Deck 7: Infancy-Social-And-Emotional-Development

Question 1

Konrad Lonrenz showed that imprinting occurs in his study of rhesus monkeys.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The mirror technique is used to assess the development of self-concept among infants.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Fear of strangers peaks between 9-12 month of age and again at 18-24 months of age.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A mother leaves the room and her infant starts to cry. This may represent

A) attachment.
B) a personality disorder.
C) metacognition.
D) theory of mind.

Question 5

Attachment patterns remain stable even if childcare or family conditions change.

Question 6

Babies who show disorganized/disoriented attachment may move toward their mothers while looking away from them.

Question 7

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are generally evident by age 3.

Question 8

Girls tend to advance more rapidly than boys in motor development during infancy.

Question 9

Autistic children show little interest in social interactions.

Question 10

Siblings of the same sex are more likely to form similar attachment relationships with their mother than are girl-boy pairs.

Question 11

John Bowlby viewed infant behaviors such as crying, smiling, and clinging as

A) reflexes and non-meaningful.
B) essential to the infant's survival.
C) indicators of separation anxiety.
D) having different meanings depending upon whether the infant was a girl or boy.

Question 12

Parents talk more and are more emotionally expressive with infant sons than they are infant daughters.

Question 13

In the United States, most infants, children, and adults can be classified as

A) insecurely attached.
B) unattached.
C) securely attached.
D) avoidantly attached.

Question 14

Full-term children are more likely than preterm children to be abused.

Question 15

One's self-concept is well-formed at birth.

Question 16

Mary Ainsworth defined attachment as

A) an emotional tie between one animal or person and another specific individual.
B) a negative co-dependency developed between a parent and child.
C) imprinting that occurs in the first few hours after birth.
D) not necessary for healthy human functioning.

Question 17

Infants have been found to have one emotion: diffuse distress.

Question 18

From a behaviorist perspective, caregivers are conditioned reinforcers.

Question 19

Parents of autistic children frequently report that they were "difficult babies."

Question 20

Ainsworth used the to study attachment.

A) strange situation method
B) mother-present procedure
C) mother-absent procedure
D) stranger test

Question 21

Intergenerational transmission of attachment means that

A) attachment is a biologically driven and heritable trait.
B) all children in one family will have the same attachment classification.
C) secure parents tend to raise secure children.
D) the attachment styles of mothers transfer to children, but not those of fathers.

Question 22

Securely attached infants

A) are probably this way because of genetics.
B) are probably this way because of good parenting.
C) are probably this way because of a combination of temperament and parenting.
D) are immune to the effects of negative caregiving.

Question 23

In Ainsworth's strange situation method, Evan showed severe distress when his mother left the room. When she returned, he ran to cling to her and then pushed her away. What type of attachment is this?

A) ambivalent/resistant
B) disorganized
C) avoidant
D) secure

Question 24

Infant-father attachment is predicted by

A) the amount of time the father spends with the infant.
B) the quality of time the father spends with the infant.
C) the child's attachment to the mother.
D) the marital relationship.

Question 25

Infants who are securely attached are more likely to

A) venture away from their mothers, using them as a secure base.
B) stay close to their mothers, using them as a secure base.
C) stay close to their mothers because they are afraid to explore.
D) stray from their mothers as they show ambivalence towards them.

Question 26

In Ainsworth's strange situation method, Aluisio plays with his toys without fuss when he's alone and ignores his mother when she returns to the room. This demonstrates a(n) attachment.

A) ambivalent
B) insecure
C) avoidant
D) secure

Question 27

A baby's attachment to their father

A) can be predicted by the number of diapers the father changes.
B) is unrelated to infant attachment.
C) is based upon the mother's pattern of attachment.
D) only affects boys and not girls.

Question 28

Attachment can be used as a measure of the

A) SES of the parents.
B) attachment classifications of siblings.
C) IQ scores of the parents.
D) quality of care the child receives.

Question 29

Which of the following is/are associated with insecure attachment?

A) Maternal physical illness
B) Maternal decision to work outside of the home
C) Maternal insensitivity to the child
D) The decision to use day care services

Question 30

In terms of attachment,

A) daughters and sons respond differently to maternal behavior.
B) the father plays an important role in attachment relationships.
C) the quality of the attachment relationship is entirely dependent upon the mother.
D) temperament plays no role in the type of attachment that a child develops.

Question 31

An infant fusses mildly when his mother leaves and seeks comfort from her upon her return. This infant shows a(n) attachment.

A) ambivalent
B) insecure
C) avoidant
D) secure

Question 32

Attachment

A) may be passed along generationally.
B) is determined solely by the environment.
C) has nothing to do with the parents and everything to do with the child.
D) is more likely to affect female children than male children.

Question 33

Economically disadvantaged mothers

A) usually have children with ambivalent attachment.
B) usually have children with avoidant attachment.
C) usually have children with disorganized attachment.
D) have better attachment relationships with their infants when they are provided childcare information and social support.

Question 34

The strange situation method assesses

A) how the infant responds when the enforces discipline.
B) how the infant responds to the presence of a stranger.
C) how the infant responds when the mother provides food and drink.
D) how the infant responds when the father reads a story out loud.

Question 35

Mothers of securely attached infants

A) are more likely to be affectionate to their children.
B) respond less sensitively to their babies' social behaviors.
C) provide less predictable caregiving.
D) are unlikely to have been securely attached to their own parents.c

Question 36

When compared to insecurely attached children, those who are securely attached are

A) more poorly adjusted at school.
B) more cooperative with parents.
C) more prone to anxiety.
D) at a higher risk of developing depression during adolescence.

Question 37

Home visits to economically disadvantaged families increased maternal involvement with infants and secure attachment. The home visitors helped mothers

A) stop planning ahead for their fetuses.
B) accurately interpret infant cues.
C) encourage their children to play alone to avoid dependence.
D) know how to promote good nutrition and eating habits.

Question 38

An infant appears dazed and confused by her mother's departure. This child may have a(n) attachment.

A) ambivalent
B) disorganized-disoriented
C) avoidant
D) secure

Question 39

Which of the following appears to be TRUE?

A) Attachment runs in families.
B) Siblings tend to develop very different kinds of attachment relationships with parents.
C) Attachment does not predict any important outcomes later in life.
D) Attachments cannot be improved, even with meaningful interventions.

Question 40

An infant with a difficult temperament who is very active and displays negative emotions is likely to

A) have a mother who is sensitive and responsive.
B) become securely attached.
C) have a mother who has other children to tend to.
D) become insecurely attached.

Question 41

Harry and Margaret Harlow (1966) conducted a series of experiments to demonstrate that feeding was not as critical to the attachment process as who suggested?

A) Ainsworth
B) Erikson
C) Freud
D) Bowlby

Question 42

Dr. Martin is conducting a study of infant attachment. Her hypothesis is that infants who have not yet developed some concept of object permanence will not show specific attachments to caregivers. Which theoretical view of attachment does Dr. Martin hold?

A) Cognitive
B) Behavioral
C) Psychoanalytic
D) Biological

Question 43

Which phase of attachment is characterized by a preference for familiar figures?

A) Absolute-attachment phase
B) Initial-preattachment phase
C) Attachment-in-the-making phase
D) Clear-cut-attachment phase

Question 44

Research with Ugandan infants shows that

A) indiscriminate attachment early on.
B) the beginning of specific attachment to the mother at 7 months, which grew intense by 12 months of age.
C) fear of strangers developing by about 18 months.
D) extreme anxiety when in the presence of a stranger as early as 3 months.

Question 45

In studies of Scottish and Ugandan infants, which of the following was TRUE?

A) The Ugandan infants were more likely to be securely attached than the Scottish infants.
B) Fear of strangers followed separation anxiety in both studies.
C) The Scottish infants showed no separation anxiety.
D) Fear of strangers preceded separation anxiety in both studies.

Question 46

Jerome is securely attached to his parents. However, his parents undergo a divorce, and Jerome is now being neglected. What is likely to happen to his level of attachment?

A) It may change because of the change in care he is receiving.
B) Once attachment bonds are in place, they will not change.
C) It depends upon whether he is living with his mother or his father.
D) It depends upon age, as attachment will not change after age 3.

Question 47

Christopher is 4 months old. He prefers to be held by his mother or father rather than relatives or people he's never met. In terms of attachment, in which of Ainsworth's phases is Christopher?

A) Absolute-attachment phase
B) Initial-preattachment phase
C) Attachment-in-the-making phase
D) Clear-cut-attachment phase

Question 48

According to the cognitive perspective, at what age will a child develop specific attachments?

A) 6-7 months
B) 4-5 months
C) 3-4 months
D) 1-2 months

Question 49

Can insecurely attached children become more securely attached?

A) No.
B) Yes.
C) It depends upon the sex of the child.
D) It depends upon whether the strongest attachment is to the mother or the father.

Question 50

According to Ainsworth, which of the following is NOT a phase of attachment?

A) Absolute-attachment phase
B) Initial-preattachment phase
C) Attachment-in-the-making phase
D) Clear-cut-attachment phase

Question 51

Frenkel & Fox (2015) have found that when infants are under stress they have a tendency to

A) seek out their mother.
B) seek out their father.
C) seek out whichever parent was closest in proximity.
D) isolate themselves from caregivers.

Question 52

A cognitive view of attachment assumes that

A) attachment will assist in developing the child's cognitive skills.
B) attachment and cognitive skills are unrelated.
C) some understanding of object permanence is necessary for specific attachment.
D) infant-specific attachments will occur as soon as the child can recognize faces.

Question 53

According to Erikson, what is MOST critical for a child to develop in the first year of life?

A) A sense of trust
B) A sense of autonomy
C) A sense of identity
D) A sense of self-efficacy

Question 54

Makani is 7 months old. She has developed an intense dependence upon her primary caregiver, her grandmother. Which of Ainsworth's (1978) attachment phases does this best represent?

A) Over-attachment
B) Initial-preattachment phase
C) Attachment-in-the-making phase
D) Clear-cut-attachment phase

Question 55

Brenna is 2 months old. At a recent family reunion, she was passed around for multiple relatives to hold. Emily showed no particular preference for her mother, father, or any other relative. In which of Ainsworth's phases of attachment is Brenna?

A) Absolute-attachment phase
B) Initial-preattachment phase
C) Attachment-in-the-making phase
D) Clear-cut-attachment phase

Question 56

Which theoretical view contends that caregivers become "love objects" and form the basis for all later attachments?

A) Cognitive
B) Behavioral
C) Psychoanalytic
D) Biological

Question 57

Which phase of attachment is characterized by indiscriminate attachment?

A) Absolute-attachment phase
B) Initial-preattachment phase
C) Attachment-in-the-making phase
D) Clear-cut-attachment phase

Question 58

According to the behavioral view, infants become attached to caregivers because

A) caregivers feed infants and tend to their physiological needs, thus becoming reinforcers.
B) infants develop object permanence and miss their caregivers.
C) caregivers are love objects.
D) infants become imprinted on a specific caregiver.

Question 59

With "indiscriminate" attachment,

A) the child sways back and forth in attachment between the father and the mother.
B) the child shows no tendency to form attachment bonds.
C) the child shows no preference in attachment between parents or other caregivers.
D) the attachment is weak and will quickly become insecure.

Question 60

Omar spent his first year of life in an orphanage where he was insecurely attached to his caregivers. He has now been adopted by a loving parent. His adoptive parent wants to know, can Omar's insecure attachment pattern change?

A) Yes
B) No
C) Attachment patterns can change, but only in girls.
D) It depends upon the child's age at adoption.

Question 61

Can social deprivation experiments be conducted with infants?

A) Yes, and the findings are consistent with animal studies.
B) No, it would be unethical to experimentally induce social deprivation.
C) No, because infants do not need social contact to attach and thrive.
D) Yes, but the studies are longitudinal and extremely expensive to conduct.

Question 62

Shyla is a socially withdrawn 4-year-old girl. Given what you know about the studies done on social deprivation with rhesus monkeys, what might help Shyla overcome being withdrawn?

A) Socially advanced elders
B) Younger playmates
C) Female playmates only
D) Intense psychodynamic therapy

Question 63

Three-month-old Jocelyn smiles in response to the sound of her father singing her a silly bedtime song. This is called smiling.

A) social
B) reflexive
C) genetic
D) responsive

Question 64

Believing that sunshine and fresh air will make children ill, the natives in one Guatemalan village isolate their children until they are 13 to 14 months of age (Kagan & Klein, 1973). After this isolation, the children

A) remain apathetic.
B) are physically and mentally retarded through adulthood.
C) are as intellectually and physically able as American children by age 11.
D) regress even further in their physical and emotional development.

Question 65

Research by Harry and Margaret Harlow (1966) suggests that

A) the basis of attachment is the food provided by the mother.
B) contact comfort may be as important a basic need as the need for food.
C) attachment is driven by the need for trust.
D) infants become attached because it helps them to form their identity.

Question 66

What appears to influence the effects of social deprivation?

A) The lack of love and affection
B) The deficiency in social stimulation
C) The deficiency in sensory stimulation
D) The age of the infant

Question 67

Attachment that occurs during a critical period based upon a specific releasing stimulus is called

A) imprinting.
B) fixed response.
C) maturation.
D) maternal instinct.

Question 68

The impact of social deprivation

A) can be overcome if the deprived organism is placed with younger members of their species.
B) cannot be overcome; once social deprivation has occurred, the effects are permanent.
C) can be overcome for females, but not for males.
D) can be overcome for males, but not for females.

Question 69

Children transferred from foster homes to adoptive homes after 6 months of age

A) showed worse developmental outcomes than children transferred at younger ages.
B) did not bond with adoptive parents, but also did not show developmental deficits.
C) greatly outpaced non-adopted children in terms of social development.
D) were less likely to have developmental problems because of age.

Question 70

Research has found that the incidence of problems in adopted children, such as decreased social responsiveness and extremes in attachment behaviors, were positively correlated to the

A) caregiving styles of the adoptive parents.
B) age of the adoptive parents.
C) SES of the adoptive parents.
D) age at which child was separated from the temporary foster parents.

Question 71

Skeels (1966) found that the difference between those children who were functioning well and independent as adults and those who were still in some type of institutional setting as adults was

A) educational opportunity.
B) early nutrition.
C) individual attention and environmental stimulation.
D) exposure to physically stimulating activities.

Question 72

The development of smiling

A) is entirely genetic.
B) is entirely social.
C) is random and must be learned.
D) follows similar patterns throughout the world.

Question 73

Attachment in human beings is theorized to occur during a critical period of life. This means

A) it is essential for the survival of the organism.
B) if it does not occur during this period, it may never occur.
C) if it does not occur, that means it was not needed.
D) it must happen in the first 3 months if it is to happen at all.

Question 74

Social deprivation refers to

A) a lack of social smiling on the part of the infant.
B) a lack of responsive smiling on the part of the parent.
C) an overall lack of social stimulation provided to the infant.
D) a child who lacks basic social skills.

Question 75

Konrad Lorenz's goslings (1962; 1981) ran to him when frightened, honked with distress at his departure, and tried to overcome obstacles to be near him. This is an example of

A) secure attachment.
B) bonding.
C) imprinting.
D) object permanence.

Question 76

Bowlby suggested that smiling in the infant

A) is random until about 6 months of age.
B) is usually due to gastrointestinal distress.
C) is unrelated to attachment.
D) may serve as a releasing stimulus for affection from others.

Question 77

Infant attachment involves

A) perceptual processes in the infant.
B) nutritional adequacy.
C) prenatal processes.
D) adequate binocular vision.

Question 78

All but which of the following might impair the development of attachment?

A) Autism spectrum disorder
B) Social deprivation
C) Child abuse
D) An easy temperament

Question 79

When infant monkeys were alone or had wire surrogate mother for a companion, they were afraid of the "bear monster." But when the cloth mother was present, the infant monkeys

A) clung to the cloth mother and did not explore their surroundings.
B) were as afraid of the cloth mother as they were the bear monster.
C) used the cloth mother as a secure base.
D) sought out the wire mother who offered food.

Question 80

Amy is a 4-month-old infant. She appears withdrawn and depressed, and is losing all interest in the world. Amy

A) may suffer from early-onset schizophrenia.
B) probably has severe neurological damage.
C) may be the victim of social deprivation.
D) may be displaying early signs of mental retardation.