Deck 5: Infancy-Physical-Development

Question 1

By eight weeks after conception, the brain constitutes the length of the entire embryo.

A) one-quarter
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) two-thirds

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Before 6 months of age, infants can perceive most speech sounds present in the world's languages

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Dendrites send information on to connecting neurons.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Each neuron in the human body is only a fraction of an inch in length.

Question 5

The brain regulates essential functions such as

A) heartbeat.
B) affiliation with friends.
C) academic success.
D) one's personality type.

Question 6

Canalization is a genetic tendency for development to be haphazard and unpredictable.

Question 7

Differentiation refers to specific rather than global actions.

Question 8

Adolph (2000) found that avoidance of the visual cliff was associated with the infant's posture.

Question 9

There are two major growth spurts of the brain.

Question 10

Gaining control of one's upper body before the lower body is an example of which pattern of development?

A) Differentiation
B) Proximodistal
C) Integration
D) Cephalocaudal

Question 11

Infants grab large things before than can pick up tiny objects. What type of development does this represent?

A) Proximodistal
B) Integration
C) Cephalocaudal
D) Differentiation

Question 12

How does the brain regulate growth and development of the infant's body?

A) By sending electrical signals to the muscles and bones
B) Through a predetermined sequence that is initiated at birth
C) Through the secretion of hormones
D) Through regulation of the somatic nervous system

Question 13

Breast milk is higher in fat than whole milk.

Question 14

The surface of the medulla consists of two hemispheres, left and right.

Question 15

Non-organic failure to thrive (NOFTT) has psychological roots, social roots, or both.

Question 16

The legs of a newborn will increase in length fivefold by adulthood.

Question 17

Growth in infancy is a slow and steady process.

Question 18

Infants as young as two months of age prefer to look at attractive faces rather than unattractive faces.

Question 19

Newborns are extremely farsighted.

Question 20

An infant's first solid food is usually iron-enriched cereal.

Question 21

After the second birthday, the legs begin to grow rapidly and are soon longer than the arms. This is an example of

A) differentiation in development.
B) cephalocaudal development.
C) minimalist development.
D) proximodistal development.

Question 22

Infants grow in spurts and are NOT growing approximately how much of the time?

A) 90-95%
B) 80-85%
C) 60-70%
D) For two weeks out of each month

Question 23

Within a span of nine months, a fetus develops from a zygote that is 1/175 of an inch long to a neonate that is

A) about 10 pounds.
B) about 10 inches long.
C) about 20 inches long.
D) about 5 pounds.

Question 24

Research has shown that infants with failure to thrive (FTT)

A) also have sleep problems.
B) may have inherited it from their parents.
C) are born with other disorders that complicate childrearing.
D) are introduced to solid and finger foods later than other children.

Question 25

Can children "grow overnight?"

A) No, this is not possible
B) Yes, but only during the teen years
C) Yes, but in childhood, usually only girls
D) Yes, research seems to confirm this

Question 26

Infants can grow as much as

A) .5 centimeters in one month.
B) 2.5 centimeters in one day.
C) 2.5 centimeters in one month.
D) .5 centimeters in one day.

Question 27

By the second birthday, a child's arms have grown longer than his legs. This is an example of

A) proximodistal development.
B) differentiation in development.
C) cephalocaudal development.
D) minimalist development.

Question 28

How much will the typical fetus's weight increase in the period between conception and birth?

A) By a factor of billions
B) By a factor of a trillion
C) By a factor of a hundred million
D) By several thousand times

Question 29

Who matures more quickly and will reach half their adult height by 18 months of age?

A) Whichever children eat the most food
B) Whichever children have the tallest parents
C) Boys
D) Girls

Question 30

Which of the following is a central feature of failure to thrive?

A) Irritability
B) Poor REM sleep
C) Feeding problems
D) Excessive eye contact with adults

Question 31

Heartbeat, digestion, respiration, and elimination of wastes are carried out by organ systems close to the central axis. These functions, close to the center of the body, operate or are ready to operate when the child is born. What principle of development does this represent?

A) Cephalocaudal
B) Differentiation
C) Proximodistal
D) Ventromedial

Question 32

Among neonates, the arms

A) are longer than the legs.
B) are shorter than the legs.
C) are about equal in length to the legs.
D) develop more slowly than the legs after the first birthday due to the cephalocaudal trend.

Question 33

Which of the following is TRUE about the relationship between infant and adult heights?

A) There is no relationship between height as an infant and height as an adult.
B) There is an almost perfect relationship between height as an infant and height as an adult.
C) Long infants always grow up to be tall adults.
D) There may be a relationship between an infant's height and their height as an adult.

Question 34

Failure to thrive

A) is an organic illness.
B) is apt to be created by a combination of organic and non-organic causes.
C) is a non-organic problem.
D) is caused by prenatal problems.

Question 35

Matthew is 20 months old and has been diagnosed as having non-organic FTT (NOFTT). The cause of this is thought to be

A) an underlying health problem.
B) failure to make use of adequate nutrition due to a health problem.
C) trouble accessing food due to a health problem.
D) a combination of many different causal factors.

Question 36

Which of the following is TRUE?

A) The head triples in length between birth and maturity.
B) The arms double in length between birth and maturity.
C) The legs double in length between birth and maturity.
D) The lower parts of the body, such as the legs, must do more growing to reach adult size than the upper parts, such as the head.

Question 37

Infants exhibit more generalized and diffuse motions before they begin to reach and grasp with specific intent. The tendency of behavior to become more specific and distinct is called

A) integration.
B) conceptualization.
C) globalization.
D) differentiation.

Question 38

A newborn that thrashes about wildly and cries in response to a heel stick test (a needle prick) has not yet developed

A) cephalocaudal development.
B) differentiation in development.
C) proximodistal development.
D) general distress syndrome.

Question 39

Jessie was diagnosed with failure to thrive (FTT) at 20 months of age. At age 8, we would expect to find that Jessie

A) shows no effects of her earlier FTT.
B) is now is taller and weighs more than her peers.
C) may have a protein deficiency.
D) is smaller, less cognitively advanced, and more emotionally disturbed than typical children.

Question 40

Gina is taller than the average infant. What will likely happen to her growth rate?

A) It will continue to increase.
B) It will likely slow down.
C) She will stop growing earlier than other girls.
D) There is no way to predict what will happen to her growth rate.

Question 41

At the end of one year, one woman in is still breast-feeding.

A) two
B) three
C) five
D) seven

Question 42

One negative factor to consider regarding breast-feeding is that

A) breast milk can transmit HIV and environmental hazards, such as PCBs, to the infant.
B) breast-feeding has been shown to increase mothers' responses to stress.
C) breast-feeding increases the risk of early breast cancer.
D) there are no negative factors associated with breast-feeding.

Question 43

Which of the following is TRUE regarding low-income children in the United States?

A) Federal programs, such as WIC, have helped to improve the nutritional status of poor children.
B) Low-income children show lower rates of FTT and anemia.
C) Sixty percent of Asian-American children live in poverty.
D) American-Indian children show the lowest rates of poverty.

Question 44

Recent studies indicate that women are more likely to breast-feed if they

A) are older.
B) were born outside the United States.
C) have less education.
D) have an influential person who encourages breast-feeding.

Question 45

Compared to children in other countries, how is the nutrition of children in the United States?

A) Worse than in many other countries
B) Better than in many countries, but the nutrition of poor children in the U.S. continues to decline
C) Better than in many other countries, with the nutrition of the poor in the U.S. getting better
D) Equally with most other countries

Question 46

Joseph has been treated for FTT and is now returning to his normal growth rate. What does this represent?

A) Canalization
B) Proximodistal development
C) Differentiation
D) Phenalization

Question 47

Anusha wants to breast-feed her baby. She read that the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends

A) feeding with formula instead of breast milk.
B) feeding with formula for four months, then switching to breast milk.
C) breast-feeding for two years.
D) breast-feeding for one year and longer if possible.

Question 48

Breast milk is related to

A) increased likelihood of asthma later in life.
B) increased likelihood of breast cancer for the mother later in life.
C) decreased likelihood of obesity for the child later in life.
D) increased chance of developing PEM.

Question 49

What reflex prevents infants from ingesting solid foods prior to 4 months of age?

A) Babinski
B) Rooting
C) Tongue-thrust
D) Sucking

Question 50

Failure to thrive (FTT) has been linked to deficiencies in caregiver-infant interactions, resulting in

A) child abuse.
B) secure attachment.
C) reactive attachment disorder.
D) difficult child temperament.

Question 51

Breast-feeding provides benefits to mothers such as reducing the risk of breast and ovarian cancers, building bone strength, reducing the risk of osteoporosis, and

A) helping shrink the uterus after delivery.
B) reducing the chances of becoming obese.
C) creating immunity to common illnesses, such as colds.
D) There are no benefits for mothers, just for infants

Question 52

Recent studies indicate that women are more likely to breast-feed if they

A) are older.
B) were born outside the United States.
C) have more education.
D) are not "encouraged" to breast feed but are left to make the decision on their own

Question 53

At about what age can an infant begin ingesting solid foods?

A) By about 4 to 6 months of age
B) As early as 2 weeks, if they are really hungry
C) Not until about 1 year of age
D) It varies significantly from child to child

Question 54

How should new foods be introduced to the infant?

A) Foods should be introduced one at a time to assess for allergies or preferences.
B) It does not matter, as infants will not show taste preferences.
C) Poultry and fish should be introduced before cereal and strained fruits.
D) Meat and fish should not be introduced before age 2.

Question 55

Kwashiorkor

A) is a name for a birthing process.
B) results in swollen stomach and feet, hair loss, and rash.
C) is a type of formula given to babies who are malnourished.
D) is a nutrient in breast milk that reduces childhood lymphoma.

Question 56

Children with PEM

A) may suffer before birth if their mother is malnourished.
B) suffer up to 240 days of illness per year.
C) experience a very mild form of malnutrition.
D) have distended, swollen bellies that are filled with fluid.

Question 57

When infant formula was developed in the 1930s,

A) women refused to use it.
B) it was a nutritionally poor substitute for breast milk.
C) breast-feeding declined, women entered the workforce, and they became less constrained by traditional roles.
D) most babies showed allergies to it.

Question 58

Even though children represent 24% of the United States population, they represent of the number of people living in poverty.

A) 14%
B) 24%
C) 34%
D) 44%

Question 59

Breast milk is unlikely to upset the infant's stomach; it contains the mother's antibodies, which are transmitted to the infant, and it

A) helps protect against lymphoma.
B) increases the chances of developing diarrhea.
C) increases allergic responses and constipation.
D) heightens the child's chance of developing PEM

Question 60

Lin is 6 months old. She is losing weight due to a diet low in essential nutrients. Her mother does not produce enough breast milk, and there is no access to formula where Lin lives. Lin is most likely suffering from

A) FTT.
B) marasmus.
C) canalization.
D) the rule of the golden section.

Question 61

A baby has begun to crawl. This means

A) myelin will soon form to coat motor neurons.
B) a maturation process will be activated that will result in myelination of neurons by the end of the first year.
C) myelination of neurons has already begun.
D) myelin has nothing to do with this process.

Question 62

When does the first brain growth spurt occur?

A) During the second and third weeks of life
B) During the fourth and fifth months of prenatal development
C) About the first month after birth
D) Not until the end of the first year

Question 63

You use your cell phone to receive messages. Which part of the neuron performs this function?

A) Dendrite
B) Cell body
C) Axon
D) Synapse

Question 64

The infant brain

A) grows slower than the rest of the body.
B) triples in weight by the child's first birthday.
C) is fully developed at birth.
D) will not reach 70% of its adult weight until adolescence.

Question 65

Myelination

A) is complete at birth.
B) is complete at birth for boys but not for girls.
C) is a life-long process.
D) continues into the second decade of life.

Question 66

A neuron contains

A) a cell body.
B) hormones.
C) tendons.
D) ligaments.

Question 67

You use your cell phone to transmit a message to another person. Which part of the neuron performs this function?

A) Axon
B) Cell body
C) Dendrite
D) Synapse

Question 68

When does lactation end?

A) Once it begins, it never ends
B) When the thyroid returns to normal functioning
C) After one year
D) When breast-feeding ceases and oxytocin and prolactin are no longer secreted

Question 69

Which of the following is true about neurotransmitters?

A) They are short fibers that receive incoming messages.
B) They are hormones that promote breast-feeding.
C) They are released from axon terminals.
D) They can be several feet long.

Question 70

The of the myelin sheath insulates neurons so messages are conducted more efficiently.

A) globulin
B) high fat content
C) profferin
D) alduin

Question 71

If a child cannot maintain her balance, control her motor behavior, or coordinate her eye movements with bodily sensations, which part of the brain might be faulty?

A) Cerebellum
B) Amygdala
C) Medulla
D) Hypothalamus

Question 72

An individual develops intellectual disability due to a disorder called PKU. What do we know about this?

A) The individual has excessive myelination.
B) The disorder inhibits the formation of myelin in the brain.
C) The myelin travels into the soma and destroys the neuron.
D) The myelin covers the dendrites and stops the communication process.

Question 73

If a child's brain cannot control heartbeat and respiration, which part of the brain might be damaged?

A) Medulla
B) Cerebellum
C) Pituitary
D) Hypothalamus

Question 74

is caused by the replacement of myelin with a hard fibrous tissue that impedes neural transmission.

A) SIDS
B) Multiple sclerosis
C) Alzheimer's
D) PKU

Question 75

Which part of the brain allows for learning, thought, and memory?

A) Cerebellum
B) Medulla
C) Amygdala
D) Cerebrum

Question 76

The rapid proliferation of neurons

A) causes the first growth spurt in the infant brain.
B) increases the density of the brain but not the size or weight.
C) does not occur until the child enters school and begins learning rapidly.
D) is automatic and unrelated to learning.

Question 77

Negatives to breast-feeding include all but which of the following?

A) Fear of pain
B) Undernourishment of some mothers, which results in fewer nutrients in breast milk
C) Mothers' assumption of the sole responsibility for nighttime feedings
D) Increasing weight retention after delivery

Question 78

How big is the neonate's brain?

A) About half the size it will be in adulthood
B) It depends greatly upon the size and shape of the infant's head
C) About one-third the size it will be in adulthood
D) Less than one pound

Question 79

Which of the following is responsible for sending messages from one neuron to another?

A) cell bodies
B) neurotransmitters
C) dendrites
D) hormones

Question 80

A child has died from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Which part of the brain might be involved?

A) Cerebellum
B) Amygdala
C) Medulla
D) Hypothalamus