Deck 1: History-Theories-And-Methods

Question 1

Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget were both stage theorists.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Theorists who believe that a number of rapid, successive changes bring about development adhere to the belief that development is continuous.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Freud felt insufficient or excessive gratification in a stage of development would lead to developmental problems.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

In naturalistic observation studies, the researcher tries to change or alter the environment they are observing.

Question 5

The terms "growth" and "development" are synonymous.

Question 6

Theories are related statements about events.

Question 7

A conditioned stimulus is one that occurs without prior learning.

Question 8

John B. Watson's theory emphasizes libidinal energy and erogenous zones.

Question 9

The first step in the scientific method is testing the hypothesis.

Question 10

Once agreeing to participate in a study, parents and children must remain in the study until it is over.

Question 11

Negative reinforcement will increase a desired behavior when an unpleasant stimulus is removed.

Question 12

The study of the influence of genes on development is the study of nature (heredity) as opposed to nurture (environment).

Question 13

How is the definition of "child" different from that of "infant?"

A) Infancy is defined as the first two years of life where complex speech is absent, whereas childhood lasts from birth until puberty.
B) Infancy lasts until age 2, whereas childhood lasts until age 5.
C) Infancy is defined by a presence of complex speech, whereas childhood involves the absence of complex speech.
D) The definition of child and infant are the same.

Question 14

According to Erikson, successful resolution of early life crises sets the stage for positive resolution of later crises.

Question 15

Whereas early childhood includes the ages from 2 to 5 years, middle childhood can best be defined as the

A) blank slate period.
B) years from 6 to 12.
C) years from 6 to 9.
D) time of greatest gains in height and weight.

Question 16

The term "infancy" is derived from Latin roots meaning

A) not walking.
B) not speaking.
C) not eating solid foods.
D) a child younger than age 3.

Question 17

The first stage of psychosocial development is trust vs. mistrust.

Question 18

In developmental psychology, how do we define "child?"

A) A person undergoing development from infancy to puberty
B) A person undergoing development during the first three years of life
C) Any human being, as defined by each individual and culture
D) The period of development prior to the development of complex speech

Question 19

According to the textbook, the development of language is due entirely to biology (nature).

Question 20

Dillon is in the period known as "early" childhood. His membership in this group is determined by his

A) ability to communicate with others.
B) age.
C) level of social skill.
D) height and weight.

Question 21

Sydney is 3 years old. Her height and weight are determined by

A) biological factors only, such as genetics.
B) external factors only, such as nutrition and parenting style.
C) the combined influence of factors such as genetics and nutrition.
D) her level of cognitive and socioemotional development.

Question 22

In Western societies, the beginning of middle childhood is usually marked by

A) a child's entry into preschool.
B) a child's entry into first grade.
C) the development of mixed-sex friendship groups.
D) a well-defined sense of self-concept.

Question 23

Which thinker suggested that children are born a "tabula rasa?"

A) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
B) John Locke
C) Alfred Binet
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 24

How have children been viewed in different historical eras?

A) As inherently good, with no need of discipline
B) As miniature adults from day one
C) As unchangeable spirits from birth
D) As clean slates changed by experience

Question 25

Which thinker suggested that children are innately good at birth?

A) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
B) John Locke
C) Alfred Binet
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 26

Developmentalists seek to

A) describe, but not predict child development.
B) explain, but not predict child development.
C) describe and explain, but not predict child development.
D) describe, explain, and predict child development.

Question 27

The study of development includes an examination of

A) the process of conception, but not the prenatal period.
B) the prenatal period only.
C) the origin of sperm and ova only.
D) the process of conception and the prenatal period.

Question 28

Development is

A) quantitative change in the individual over time and location.
B) predictable and consistent for all people across various cultures and time periods, and with regard to genetic background.
C) the orderly appearance, over time, of physical structures, psychological traits, behaviors, and ways of adapting to demands of life.
D) qualitative change in the individual over time and location.

Question 29

Just four years after Watson proposed his behavioralist views that ideas, preferences, and skills are shaped by the environment, Gesell came forward with which perspective of child development?

A) Children are inherently evil.
B) Children are inherently good.
C) Biological maturation is the main principle of development.
D) Environment is the main principle of development.

Question 30

Who is credited with founding child development as an academic discipline and used questionnaires to study the "contents of children's minds?"

A) John Watson
B) G. Stanley Hall
C) Jean Piaget
D) John Locke

Question 31

Kylie first learned to lift her head, then sit up, crawl, stand, and walk. These changes in type and kind of motor development best represent

A) qualitative changes.
B) quantitative changes.
C) both qualitative and quantitative changes.
D) neither qualitative nor quantitative changes.

Question 32

What is the best description for why we study child development?

A) To resolve differences with regard to sex and gender
B) To help us eliminate all developmental problems
C) To give advice to parents in how to raise successful adults
D) To help us ensure optimal conditions of child development

Question 33

In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, children were

A) nurtured until they reached the "age of reason."
B) perceived as innately good.
C) considered blank slates.
D) protected by laws from harsh treatment.

Question 34

The terms "growth" and "development" are

A) synonymous.
B) opposites.
C) different; growth refers to changes in quality, whereas development refers to changes in quantity.
D) different; growth refers to changes in quantity only, whereas development refers to changes in quantity and/or quality.

Question 35

According to your textbook, the study of issues such as the effects of daycare programs on children's social and intellectual development fall under which of the following motives for studying child development?

A) Gaining insight into human nature
B) Gaining insight into sex differences and gender roles
C) Gaining insight into the origins and prevention of developmental problems
D) Optimizing conditions of development

Question 36

Charles Darwin is best known as the

A) creator of the theory known as behaviorism.
B) founder of child development as an academic discipline.
C) originator of the theory of evolution.
D) developer of the research method known as the cross-sectional study.

Question 37

Dr. Thomas wants to determine why some children are hyperactive, while others are not. Which of the following motives for studying child development does this best represent?

A) To gain insight into the origins of adult behavior
B) To gain insight into sex differences and gender roles and the effects of culture on development
C) To gain insight into the origins, prevention, and treatment of developmental problems
D) To optimize conditions for development

Question 38

How is "theory" defined?

A) Testable predictions about an event
B) A formulation of relationships underlying observed events
C) A feedback process that predicts development
D) A scientific method used to study child development

Question 39

What is one characteristic of a useful theory?

A) They allow us to eliminate conflicting ideas.
B) They are broad enough to be true for all humans.
C) They enable laypersons to codify behavior.
D) They allow us to make predictions.

Question 40

What changes regarding children did not occur until the 20th century?

A) Viewing children as miniature adults after the age of 7
B) Passing laws to protect children from strenuous labor and caretaker abuse
C) Convicting children of crimes, sending them to monasteries, and marrying them without their consent
D) Viewing children as the property of their parents

Question 41

Elena is a 6-month-old infant. She is leaning that her basic needs will be taken care of by her caregivers and her environment. According to Erikson's theory, which stage of psychosocial development is Elena in?

A) Trust vs. mistrust
B) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C) Initiative vs. guilt
D) Industry vs. inferiority

Question 42

According to Erikson, early experiences

A) have no impact on later development.
B) exert a continued influence on later development.
C) are determined by internal struggles and unconscious urges.
D) only predict future development once we reach 6 to 8 years of age.

Question 43

A person who is would be labeled "anal-expulsive."

A) overly dependent
B) very gullible or easily fooled
C) orderly and neat
D) careless and sloppy

Question 44

According to Freud, where in consciousness does the psychic structure called the id reside?

A) Preconscious
B) Conscious
C) Unconscious
D) Archetype

Question 45

Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages?

A) Anal, latency, phallic, oral, genital
B) Oral, latency, anal, phallic, genital
C) Phallic, oral, anal, latency, genital
D) Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 46

According to Freud, during the first year of life, children are in the stage of development.

A) oral
B) fixated
C) anal
D) latency

Question 47

Is there research evidence to support the idea that children who are weaned early or breast-fed too long develop oral fixations such as nail biting or smoking?

A) Yes, this has largely been validated.
B) No, there is no research evidence to support the claim.
C) Yes, for men, but not for women.
D) No; instead, the fixation leads to traits such as sloppiness and carelessness.

Question 48

Who suggested that we develop in a healthy fashion by confronting and resolving developmental life crises?

A) Karen Horney
B) Erik Erikson
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Alfred Adler

Question 49

Freud believed that most of the human mind lay beneath consciousness, similar to a(n)

A) volcano.
B) submarine.
C) reflection.
D) iceberg.

Question 50

According to Freud, which aspect of our personality is present at birth and is unconscious?

A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Superid

Question 51

According to Freud, the psychic structure called ego

A) helps the id get gratified in a socially appropriate way.
B) is driven by a quest for pleasure.
C) is our moral base that forces us to follow rules.
D) is biologically based and present at birth.

Question 52

The superego

A) represents the norms and morals of caregivers and society.
B) is innate and transmitted to the child genetically.
C) develops to help the child find rational ways of satisfying urges.
D) reflects the unique thought processes of the individual

Question 53

Freud's theory

A) has had little impact on modern thought and is not used today.
B) has influenced our ideas about when and how to toilet train children.
C) was praised for being based primarily on adult's recollections of their childhoods.
D) introduced and emphasized the concept of free will into the study of child development.

Question 54

Children enter the latency stage at 5 or 6 years of age and

A) usually never progress to further stages.
B) generally stay there until adolescence begins.
C) then enter the phallic stage at adulthood.
D) stay there until the anal stage at age eight.

Question 55

Anna is an 8-year-old girl. Her sexual impulses are suppressed, and she spends her time focused on her schoolwork and developing relationships with same-sex friends. Which of Freud's psychosexual stages is Anna in?

A) Phallic
B) Latency
C) Genital
D) Oral

Question 56

Conner is 4 years old. He has developed a strong attachment to his mother and sees his father as a rival for her affections. According to Freud, which of the following stages is Connor in?

A) Phallic
B) Latency
C) Genital
D) Fixation

Question 57

Erikson labeled the stages of his theory based upon

A) chronological age.
B) psychosexual crises.
C) life crises.
D) unhealthy patterns of parenting.

Question 58

Erikson's psychosocial theory deviates from Freud's psychosexual theory in that Erikson

A) emphasized sexual and aggressive instincts.
B) emphasized social relationships and physical maturation.
C) extended Freud's five stages to 10 stages.
D) noted that personality development actually begins before birth.

Question 59

Who was the originator of psychoanalytic theory?

A) Horney
B) Jung
C) Freud
D) Darwin

Question 60

According to psychoanalytic perspectives, children and adults are caught in conflict. Early in development, this conflict takes place between the child and

A) the external world.
B) their internal forces.
C) his/her superego.
D) the fixations the child develops during the psychosexual stages of development.

Question 61

When Tomas teases his younger brother, his parents make Tomas sit in a corner for long periods of time. From what you have learned from the textbook about punishment, what is the likely outcome?

A) It will increase the frequency of Tomas teasing his brother.
B) It will teach Tomas new ways to interact with his brother.
C) Tomas's parents should punish him by spanking, as it is proven to work best.
D) Tomas may learn to tease his brother only when his parents are not around.

Question 62

With negative reinforcement,

A) you eliminate an unwanted behavior by administering something bad.
B) you decrease an unwanted behavior by withholding something desired.
C) you increase a desired behavior by taking away something unpleasant.
D) negative reinforcement is the same as punishment.

Question 63

Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now before touching his neck, his mommy says "gotcha." Pretty soon, as soon as she says "gotcha," Kareem starts to laugh. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

A) Laughing when his neck is touched
B) Saying "gotcha"
C) Laughing when he hears "gotcha"
D) Touching his neck

Question 64

In the classic study by psychologist Harriet Rheingold, extinction of infant vocalizations occurred when the researcher

A) provided encouraging sounds, smiles, and touches.
B) passively observed each infant.
C) used punishment.
D) provided a negative reinforce.

Question 65

Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now before touching his neck, his mommy says "gotcha." Pretty soon, as soon as she says "gotcha," Kareem starts to laugh. This is an example of

A) habituation learning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) sensitization learning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 66

According to Erikson, what is the primary task of the teenage years?

A) Sexual maturation
B) Gaining metacognitive abilities
C) Developing an identity
D) Becoming generative

Question 67

Applying learning theory when trying to help children overcome behavioral disorders or to cope with adjustment problems is often referred to as

A) psychology of adjustment.
B) behavior modification.
C) classical conditioning.
D) sensitization learning.

Question 68

Zack has been wetting the bed. A special pad is placed under him while he is sleeping. If the pad becomes wet, a circuit closes, causing a bell to ring. After several repetitions, Zack learns to wake up before wetting the pad. Over time, Zack stops wetting the bed altogether. This is an example of the application of what theory to the treatment of bed-wetting?

A) Psychodynamic theory
B) Psychosocial theory
C) Cognitive theory
D) Learning theory

Question 69

Which of the following is considered an advantage of Erikson's theory?

A) It reinstated the importance of unconscious forces in human development.
B) He suggested that childhood experiences could easily be overcome as we develop in our lives.
C) He emphasized the importance of human consciousness and choice.
D) He reminded us that humans are selfish and need to be forced to adhere to social norms.

Question 70

What is the second stage of psychosocial development, according to Erikson?

A) Trust vs. mistrust
B) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C) Initiative vs. guilt
D) Industry vs. inferiority

Question 71

Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now before touching his neck, his mommy says "gotcha." Pretty soon, as soon as she says "gotcha," Kareem starts to laugh. In this example, what is the neutral stimulus?

A) Laughing when his neck is touched
B) Saying "gotcha"
C) Laughing when he hears "gotcha"
D) Touching his neck

Question 72

Jeremy is 16 years old. He is in the process of figuring out not only his future career goals but also his political viewpoints and his perspectives on religion. According to Erikson, which is true about Jeremy?

A) He is in the initiative vs. guilt stage.
B) He has feelings of shame and doubt.
C) He is in the identity vs. role diffusion stage.
D) He is attempting to master his feelings of industry.

Question 73

Which person introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviorism?

A) Freud
B) Skinner
C) Watson
D) Piaget

Question 74

According to Erikson, which stage of development occurs between the ages of 3 to 6?

A) Trust vs. mistrust
B) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C) Initiative vs. guilt
D) Industry vs. inferiority

Question 75

Which stage in Erikson's theory involves the development of independence?

A) Trust vs. mistrust
B) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C) Initiative vs. guilt
D) Industry vs. inferiority

Question 76

Chris's mother offers to give him a cookie, but only if he doesn't throw a temper tantrum in the grocery store. What concept of operant conditioning is at work here?

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative punishment
C) Extinction
D) Classical conditioning

Question 77

Nathan enjoys riding his bicycle outside. Each day that Nathan cleans up the toys in his room, he gets to ride his bike for an extra 15 minutes that day. The additional bike-riding time

A) is a negative reinforcer.
B) is a positive reinforcer.
C) is a punishment.
D) is an unconditioned response.

Question 78

Timothy, who is 4 years old, is taking a soccer class. His parents are highly critical of his soccer skills and regularly scold him for not making more goals. Research suggests which of the following?

A) The scolding is a neutral stimulus.
B) The scolding may result in Timothy's withdrawal from wanting to play soccer.
C) The scolding helps Timothy understand how to improve his soccer skills.
D) Timothy will only want to play soccer positions that do not require scoring a goal.

Question 79

Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now before touching his neck, his mommy says "gotcha." Pretty soon, as soon as she says "gotcha" Kareem starts to laugh. In this example, what is the conditioned response?

A) Laughing when his neck is touched
B) Saying "gotcha"
C) Laughing when he hears "gotcha"
D) Touching his neck

Question 80

Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now before touching his neck, his mommy says "gotcha." Pretty soon, as soon as she says "gotcha," Kareem starts to laugh. In this example, what is the unconditioned response?

A) Laughing when his neck is touched
B) Saying "gotcha"
C) Laughing when he hears "gotcha"
D) Touching his neck