Deck 3: Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration

Question 1

An ethnicity is a group of people with

A) shared physical characteristics.
B) shared wealth and land.
C) a common skin color.
D) a common cultural identification.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, why does that agency attempt to measure and collect information about racial categories?

A) to attempt to define race biologically
B) to attempt to define race anthropologically
C) to chart genetic predispositions to certain diseases
D) to reflect the social definitions of race

Answer 2

D

Question 3

An ethnic group perceived to share physical characteristics is called a(n)

A) racial ethnicity.
B) race.
C) endogamy.
D) minority group.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A race is a group of people believed to share common descent, based on .

A) perceived innate physical similarities
B) shared biology
C) collective cultural practices
D) marriage

Question 5

As some researchers have discovered, Whites often

A) do not identify themselves as members of any racial or ethnic group.
B) identify themselves as members of multiple racial or ethnic groups.
C) change their racial and ethnic identifications across their life courses.
D) feel that they occupy a subordinate status in society.

Question 6

Since 1880, the race and ethnicity categories on the U.S. Census form have

A) changed every ten years.
B) remained the same.
C) changed every fifty years.
D) been completely eliminated.

Question 7

One important modern principle used in almost all data collection about race and ethnicity involves

A) genetic testing.
B) social media.
C) requiring proof.
D) self-identification.

Question 8

Pravit, an Indian man, married Sharon, a White woman. Their marriage is an example of

A) endogamy.
B) exogamy.
C) familism.
D) acculturation.

Question 9

Biology does not support the classification of people into races, but the U.S. Census Bureau still collects information about race and ethnicity. What does this say about the concept of race in the United States?

A) Deeply felt divisions between groups of people remain important socially.
B) Racial identity is entirely a personal choice.
C) The racial categories used by the U.S. Census Bureau have not changed over time.
D) To identify with a racial group, people must provide proof to the U.S. Census Bureau.

Question 10

Contrary to earlier scientific beliefs, modern biologists see most physical differences between groups of people around the world as

A) a biological basis for racial categories.
B) adaptations that were all necessary for a population's survival.
C) differences that mostly evolved randomly from groups living apart.
D) a way to rank a population's evolution.

Question 11

Which physical characteristic is considered an important biological adaptation?

A) skin color
B) facial shape
C) hair type
D) hair color

Question 12

How do the concepts of race and ethnicity differ?

A) Ethnic identities reflect perceptions about biological traits.
B) Ethnic identities focus on cultural traits and are sometimes voluntary.
C) Ethnic identities are measured by the U.S. Census Bureau, which does not measure race.
D) Ethnic identities cannot change over the course of a lifetime the way racial identities can.

Question 13

Jarrod O'Reilly's favorite holiday is St. Patrick's Day, and he is of Irish descent. He wears green, throws a big party, and even drinks green beer. However, for the rest of the year, Jarrod does not think much about his Irish background. This description illustrates

A) how racial identity is shaped by the way others perceive and interact with us.
B) how ethnicity can sometimes be voluntary in nature.
C) the ongoing discrimination experienced by the Irish.
D) the biological nature of race and ethnicity.

Question 14

Historically, according to the "one-drop" rule of racial identification,

A) an Asian woman could give birth to a Hispanic child, but a Hispanic woman couldn't give birth to an Asian child.
B) a Hispanic woman could give birth to an Asian child, but an Asian woman couldn't give birth to a Hispanic child.
C) a Black woman could give birth to a White child, but a White woman couldn't give birth to a Black child.
D) a White woman could give birth to a Black child, but a Black woman couldn't give birth to a White child.

Question 15

In the United States, most people live, marry, reproduce, and raise children primarily

A) within their own racial-ethnic group.
B) in interracial marriages.
C) with people from a different country.
D) in racially integrated neighborhoods.

Question 16

The most significant recent change in how the U.S. Census measures race is

A) the requirement to provide proof of racial identity.
B) the omission of the category "Latino."
C) the option to check more than one category.
D) the requirement that each person fill out their own form.

Question 17

Manuel and Abraham were both born in the United States. Manuel comes from a Christian Palestinian family, and he has dark skin. Abraham comes from a Jewish Syrian family, and he has light skin. Which category is meant to include both Manuel and Abraham?

A) White
B) Multiple races
C) Asian
D) MENA

Question 18

The "one-drop" rule helps explain what about Barack Obama?

A) why he claims he has African descent
B) why he was labeled the first Black president
C) how his racial background is rooted in biology
D) why he is technically White, because he has a White mother

Question 19

Marriage and reproduction within one's own distinct group is called ; marriage and reproduction outside one's distinct group is called .

A) familism; acculturation
B) endogamy; exogamy
C) nuclear; mixed
D) exogamy; endogamy

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of exogamy?

A) a White man marrying another White man
B) a Mexican man divorcing his Puerto Rican wife
C) a White polygamous man marrying multiple White women
D) an Asian man marrying an African American woman

Question 21

Which of the following is a main factor behind U.S. population change?

A) lower birth rates among new immigrants
B) increasing rates of intermarriage
C) a shrinking elderly population
D) immigration, especially from Latin America and Asia

Question 22

Because the Moynihan Report attributed ongoing racial inequality to characteristics of Black family life, it was criticized for

A) not addressing the phenomenon of informal or common-law marriages.
B) placing too much emphasis on traditions from Africa.
C) taking too much of a feminist approach.
D) "blaming the victim" and contributing to racist stereotypes.

Question 23

In sociology, a group that occupies a subordinate status in society is called

A) a majority group.
B) a minority group.
C) an in-group.
D) an out-group.

Question 24

According to the U.S. Census, the greatest recent population growth can be found within which race or ethnicity?

A) White
B) Hispanic
C) Asian/Pacific Islander
D) Black

Question 25

Which of the following social phenomena contributed to the concentration of poverty in inner cities among African Americans?

A) assimilation
B) endogamy
C) divorce
D) deindustrialization

Question 26

Why is it difficult to identify what a "traditional" American Indian family practice is?

A) The ancestral languages of American Indians draw family boundaries very broadly.
B) There have been massive disruptions of American Indian families by the U.S. government.
C) There are too few American Indian families left.
D) American Indians often do not cooperate with social science researchers.

Question 27

Which of the following has, historically, shaped Black family structure?

A) religion
B) poverty
C) endogamy
D) polygamy

Question 28

By 2010, 22 percent of people with an American Indian racial identity

A) lived on reservations or tribal lands.
B) approved of same-sex marriage.
C) were married.
D) immigrated to another country.

Question 29

Which historical practice among American Indians has gained the attention of social scientists?

A) acceptance of informal same-sex marriage
B) patriarchal family structure
C) prevalence of unmarried American Indian men
D) permissions and penalties for immigration

Question 30

The __________ population is gradually losing its dominant numerical status in proportion to other racial-ethnic groups.

A) White
B) American Indian
C) Asian/Pacific Islander
D) Black

Question 31

The expansion of the prison system and the increased imprisonment of people for drug crimes had an especially dramatic impact on

A) the families of White women struggling with drug addictions.
B) poor African American families.
C) American Indian families living on reservations.
D) immigrants from Latin America and Asia.

Question 32

Black parents, especially those with sons, are concerned about police violence against their children. According to the textbook, one way that Black parents have addressed this concern is by

A) homeschooling their sons.
B) sending their children to live with relatives in other countries.
C) trying to prevent their sons from projecting a "thug" image.
D) requiring their children to get jobs after school.

Question 33

The growth of the Black middle class over the last four decades has been a cultural event, partly because it

A) represents a dramatic change from the historical dominance of poverty.
B) represents the end of poverty among Black families.
C) was the result of deindustrialization.
D) reflected steadily increasing marriage rates.

Question 34

Which racial-ethnic group is least likely to have grandparents living with grandchildren?

A) American Indian
B) White
C) African American
D) Asian American

Question 35

Why do most sociologists claim that joblessness led African Americans to retreat from the institution of marriage?

A) Men without jobs lost interest in marriage and family.
B) Men without jobs usually do not make attractive marriage partners.
C) The cost of weddings was too high.
D) Single women tend to fare better economically than married women.

Question 36

The rapid growth of the American Indian population over the last century-and the last 50 years in particular-is mostly due to

A) the population's improved economic conditions after being paid for the use of their ancestral homelands.
B) the immigration of American Indians from reservations to large cities.
C) a greater desire, or willingness, of those with mixed ancestry to identify as American Indian.
D) American Indians recently engaging in endogamy.

Question 37

The research on Black families in the United States has centered on two important aspects of their lives. These are

A) familism and the prevalence of nuclear families.
B) immigration and social distance.
C) the impact of slavery and family resilience.
D) polygamy and assimilation.

Question 38

In the United States, all groups have experienced a drop in marriage rates. What is one reason the drop has been steepest for African Americans?

A) Most African Americans immigrate to other countries before they marry.
B) Unmarried, employed Black men significantly outnumber unmarried young Black women.
C) Unmarried young Black women significantly outnumber unmarried, employed Black men.
D) Most African Americans prefer informal or common-law marriages.

Question 39

What is the largest racial group in the United States?

A) Latino
B) Asian
C) White
D) Black

Question 40

At some point in their lives, a quarter of Black children born in 1990 have experienced

A) immigration.
B) the incarceration of a parent.
C) the "model minority" stereotype.
D) assimilation.

Question 41

The stereotype of Asian Americans as successful students-the "model minority"-may

A) prevent discrimination.
B) encourage cultural unity.
C) warp expectations for Asian American students.
D) encourage multigenerational living arrangements.

Question 42

Which of the following is characteristic of the average Latino family in the United States, compared to other racial-ethnic groups?

A) rising marriage rates
B) fewer children per family
C) single-family households
D) younger average age

Question 43

Which immigration act lifted all numerical restrictions on the immigration of spouses, children, and parents of U.S. citizens?

A) 1924 Immigration Act
B) 2002 Homeland Security Act
C) 1965 Amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act
D) 2012 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Act

Question 44

Assimilation can be described as

A) the acquisition of a new culture and language.
B) the gradual reduction of ethnic distinction between immigrants and mainstream society.
C) what happens when children develop English ability more quickly and integrate into a new society more easily than their parents.
D) marriage between members of different racial or ethnic groups.

Question 45

Yousif immigrated to New York when he was 25 years old. He found a job and began attending law school part-time. What immigrant generation would Yousif be considered?

A) .5 generation
B) first generation
C) 1.5 generation
D) second generation

Question 46

The 1967 Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia declared what unconstitutional?

A) laws against exogamy
B) laws preventing immigration
C) polygamy
D) laws against interracial marriage

Question 47

A personal outlook that puts family obligations first, before individual well-being, is called

A) familism.
B) assimilation.
C) nuclear family.
D) acculturation.

Question 48

Maya immigrated to Texas when she was 6 years old. She now speaks English better than her parents do, and she often helps them navigate American culture. What immigrant generation would Maya be considered?

A) .5 generation
B) first generation
C) 1.5 generation
D) second generation

Question 49

Hana immigrated to Chicago when she was 67 years old because her adult daughter lives there. Hana likes Chicago but she wishes she felt more confident in her English so that she could talk to the neighbors. What immigrant generation would Hana be considered?

A) .5 generation
B) first generation
C) 1.5 generation
D) second generation

Question 50

When Julio and his family moved to New York City from the Dominican Republic, he went to an English-speaking school. However, he continued to speak Spanish at home. This practice is an example of

A) assimilation.
B) acculturation.
C) endogamy.
D) social distance.

Question 51

More than three-quarters of Latinos speak Spanish at home because

A) the median age of Latinos is ten years younger than the national average.
B) a continuing flow of immigrants maintains cultural continuity.
C) they do not want to assimilate into the mainstream community.
D) children brought up speaking Spanish tend to fare better in school.

Question 52

At 15 percent, the proportion of U.S. residents is the highest it has been since 1910.

A) American Indian
B) foreign born
C) undocumented immigrant
D) Southeast Asian

Question 53

In 1894, Wong Kim Ark, who was born in San Francisco, visited his parents in China. On his return, authorities declared that, due to which law, he could not be a citizen?

A) Homeland Security Act
B) Bracero Program
C) Chinese Exclusion Act
D) Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals

Question 54

In 2012¸ the Obama administration implemented a rule protecting people who had been brought to the country illegally as children from deportation. This rule is known as

A) Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals.
B) the Homeland Security Act.
C) the Amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act.
D) the Bracero Program.

Question 55

Family-based immigration may have which of the following consequences?

A) decreasing the social distance between immigrant groups and the rest of society
B) encouraging the immigration of individual workers
C) encouraging immigrant families to speak English at home
D) allowing immigrant groups to grow and "replenish"

Question 56

The 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act

A) barred Chinese from becoming citizens and blocked new immigration.
B) allowed Chinese workers, almost all of them men, to bring their families with them.
C) allowed citizenship only for Chinese who were born in the United States.
D) was challenged by Chinese solidarity activists in the western part of the United States.

Question 57

Most Latino families in the United States are of what origin?

A) Puerto Rican
B) Cuban
C) Dominican
D) Mexican

Question 58

Kathy's grandparents are from Ireland. Kathy is close with her grandparents and, though she has only been to Ireland once, she identifies as Irish as well as American. What immigrant generation would Kathy be considered?

A) first generation
B) 1.5 generation
C) second generation
D) third generation

Question 59

Recent waves of immigrants from Southeast Asia were

A) political and economic refugees, usually without professional skills or education.
B) managerial or professional workers seeking high-paying jobs.
C) undocumented immigrants crossing into the United States illegally.
D) agricultural laborers granted temporary work permits.

Question 60

The Bracero Program had what effect on Mexican families?

A) It prevented workers, almost all of them men, from bringing their families with them.
B) It allowed workers to become citizens.
C) It opened the door for many families to settle in the United States.
D) It lifted immigration restrictions on the spouses and children of U.S. citizens.

Question 61

Explain how, in the United States, the stiffest barrier to integration has been between Whites and African Americans.

Question 62

Drawing on the concepts you learned throughout this chapter, consider the concept of social distance. What is social distance, and how do you think trends in social distance will change over time in the United States?

Question 63

The concept of social distance illustrates

A) how closely people of different races live to one another.
B) the acceptance that members of one group have toward those of another.
C) the distance between immigrants and their families of origin.
D) how far one climbs on the socioeconomic ladder.

Question 64

Considering the confusing definitions and uses of concepts like race and ethnicity, why do sociologists and government bureaucrats go to the trouble of classifying people this way?

Question 65

Dean Durrant, who is of West Indian origin, and Alison Sponner, who is White, have two sets of twins. In each set, strangers would probably label the twins as different races. What does this example tell you about the relationship between biology and race?

Question 66

When the General Social Survey (GSS) asked Whites in the early 1990s how they would feel about a close relative marrying a Black person, the majority expressed opposition. Since then, there has been a steep drop in such attitudes. This change occurred partly because

A) all generations now accept interracial marriage equally.
B) the laws regarding intermarriage have changed since the 1990s.
C) compared to other groups, Whites have high rates of intermarriage.
D) older generations are being replaced by cohorts born and raised more recently.

Question 67

Marcela, an African American woman, recently got married. Based on what you know about race and marriage patterns, which man is she most likely married to?

A) Chuck, a Latino man
B) Barry, a White man
C) Stephen, a Black man
D) Joseph, an Asian American man

Question 68

According to the Pew Research Institute (2016), the number of undocumented immigrants from __________ has continued to increase.

A) Africa
B) Europe
C) Latin America
D) Asia

Question 69

America's increasing racial and ethnic diversity

A) makes visible the idea of different families enacting different traditions in their own ways.
B) eliminates social conflicts that arise over different forms and expressions of family life.
C) decreases diversity among families in the United States.
D) causes endogamy to be more common than exogamy.

Question 70

Explain how the U.S. Census Bureau has changed how it measures race. What are some of the implications of these changes?

Question 71

How do immigrant families adapt to their new cultural environments over the course of generations?

Question 72

Since 2009, the number of undocumented immigrants to the United States has _.

A) become impossible to measure
B) remained consistent
C) decreased
D) increased

Question 73

How has the U.S. racial-ethnic composition been changing over time? What are the implications of these changes for understanding the family?

Question 74

What are some of the explanations sociologists have given regarding the phenomenon of single Black women? What has been the impact of each of these explanations?

Question 75

Some sociologists believe that intermarriage is a good measure of social distance because

A) couples usually have to move far away to live close to one another.
B) it shows the breakdown-or lack thereof-of society's most rigid taboos.
C) people who immigrate to the United States increase the distance between themselves and their families.
D) intermarriage tends to solidify boundaries between racial groups.

Question 76

In 1973, a hidden microphone captured President Richard Nixon saying, "There are times when an abortion is necessary. I know that. When you have a Black and a White. Or a rape." This statement illustrates

A) that laws against interracial marriage were still common in 1973.
B) the strong taboo against interracial relations, especially between Whites and Backs.
C) why the rate of interracial marriage has decreased since the 1970s.
D) why African Americans are the minority group most likely to marry outside their own race.

Question 77

Compare and contrast the concepts of race and ethnicity.

Question 78

Which minority group is least likely to marry outside its own race?

A) American Indian
B) Asian American
C) Latino
D) Black

Question 79

Name and describe two different immigrant legislation acts and the impact they had on families.