Deck 14: A New Birth of Freedom: The Civil War, 1861-1865

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT true of Abraham Lincoln's slavery policy during the first two years of the war?

A) He initially insisted that slavery was irrelevant to the Civil War.
B) He supported the colonization of freed slaves on an island near Haiti.
C) He rescinded an emancipation order by a Union general in Missouri.
D) He proposed gradual, compensated emancipation in the border states.
E) He proposed a constitutional amendment to abolish slavery immediately.

Answer 1

He proposed a constitutional amendment to abolish slavery immediately.

Question 2

The example of German immigrant Marcus Spiegel demonstrated that:

A) freedom motivated the immigration of Irish immigrants, but German immigrants of the mid-nineteenth century came to the United States in pursuit of economic success.
B) the significant Jewish population in the United States was ambivalent about the issues that caused the Civil War.
C) the views of average Americans evolved considerably during the course of the Civil War.
D) Democrats were unwilling to go to war with a Republican president in the White House.
E) while Jews were few in number, their role at the Battle of Gettysburg made military heroes of many of them.

Answer 2

the views of average Americans evolved considerably during the course of the Civil War.

Question 3

Lincoln was hesitant to support abolition early in the war because he:

A) did not believe slaves could be productive American citizens.
B) owned slaves himself.
C) feared losing the support of the slaveholding border states within the Union.
D) did not want to support the policies of the Radical Republicans.
E) promised during his 1860 campaign that he was against abolition.

Answer 3

feared losing the support of the slaveholding border states within the Union.

Question 4

Among the Confederacy's advantages during the Civil War was:

A) that its rail network was more advanced than the Union's.
B) its large size, which made it more difficult for the Union to conquer.
C) that the Lower South had long had significant manufacturing facilities.
D) its military-aged white male population was slightly higher than the Union's.
E) that so many of its men volunteered to fight that it never resorted to a draft.

Question 5

During the first two years of the war, Union forces were generally:

A) more successful in the West than in the East.
B) ill-trained, which changed when General McClellan took over in 1863.
C) successful in all regions in which the war took place.
D) unable to take any territory held by the Confederates.
E) more successful in the East than in the West.

Question 6

Which Union general in Missouri decreed freedom to that state's slaves in 1861, a year before Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation?

A) George McClellan
B) John Frémont
C) Phil Sheridan
D) William Sherman
E) Ulysses S. Grant

Question 7

At Antietam:

A) General Lee was successful and pushed north into Pennsylvania.
B) General McClellan surrendered his troops.
C) the nation suffered more casualties than on any other day in its history.
D) the Union's river fleet proved crucial to the outcome.
E) Lincoln announced the Thirteenth Amendment.

Question 8

When did Great Britain abolish slavery in its empire?

A) 1790s
B) 1810s
C) 1830s
D) 1850s
E) 1870s

Question 9

Who was offered a command in the Union army, but declined because of his devotion to his native state?

A) Alexander Stephens
B) Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson
C) Jefferson Davis
D) Robert E. Lee
E) George Thomas

Question 10

In what year did slavery officially end in the Western Hemisphere?

A) 1863
B) 1865
C) 1874
D) 1880
E) 1888

Question 11

The major Confederate army in the East, commanded by Robert E. Lee, was called the Army of:

A) the Rappahannock.
B) the Blue Ridge.
C) Southern Maryland.
D) the Chesapeake.
E) Northern Virginia.

Question 12

During the Civil War, the term "contraband camps" referred to:

A) camps in which materials such as rifles and gunpowder were kept.
B) camps of southern slaves who had escaped from their masters and entered Union lines.
C) training grounds for the youthful musicians who played to raise the morale of the troops.
D) holding areas for items seized by customs agents for failure to pay tariffs.
E) places near battlefields where the Union army temporarily kept Confederate prisoners.

Question 13

General George McClellan did all of the following EXCEPT:

A) mold the Army of the Potomac into an effective fighting machine.
B) win major victories at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in Tennessee.
C) run for president as a Democrat in 1864.
D) tend to overestimate the size of enemy forces.
E) command Union forces at the pivotal Battle of Antietam.

Question 14

All of the following are examples of technological changes that helped to make the Civil War a modern war EXCEPT for the:

A) rifle.
B) ironclad ship.
C) observation balloon.
D) primitive hand grenade.
E) field telephone.

Question 15

During the early days of the war, the U.S. Congress adopted a resolution proposed by Senator John Crittenden of Kentucky that:

A) drafted men into the Union army, the first such draft in U.S. history.
B) called for the gradual emancipation of slaves throughout the nation.
C) criticized the civil liberties policies of the Lincoln administration.
D) affirmed that the Union had no intention of interfering with slavery.
E) extended the Missouri Compromise line to the eastern border of California.

Question 16

At the first Battle of Bull Run:

A) spectators from the city came with picnic baskets to watch.
B) the Union won a smashing victory.
C) both sides suffered more casualties than they did in any other single day during the war.
D) the Confederates swept northward and briefly captured Washington, D.C.
E) General Grant made a name for himself.

Question 17

The last nation in the Western Hemisphere to abolish slavery was:

A) the United States.
B) Cuba.
C) Brazil.
D) Haiti.
E) Jamaica.

Question 18

Which of the following puts these Civil War battles in the proper chronological order, from first to last? I. Antietam
II) First Bull Run
III) Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor
IV) Gettysburg

A) I, III, II, IV
B) II, III, I, IV
C) II, I, IV, III
D) III, IV, I, II
E) IV, II, III, I

Question 19

Approximately how many Union and Confederate soldiers died during the Civil War?

A) 110,000
B) 245,000
C) 440,000
D) 750,000
E) 988,000

Question 20

Monitor and Merrimac were:

A) ironclad ships.
B) steam locomotives.
C) battle sites in Virginia.
D) nicknames of Generals Grant and Lee.
E) names of rifles.

Question 21

During the Civil War, northern white women:

A) staged "bread riots" in major cities to protest food shortages.
B) began obtaining jobs as government clerks.
C) were recruited to sell war bonds door-to-door.
D) were allowed to accompany their husbands into battle if they did not have children.
E) demonstrated outside the White House in favor of the Emancipation Proclamation.

Question 22

Beginning in 1863, what did Frederick Douglass urge northern blacks to do?

A) enlist in the Union army
B) embark to Liberia
C) head north to Canada
D) demand voting rights as a condition of supporting the war
E) protest the war until Lincoln promised to end slavery

Question 23

During the Civil War, black soldiers:

A) did nothing to dispel racial prejudice with their performance.
B) were mostly northern-born free blacks.
C) performed the same duties as white soldiers from the outset, but at lower pay.
D) helped inspire Republicans to believe that emancipation also demanded equal rights before the law.
E) were allowed into the Union army only in the last year of the war.

Question 24

Economically, the Civil War led to:

A) a decline in prosperity for North and South alike.
B) the emergence of a nation-state committed to national economic development.
C) a tariff reduction to attract foreign goods to make up for the decline in domestic production.
D) the creation of the Third Bank of the United States, despite opposition from old Jacksonian Democrats.
E) the building of a transcontinental railroad, completely through private financing.

Question 25

Lincoln's vision during the Civil War:

A) was to build a nation-state similar to what Otto von Bismarck was building in Germany and to what Guiseppe Mazzini was building in Italy.
B) was that the American nation embodied a set of universal ideals rooted in political democracy and human freedom.
C) was essentially that of the Democratic Party: an activist federal government building up American industry.
D) allowed for African-Americans to achieve freedom because they already lived in the United States, but did not extend to immigrants.
E) was best expressed in his words, "As He died to make men holy, let us die to make men free."

Question 26

Clement Vallandigham was:

A) hanged for treason on orders of President Lincoln.
B) the Confederate general who won the Battle of Chancellorsville against great odds.
C) the Union general who turned back a Confederate invasion at Gettysburg.
D) Lincoln's first vice president.
E) a northern politician banished to the Confederacy.

Question 27

Copperheads were:

A) what Republicans called northern opponents of the war.
B) supporters of minting more copper coins to inflate the currency.
C) advocates of creating the Third Bank of the United States.
D) southern whites who opposed the Confederacy.
E) the strongest supporters of emancipation.

Question 28

The 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment is best known as:

A) a regiment of free blacks who charged Fort Wagner, South Carolina.
B) the "Irish Brigade," because its members were born in Ireland.
C) the regiment that forced Richmond's surrender.
D) a regiment that was fully integrated, with noncommissioned black and white soldiers fighting side-by-side.
E) the first regiment to see battle in the war.

Question 29

Who lobbied for the United States to endorse the First Geneva Convention of 1864?

A) Clara Barton
B) Elizabeth Van Lew
C) Zebulon Vance
D) Bret Harte
E) Harriet Beecher Stowe

Question 30

Lincoln's issuance of an emancipation proclamation:

A) was delayed on the advice of General George McClellan.
B) won universal support throughout the North.
C) led to a strong Republican showing in the congressional and state elections of 1862.
D) followed the narrow Union victory in the Battle of Antietam.
E) led Great Britain to recognize the independence of the Confederate States of America.

Question 31

The U.S. Sanitary Commission:

A) was the first major organization to be run entirely by women.
B) raised money for the families of soldiers on both sides.
C) coordinated war donations on the northern home front.
D) was the nation's first garbage collection agency.
E) introduced the idea of germ theory to Civil War hospitals.

Question 32

With regard to civil liberties during the Civil War, President Lincoln:

A) always let courts and judges have the final say.
B) suspended the writ of habeas corpus.
C) ordered most Democratic newspapers shut down.
D) urged the impeachment of federal judges who opposed him.
E) strictly followed the Ex parte Milligan decision rendered in 1866.

Question 33

Which of the following is true of the Confederacy and Native Americans?

A) Indians were united in their opposition to the Confederacy because of its white supremacist policies.
B) The Davis administration ordered the Navajo to leave their ancestral territory.
C) Slaveowning Indians generally supported the Confederacy.
D) Treating Indian tribes as fully independent nations, the Confederacy sent ambassadors to the Five Civilized Tribes.
E) Confederate troops massacred Indians on several occasions, most notably at Sand Creek, Texas.

Question 34

The Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863:

A) was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court later that year.
B) did not apply to the border slave states that had not seceded.
C) freed slaves throughout the United States.
D) was very popular with voters associated with the Democratic Party.
E) was cited by Tennessee as the reason it rejoined the Union in 1864.

Question 35

Lincoln spoke of "a new birth of freedom" for the nation in his:

A) first inaugural address.
B) second inaugural address.
C) preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.
D) Sanitary Commission speech.
E) Gettysburg Address.

Question 36

In the Ex parte Milligan case, the U.S. Supreme Court stated that:

A) Milligan should be hanged for writing pro-Confederate editorials during the Civil War.
B) secession was unconstitutional.
C) accused persons must be tried before civil courts where there were open rather than military tribunals.
D) a president could order the jailing of civilians for any reason whatsoever during wartime.
E) Congress, not the president, has the power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus.

Question 37

Captains of industry like steel magnate Andrew Carnegie and oil man John D. Rockefeller:

A) began creating or consolidating their fortunes during the Civil War.
B) benefited after the war from the respect their military service earned for them.
C) became important advisers to President Lincoln.
D) voluntarily provided important resources to the war effort.
E) made millions bilking southerners who were buying war bonds.

Question 38

Colonel John Chivington is remembered for:

A) becoming a martyr when tortured and killed by Sioux warriors.
B) leading the cavalry charge that turned back a Confederate assault at Shiloh.
C) his refusal to surrender his Confederate troops until weeks after Lee's final surrender.
D) organizing a band of pro-Union Creek Indians who fought bravely at Vicksburg.
E) leading an attack that killed perhaps 400 Indian men, women, and children.

Question 39

During the Civil War, northern Protestant ministers:

A) usually preached sermons that emphasized the needlessness of the war.
B) organized a major pacifist campaign to end the war by Christmas 1862.
C) helped create a civic religion combining Christianity and patriotism.
D) were generally opposed to the goals of the Lincoln administration.
E) raised hundreds of thousands of dollars to assist Confederates in order to show they loved their enemies.

Question 40

"Greenback" was a Civil War-era nickname for:

A) sailors.
B) draft dodgers.
C) members of the Irish Brigade.
D) paper money.
E) any Confederate soldier.

Question 41

General Sherman marched from Atlanta to the sea in order to:

A) link up with Grant's army.
B) engage Lee in battle.
C) demoralize the South's civilian population.
D) secure Richmond for the Union.
E) free Union prisoners at Andersonville.

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT true of the New York City riots of 1863?

A) They were mostly the doing of Irish immigrants.
B) The introduction of the draft sparked them.
C) Union troops ultimately ended them.
D) Rioters targeted the wealthy and African-Americans.
E) They convinced Lincoln to delay issuing the Emancipation Proclamation.

Question 43

How was Ulysses Grant received in Europe during his tour in the 1870s?

A) He was regarded as a mediocre military leader.
B) He was praised as a "Hero of Freedom."
C) He was heralded as greater than Lincoln.
D) He was criticized widely for his "war of attrition."
E) He was booed by workers as a capitalist tool.

Question 44

In his last speech, Lincoln said what regarding postwar policy?

A) Democracy demanded that African-Americans should play leading roles in southern politics.
B) Southern whites would never concede defeat, so Reconstruction must be mild.
C) He would defer to Radical Republicans in Congress.
D) There should be at least limited black suffrage.
E) Large southern planters should be made to pay dearly for having caused the war.

Question 45

A major part of the Anaconda Plan was:

A) a naval blockade of the South.
B) the storming of Richmond early in the war.
C) Lee's decision to move his forces north in 1862.
D) to assassinate Lincoln.
E) Sherman's march to the sea.

Question 46

The "Sea Island Experiment" refers to:

A) northern reformers' efforts to assist former slaves with the transition to freedom.
B) the Confederacy's trial use of slaves as soldiers along the South Carolina coast.
C) a U.S. government plan to introduce advanced technology to southern farming in order to decrease the need for slaves.
D) the unsuccessful effort of General Ulysses Grant to allow former slaves to run their own farms in Mississippi.
E) the code name for the Confederate navy's submarine-building program.

Question 47

Which September 1864 event helped Lincoln win reelection as president that November?

A) Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House
B) the Confederate surrender of Savannah
C) Grant's victory at Vicksburg
D) McClellan's rout of the Confederates at Seven Pines
E) Sherman's capture of Atlanta

Question 48

The Wade-Davis Bill in 1864:

A) received strong support from congressional Democrats but not from Republicans.
B) called for at least two-thirds of a southern state's voters to take a loyalty oath.
C) showed Radical Republicans' frustration with Lincoln's Reconstruction plan.
D) was the model for Lincoln's later Ten-Percent Plan.
E) failed to receive sufficient votes in the Senate and therefore died.

Question 49

Which of the following did NOT cause divisions within the Confederacy?

A) the draft, which allowed southerners to be exempt if they owned a certain number of slaves
B) food shortages, especially as the Union tightened its blockade
C) the heavy taxes on planters, who resented paying the majority of the war's costs
D) the decision of the Confederate Congress to issue paper money
E) the impressment, or seizure, of farm produce to feed soldiers

Question 50

Lincoln's second inaugural address:

A) blamed the South for the war.
B) described the Civil War as divine punishment.
C) blamed the North for the war.
D) proved to be his final speech.
E) called for black suffrage.

Question 51

Which of the following is true of Jefferson Davis and his governing?

A) Although Davis had a poor prewar reputation as an orator, his speechmaking rose to new heights as the Confederacy's president.
B) His administration actually suffered from the Confederacy's lack of political parties.
C) He had Lincoln's common touch, but the lack of newspapers in the South reduced his ability to communicate it.
D) He strongly opposed centralizing authority in the Confederacy's Richmond government.
E) On more than one occasion, Davis, a West Point alumnus, led Confederate troops into battle.

Question 52

Rehearsals for reconstrvuction during the Civil War demonstrated that:

A) African-Americans were so used to slavery, they would work only when forced to do so.
B) the main aspiration of former slaves was the ownership of their own land.
C) African-Americans were willing to sign contracts forcing them to labor if they were treated more fairly than they had been under slavery.
D) former slaves would not work for wages, only for land.
E) African-Americans had no interest in their political future, only in their economic well-being.

Question 53

"King Cotton diplomacy" led Great Britain to:

A) find new supplies of cotton outside the South.
B) recognize the independence of the Confederate States of America.
C) repudiate the Emancipation Proclamation.
D) use its warships to break the Union blockade.
E) stage multiple raids from Canada into the Upper Northwest.

Question 54

In July 1863, the Union won two key victories that are often identified as turning points in the war. These victories occurred at:

A) Wilmington, North Carolina, and New Orleans, Louisiana.
B) Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and Vicksburg, Mississippi.
C) Lexington, Kentucky, and Charleston, South Carolina.
D) Antietam Creek, Maryland, and Appomattox Court House, Virginia.
E) Fort Donelson, Tennessee, and Cold Harbor, Virginia.

Question 55

The Thirteenth Amendment:

A) abolished slavery throughout the United States.
B) was strongly supported by Democrats in 1864.
C) set up a gradual plan of emancipation.
D) defined U.S. citizenship to include African-Americans.
E) specifically gave black men the right to vote.

Question 56

The Union's manpower advantage over the Confederacy:

A) was short-lived once the Confederacy began using slaves as soldiers.
B) proved essential for the success of Grant's attrition strategy.
C) was rather slight.
D) although substantial, did not matter in determining the war's outcome.
E) existed only because the Union had lower draft requirements than the Confederacy.

Question 57

In the May and June 1864 battles in Virginia (between the armies of Grant and Lee):

A) the Union army was forced to retreat down the peninsula in defeat.
B) Lee's brutality earned him the nickname "the Butcher."
C) the Confederates launched the heroic but unsuccessful Pickett's Charge.
D) the Union army, despite high casualties, pressed forward in its campaign.
E) Grant's men decisively defeated Lee's army, which forced the evacuation of Richmond.

Question 58

Rose Greenhow:

A) was president of the American National Red Cross.
B) worked as a nurse in the Union army.
C) was a Confederate spy in Washington, D.C.
D) was a Union soldier who hid her gender from the troops.
E) was a slave under the Emancipation Proclamation.

Question 59

Which of the following was NOT an effect of the Civil War?

A) It shifted national power from southern slaveholders to northern capitalists.
B) It dramatically increased the power of the federal government.
C) It placed the challenge of protecting and defending African-American freedom on the national agenda.
D) It greatly expanded the powers of the presidency and reduced the influence of Congress.
E) It hastened the destruction of Lincoln's America-of the small farmer and independent producer-in favor of the industrial giant.

Question 60

Which statement about the Confederacy is FALSE?

A) Its citizens were not wholly united behind the cause of its independence.
B) The Confederate nation became far more centralized than the Old South had been.
C) Social change and internal turmoil engulfed much of the Confederacy.
D) Its economy was in crisis, and many families fell into poverty and debt.
E) From the beginning of the war it recruited and deployed thousands of black soldiers.

Question 61

Fewer than 50,000 blacks served in the Union army during the war.

Question 62

Overall, the number of soldiers who died in the Civil War was approximately equivalent to the number of American soldiers who died during World War II.

Question 63

Due to Lincoln's announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation, Republicans suffered reverses in the 1862 mid-term elections.

Question 64

In the early days of the war, northern military commanders returned fugitive slaves to their owners.

Question 65

Women took to factory jobs and nursing during the war.

Question 66

The New York City draft riots, begun as an attempt to resist the draft, turned into an assault on the city's black population.

Question 67

Lincoln raised the money to pay for the war mostly through an income tax.

Question 68

Both the Confederacy and the Union violated their citizens' civil liberties during the war.

Question 69

Abraham Lincoln realized that his armies had to capture the Confederate capital, Richmond, in order to win the war.

Question 70

Black Union soldiers captured by the Confederates faced sale into slavery or immediate execution.

Question 71

Lincoln's primary purpose in raising troops in 1861 to put down the southern rebellion was to restore the Union.

Question 72

Medical knowledge had made great strides in the first half of the nineteenth century; thus few soldiers died from wounds, infections, or diseases during the Civil War.

Question 73

The provision of the draft law allowing individuals to provide a substitute or buy their way out of the army caused widespread indignation.

Question 74

In a letter to his brother, South Carolina plantation owner Thomas Drayton feared whites in the South were going to be enslaved.

Question 75

It was clear to most people from the beginning of the war that the war meant the end of slavery.

Question 76

The Emancipation Proclamation represented a turning point in Lincoln's own thinking.

Question 77

King Cotton diplomacy was intended to promote economic self-sufficiency in the South and force Spain to intervene on the side of the Confederacy.

Question 78

On both sides, the outbreak of war stirred powerful feelings of patriotism.

Question 79

Frederick Douglass viewed the abolition of slavery as:

A) not the end of the nation's work, but the beginning of a new phase of it.
B) the crowning achievement of his life.
C) proof that the nation really did not suffer from racial prejudice.
D) confirmation that Lincoln deserved to be remembered as a Christ-like martyr.
E) an important step that must be followed by the colonization of freed slaves outside the United States.

Question 80

The Union naval blockade was very effective early in the war.