multiple contexts&#10;D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Multiple baseline designs can involve variations across different subjects, behaviors, or settings, which includes having varying durations for the baseline (A), multiple outcome measures within a single case (B), and an outcome measure assessed in multiple contexts for a single case (C).

Question 4

What sort of design is represented in the figure below?  &#10;A)A randomised control trial&#10;B)A blind trial&#10;C)A three period crossover design&#10;D)A systematic review

Accepted Answer

The answer of What sort of design is represented in...

Question 5

If you introduce double blinding into a study then:&#10;A)your participants and the researchers don't know what they are doing&#10;B)your participants and the researchers do not know to which conditions participants have been allocated&#10;C)your participants are concealed from the researchers&#10;D)your participants are deceived before and after the study

Accepted Answer

Double blinding means that neither the participants nor the researchers know who has been allocated to which condition (e.g., control or experimental group), which helps prevent bias in the study's results.

Question 6

In a single case design what would ABAB signify?&#10;A)A baseline phase followed by an intervention phase&#10;B)A baseline phase, followed by an intervention and then a withdrawal phase followed by another intervention phase&#10;C)Two participants each given a baseline followed by an intervention&#10;D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

ABAB signifies a research design where there is an initial baseline phase (A), followed by an intervention phase (B), then a withdrawal phase where the intervention is removed to observe changes (another A), and finally another intervention phase (B) to assess the effects of reintroducing the intervention.

Question 7

In an analysis of covariance used for analysing a pre-test / post-test design which variable would you include as the covariate?&#10;A)Pre-test scores&#10;B)Post-test scores&#10;C)The independent variable&#10;D)The dependent variable

Accepted Answer

The pre-test scores are included as the covariate in an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for a pre-test/post-test design to control for initial differences between groups, allowing for a more accurate assessment of the effect of the independent variable on the post-test scores.

Question 8

Which of these are problems associated with AB design single case studies?&#10;A)There may be other factors outside the intervention that are responsible for changes in the outcome variable&#10;B)Participants are not randomly allocated to the conditions&#10;C)They can be difficult to analyse&#10;D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of these are problems associated with...

Question 9

If you have a dichotomous outcome measure in a repeated measures RCT design what sort of statistical test is most appropriate?&#10;A)t-test on change scores&#10;B)ANVOVA&#10;C)McNemar's test&#10;D)Pearson correlation

Accepted Answer

McNemar's test is most appropriate for analyzing a dichotomous outcome measure in a repeated measures design, as it is specifically designed to compare paired nominal data.

Question 10

Which of the following are ways of generating random allocation sequences?&#10;A)Restricted randomisation&#10;B)Simple randomisation&#10;C)Replacement randomisation&#10;D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

All of the options listed are methods of generating random allocation sequences. Restricted randomisation includes techniques to ensure balance among groups, simple randomisation is the basic form of assigning participants to groups purely by chance, and while "replacement randomisation" is not a standard term, it may refer to methods involving randomisation with replacement, a concept used in statistical sampling and experimental design.

Deck 13: Interventions and Analysis of Change