Deck 13: Middle Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Self-perception of competence in sports predicts participation in sports.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Logan is 8 years old. By the time she is 9, she has gained three inches in height and four pounds in weight. This is

A) not normal for children her age.
B) normal, as there are more individual differences in height and weight during middle childhood than in earlier years.
C) typical for girls, but not for boys.
D) an indication that she will be obese as an adult.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

It is not possible to outgrow asthma.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Children get plenty of exercise by participating in team sports.

Question 5

The body weights of identical twins vary greatly depending upon whether they were reared together or apart.

Question 6

Children who are heavy TV viewers are less physically active overall.

Question 7

Individual differences in height and weight are more marked in middle childhood than they are in early childhood.

Question 8

Overweight adolescents are more likely to be depressed and anxious than their normal weight peers.

Question 9

ADHD is one of the most common causes of childhood referrals to mental health clinics.

Question 10

Six- to 12-year-olds are more likely than younger children to come down with ear infections.

Question 11

Gains in height and weight during middle childhood.

A) slow down
B) show a dramatic growth spurt
C) are fairly steady
D) are rapid for girls, but slow and steady for boys

Question 12

Mathematics disorders are often not recognized until the second or third grade.

Question 13

Shelby is 6 years old. During middle childhood, her physical growth will most likely

A) be steady until the adolescent growth spurt.
B) show dramatic spurts.
C) show rapid gains in height, but slow steady gains in weight.
D) show rapid gains in weight, but slow steady gains in height.

Question 14

The incidence of myopia tends to increase into young adulthood.

Question 15

College students with dyslexia may be excellent at word recognition, yet have trouble decoding new words.

Question 16

What is the average yearly weight gain for children between 6 and 12 years of age?

A) It varies based upon sex of child
B) 2-3 pounds
C) 4-6 pounds
D) 5-7 pounds

Question 17

What changes can typically be expected in height during middle childhood?

A) There is virtually no growth during this period.
B) Boys outgrow girls during this period.
C) Girls and boys grow about two inches in height per year.
D) Girls outgrow boys during this period.

Question 18

Regular classrooms can be overwhelming for some disabled students.

Question 19

Stuttering affect approximately one child in 50.

Question 20

Myelination of axons in the brain stops during middle childhood.

Question 21

Beginning around age 11, males tend to develop more , whereas females develop more .

A) height; weight
B) fatty tissue; muscle
C) muscle; fatty tissue
D) neurons; hormones

Question 22

In middle childhood, it is estimated that 25% of children in the United States are myopic, which means that they are

A) farsighted.
B) nearsighted.
C) hearing impaired.
D) developmentally delayed.

Question 23

The incidence of myopia, or nearsightedness, tends to between childhood and young adulthood.

A) decrease slightly
B) increase
C) disappear, as myopia is only found in young children
D) remain constant

Question 24

Food offered to children in schools tends to be

A) reflective of the dietary recommendations made by the USDA's "My Plate."
B) primarily fish, poultry, and whole grains.
C) heavy on sugar, animal fats, and salt.
D) low in sodium.

Question 25

The "growing pains" that some children report in middle childhood

A) are experienced only by those children who will be very tall as adults.
B) are the result of a vitamin deficiency.
C) are the result of muscles adjusting to a growing skeleton.
D) are a myth.

Question 26

Most 3-year-olds are within eight to ten pounds of each other in terms of weight. By the age of 10, children's weights

A) are even more similar to each other.
B) vary by 15 pounds.
C) can vary by 30-35 pounds.
D) are approximately one-third of what their adult weight will be.

Question 27

Which of the following is TRUE?

A) Girls tend to be taller and heavier than boys until approximately age 9 or 10.
B) Boys tend to be taller and heavier than girls until approximately age 9 or 10.
C) Girls and boys are similar in heights and weights until they both begin the adolescent growth spurt at age 9 or 10.
D) Boys and girls are similar in height and weight until both begin the adolescent growth spurt at age 13 or 14.

Question 28

The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) found that having a fast food restaurant within one-tenth of a mile from a school increased child obesity rates by

A) 2.5%.
B) 5.2%.
C) 52%.
D) 25%.

Question 29

Research in neuroscience indicates that in middle childhood,

A) there is dramatic development in the frontal part of the brain.
B) the brain undergoes its most dramatic growth during middle childhood.
C) the parietal lobe shows the most dramatic gains in development.
D) brain maturation varies dramatically from child to child.

Question 30

Brain development in early childhood is characterized by a

A) dramatic spurt in myelination of axons.
B) gaining control over attentional processes.
C) doubling of the brain's volume.
D) maturation of fluid reasoning, complete by age 7.

Question 31

Recent research (Currie et al., 2009) found that the association between fast food restaurants, schools, and child obesity levels was related to

A) the type of fast food restaurant near the school.
B) the distance of the fast food restaurant to the school.
C) the number of hours the children attended school.
D) the child's genetic proclivity toward salty and sugary flavors.

Question 32

When do girls become taller than boys?

A) Never
B) Around age 6
C) Not until age 14 or 15
D) Around age 9 or 10

Question 33

Niko is an average 7-year-old. He will need to eat he did when he was 5 years old.

A) more than
B) less than
C) the same amount as
D) more fat than

Question 34

Over the past few decades, food portions have

A) become smaller, particularly for unhealthy foods.
B) become larger for all foods.
C) stayed the same size.
D) become larger, particularly at fast food restaurants.

Question 35

Danielle is losing her primary teeth and her permanent teeth are growing in. Her permanent teeth look too large for her face. What is happening?

A) This is normal, and her teeth will grow even larger as she ages.
B) Her teeth grow in at full size, after which her facial bones will "catch up".
C) Because of their size, the new teeth will cause a painful widening and lengthening of the facial bones.
D) Because her teeth are so large, she will have to have braces at an early age.

Question 36

Middle-class African-American mothers encouraged the physical activity of their daughters and limited their consumption of snack foods and sugary carbonated beverages. Mothers who lived at the poverty line

A) encouraged their daughters to drink more water and limited their daughters' consumption of fatty foods.
B) were more likely to feed their daughters vegetarian diets.
C) were more likely to feed their daughters diets high in fats and fast foods.
D) encouraged more physical exercise than any other group.

Question 37

The average 7- to 10-year-old requires calories per day.

A) 1,300
B) 1,700
C) 2,000
D) 2,400

Question 38

Two studies of African-American mothers and daughters (Miklos et al., 2004; Thompson et al., 2003) found a relationship between nutrition and

A) age of the daughter.
B) age of the mother.
C) obesity rates of the mothers.
D) socioeconomic status/class.

Question 39

In terms of the relative proportion of muscle and fatty tissue,

A) it is about the same for girls and boys during early middle childhood.
B) it remains very stable from early childhood through adolescence.
C) both increase dramatically for both sexes during adolescence.
D) muscle increases for boys and fatty tissue increases for girls during middle childhood.

Question 40

It is common for children ages 6 to 12 to have which of the following physical changes?

A) Becoming less stocky and more slender
B) A slowing of weight gain
C) A growth spurt prior to the adolescent growth spurt
D) Becoming more stocky and less slender

Question 41

Studies of Japanese, Swiss, and American children showed that

A) overweight children became overweight adults regardless of where they lived.
B) poor healthcare in the U.S., but not in other countries, contributed to obesity.
C) children in the U.S. did not become obese adults, but those in other countries did.
D) becoming obese as an adult varied by culture.

Question 42

Obese children

A) are more often rejected by their peers and do more poorly in sports.
B) are likely to be popular with their peers and do well in sports.
C) tend to like their bodies as well as children of average weight.
D) None of the above

Question 43

How many children in the United States are obese?

A) 4% of girls and 6% of boys
B) 10%
C) Between 16% and 25%
D) It is impossible to tell because we have no clear definition of what obesity is

Question 44

Whereas 40% of normal weight boys become overweight adults, the percentage of normal weight girls who become overweight as adults is

A) higher.
B) lower.
C) the same.
D) unknown, as no research has been conducted in this area.

Question 45

Is it true that children who are obese can have high blood pressure and high cholesterol?

A) Yes.
B) Yes, they can have high blood pressure, but not high cholesterol.
C) No, these health problems are only found in adults over age 35.
D) There is too little research in this area to tell.

Question 46

Which of the following plays a role in obesity?

A) Genetics only
B) Genetics and physiological factors
C) Environment only
D) Genetic, environmental, and physiological factors

Question 47

Fat cells, or tissue, appear to be more numerous in those who are obese or overweight as compared to those who weigh less.

A) cytokine
B) adipose
C) PPT-Y
D) NK

Question 48

Between the ages of 6 and 12, the Eustachian tube elongates and narrows. The result of this for children is that they

A) have greater attention spans.
B) experience improved fine motor skills.
C) have more problems with myopia.
D) have fewer ear infections.

Question 49

If, as Daniels (2006) says, we may have the first reversal in increasing longevity in modern life, what would happen?

A) Children would live longer but less healthy lives than their parents
B) Children would live shorter but healthier lives than their parents
C) Children would lead less healthy and shorter lives than their parents
D) Children would live longer than their parents, but would have less healthy children of their own when they become adults

Question 50

Children who are overweight are at increased risk for high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and

A) abnormal breathing patterns during sleep.
B) type 1 diabetes.
C) cystic acne.
D) pancreatitis.

Question 51

Overweight parents may contribute to obesity in their children

A) through the influence of genetics.
B) by spending too much time working.
C) by attempting to discourage unnecessary competitiveness during sports.
D) by modeling healthy exercise habits.

Question 52

Morgan is an obese child. Which of the following is TRUE?

A) Morgan will outgrow his/her baby fat in early childhood.
B) Morgan will be at higher risk for being an obese adult.
C) Morgan will become normal weight, but not until adolescence.
D) Whether or not Morgan will become an obese adult depends upon whether Morgan is male or female.

Question 53

Children with more fat cells

A) feel hungry sooner than children with fewer fat cells.
B) may have inherited the tendency to burn up extra calories, so they eat more.
C) eat more than they should, even when they feel full.
D) have less adipose tissue than children who are not obese.

Question 54

Which is TRUE of fat cells?

A) Everyone is born with the same number of fat cells.
B) Those who are overweight have larger fat cells than those who are average weight.
C) The number of fat cells a person has decreases with age.
D) Those who are overweight or have been overweight have more fat cells.

Question 55

The prevalence of childhood obesity has doubled in the past 20 years. However, this varies by

A) racial and ethnic background of child.
B) education level of parents.
C) accessibility of high quality healthcare.
D) sex of child, with obesity increasing for girls and decreasing for boys.

Question 56

As overweight children approach adolescence, they become less popular because they

A) have fewer social skills.
B) do less well academically.
C) are less likely to be found sexually attractive.
D) become more aggressive with peers.

Question 57

Which of the following does NOT appear to play a role in obesity?

A) Physiological factors
B) Psychological factors
C) Genetic factors
D) Temperament

Question 58

There is correlation between childhood obesity and amount of television watched.

A) no
B) a positive
C) a negative
D) a perfect +1.0

Question 59

Is it true that heavy children outgrow their baby fat, especially once they enter the growth spurt of adolescence?

A) Yes, it is true, overweight children do not become overweight adults
B) No, it is not necessarily true
C) Yes, but it depends upon the sex of the child
D) Yes, but it depends upon the ethnicity of the child

Question 60

A study by Walline et al., (2009) randomly assigned one group of children to wear contact lenses and another group to wear glasses to correct myopia. Did the results of the study indicate any differences between the two groups?

A) Yes, those wearing glasses had lower global self-worth scores
B) Yes, those wearing contacts had lower global self-worth scores
C) Yes, those wearing contacts rated their physical appearances, athletic competence, and social acceptance more highly
D) No, there were no differences found between the groups

Question 61

The type of muscular control needed for gymnastics is called

A) labyrinthine motor skills.
B) systemic motor skills.
C) gross motor skills.
D) agility.

Question 62

Research that implicates stressors in children's lives, such as the birth of a sibling or parental divorce, as a cause of overeating supports the role of in obesity.

A) environment
B) heredity
C) poor prenatal environment
D) inherited fat cells

Question 63

In middle childhood, children show great advances in motor skills. This is due to increased muscle strength and

A) increased myelination of the pathways between the cerebellum and the cortex.
B) maturation of the amygdala.
C) improvement in the functioning of the occipital lobe, which increases visual acuity.
D) parental pressure to perform well in sports.

Question 64

What can be said regarding the food commercials children see on television?

A) Most promote healthy habits like eating fruits and vegetables.
B) Food commercials are not allowed to be shown on children's television networks.
C) Many of these commercials are for unhealthy foods and drinks.
D) The content of this advertising does not matter, as children do not pay attention to commercials.

Question 65

At tennis camp, Emma is capable of hitting tennis balls that come at her at high rates of speed. It takes Olivia longer to respond, and because of this, she sometimes misses the ball. The difference between Emma and Olivia is in their

A) reaction time.
B) reaction time.
C) gross motor activation time.
D) response rate.

Question 66

What does it mean to say that reaction time improves?

A) The person is reacting slower.
B) The reaction time is increasing.
C) The time between stimulus and response is getting shorter.
D) They are showing poorer gross motor sophistication.

Question 67

Cross-cultural studies of childhood asthma find that

A) the problem is more serious in poorer nations.
B) it is almost nonexistent in affluent nations.
C) the rates are remarkably similar across countries.
D) the problem tends to be less serious in poorer nations.

Question 68

Generally speaking, when are most children able to balance on a beam and pedal a bicycle?

A) About age 3 or 4
B) About age 6 or 7
C) It depends upon how much practice they get using these skills.
D) There is too much variability between children to say for sure.

Question 69

According to research, which person would have the fastest reaction time to catching a baseball?

A) Johan, who is 5
B) Marie, who is 10
C) Ryka, who is 25
D) Age is not related to reaction time.

Question 70

Which of the following provides evidence for the role of environment in obesity?

A) Some children inherit a tendency to turn extra calories into fat.
B) Identical twins have similar body weights regardless of whether they were reared together or apart.
C) Watching TV seems to have an effectchildren's weight.
D) Obese children have higher levels of testosterone.

Question 71

Aside from television viewing being a sedentary activity, how else does watching TV contribute to obesity?

A) Children tend to watch shows that encourage sedentary activities.
B) By showing children commercials for unhealthy foods.
C) Watching TV is associated with eating healthy snacks.
D) Watching TV takes time away from being with peers.

Question 72

Lai et al., (2009) found that childhood asthma was in affluent nations and in poorer nations.

A) less common; more common
B) more common; more serious
C) more serious; more common
D) less serious; more common

Question 73

One reason for increased coordination and agility during the middle childhood years is

A) practice using physical skills.
B) decreased myelination of motor pathways.
C) decreased muscle strength.
D) reduced size and activity in the cerebellum.

Question 74

Efforts to help a child lose weight that include methods such as keeping a chart of weight loss, providing a good example as a parent, and using praise and rewards are based upon what theoretical model?

A) Psychoanalytic
B) Behavioral
C) Cognitive
D) Sociocultural

Question 75

Which of the following is FALSE regarding childhood asthma?

A) Once a child "outgrows" asthma, it never returns.
B) Parents are advised to remove as many sources of respiratory irritation from their homes as possible.
C) Nasal corticosteroids block reaction to allergens and reduce airway constriction.
D) Medicines to treat asthma include cromolyn sodium and nedocromil.

Question 76

In order to help a child lose weight, which of the following is recommended?

A) Insist that the family eat meals together at set times of the day.
B) Encourage snacking in front of the TV, as this leads to less overeating at regular meals.
C) Enforce strict punishment for going off a diet.
D) Use various behavioral methods emphasizing praise and reinforcers.

Question 77

Overall, risk factors associated with childhood asthma include previous respiratory or allergy problems, a family history of asthma, and

A) lower SES.
B) daycare attendance.
C) breast-feeding.
D) mothers' prenatal use of over-the-counter drugs.

Question 78

There are at least three different ways in which TV is associated with greater body weights in children. Which of the following is NOT discussed in the textbook as one of these ways?

A) Children tend to consume snacks while watching TV.
B) TV exposes children to advertisements for other sedentary activities, such as computer games.
C) TV bombards children with advertisements for fattening and sugary foods.
D) Fewer calories are burned while watching TV than when engaging in physical activity.

Question 79

By age 7, most children are capable of all but which of the following gross motor skills?

A) Hopping
B) Jumping
C) Climbing
D) Walking on a balance beam without falling

Question 80

How does television viewing contribute to obesity?

A) Children who are heavy TV viewers are more sedentary overall.
B) It does not contribute to obesity, as obesity is genetically determined.
C) It doesn't; watching TV actually curbs the appetite.
D) It resets the hunger trigger located in the thalamus.