Deck 5: Civil Rights

Question 1

In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) the Supreme Court reversed the separate-but-equal doctrine established in

A) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963).
B) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).
C) Brown II (1955).
D) United States v. Virginia (1996).
E) Craig v. Boren (1976).

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In segregated communities whites imposed an elaborate code of social deference on African Americans, largely through .

A) threats of extra-legal violence
B) vote suppression laws
C) poll taxes
D) the grandfather clause
E) the all-white primary

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Segregation that is the result of the deliberate intent of government is known as segregation.

A) de facto
B) ex post facto
C) de novo
D) de jure
E) pro bono

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Few laws evaluated under the are found invalid, because few laws are truly unreasonable.

A) rational basis test
B) "intermediate scrutiny" standard
C) "exacting scrutiny standard
D) "strict scrutiny" standard
E) "middle level scrutiny" standard

Question 5

A law based on a suspect classification is subject to scrutiny by the courts.

A) ordinary
B) intermediate
C) exacting
D) strict
E) minimal

Question 6

The equal protection clause of the reads: "No State shall … deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."

A) First Amendment
B) Fifth Amendment
C) Thirteenth Amendment
D) Fourteenth Amendment
E) Nineteenth Amendment

Question 7

The Supreme Court

A) overturned the separate-but-equal doctrine in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954).
B) overturned the separate-but-equal doctrine in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).
C) upheld the separate-but-equal doctrine in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954).
D) extended the separate-but-equal doctrine to justify classifications based on gender in Craig v. Boren (1976).
E) upheld the separate-but-equal doctrine in Brown II (1955).

Question 8

A law based on race is subject to strict scrutiny by the courts, because race is considered a(n) classification.

A) problematic
B) ambiguous
C) acceptable
D) questionable
E) suspect

Question 9

Discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, gender, and national origin in public places of accommodation and in employment was outlawed by the

A) Fourteenth Amendment.
B) Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954).
C) Civil Rights Act of 1964.
D) Voting Rights Act of 1965.
E) Civil Rights Act of 1968.

Question 10

Generally, the term civil rights refers to the rights of all Americans to equal treatment under the law, as provided by the to the Constitution.

A) First Amendment
B) Fourth Amendment
C) Eighth Amendment
D) Fourteenth Amendment
E) Nineteenth Amendment

Question 11

The Fifteenth Amendment

A) granted freedom to the slaves.
B) provided a constitutional basis for slavery.
C) stated that voting rights could not be abridged on account of race.
D) stated that voting rights could not be abridged on account of sex (meaning gender).
E) stated that the rights granted to individuals in the Bill of Rights is not a comprehensive list, and others are retained by the people.

Question 12

In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court established the doctrine to justify segregation.

A) imminent lawless action
B) bad tendency
C) separate-but-equal
D) implied powers
E) judicial review

Question 13

In Brown II (1955), the Supreme Court ordered desegregation to begin

A) "immediately."
B) "with caution and care."
C) "with all deliberate speed."
D) "without undue delay."
E) "with unchecked speed."

Question 14

One of the tactics used by the civil rights protestors in the 1960s was , the deliberate and public refusal to obey laws considered unjust.

A) "Jim Crow"
B) suffrage
C) affirmative action
D) civil disobedience
E) internment

Question 15

Under the standard, a law or action that discriminates against a particular group or class of individuals must be necessary to promote a compelling state interest and must be narrowly tailored to meet that interest in order to find that the equal protection clause has not been violated.

A) "intermediate scrutiny"
B) "ordinary scrutiny"
C) "strict scrutiny"
D) "rational basis"
E) "exacting scrutiny"

Question 16

Our First Amendment rights are considered rights.

A) contingent
B) suspect
C) conditional
D) fundamental
E) tentative

Question 17

The intermediate scrutiny standard is used to determine if are permissible.

A) laws based on gender classifications
B) laws based on racial classifications
C) certain municipal ordinances
D) laws based on religious classifications
E) laws based on rational classifications

Question 18

If a law or action prevents some group of persons from exercising a fundamental right, the law or action will be subject to the standard for determining whether the equal protection clause has been violated.

A) "intermediate scrutiny"
B) "ordinary scrutiny"
C) "strict scrutiny"
D) "rational basis"
E) "exacting scrutiny"

Question 19

The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

A) granted freedom to the slaves.
B) required an end to segregation.
C) established the separate-but-equal doctrine.
D) outlawed "Jim Crow" laws.
E) granted former slaves the right to vote.

Question 20

Racial segregation that occurs not as a result of deliberate intentions but because of social and economic conditions and residential patterns is called segregation.

A) de facto
B) de jure
C) de minimis
D) ex post facto
E) de novo

Question 21

The poverty rate for blacks is roughly that for whites.

A) equal to
B) two times
C) three times
D) five times
E) six times

Question 22

All of the following groups are more likely than whites to have incomes below the poverty line EXCEPT

A) Asian Americans.
B) African Americans.
C) Native Americans.
D) Mexican Americans.
E) Puerto Rican Americans.

Question 23

The Supreme Court has made it clear that sexual harassment

A) includes harassment by members of the same sex.
B) cases can no longer be heard in the courts.
C) will not be interpreted to include the harassment of employees by their supervisors.
D) will no longer include hostile environment harassment.
E) victims cannot seek back pay and job reinstatement.

Question 24

constitute the largest ethnic minority in the United States.

A) Latinos
B) Native Americans
C) Asian Americans
D) African Americans
E) Arab Americans

Question 25

The prohibited discrimination in housing.

A) Fifteenth Amendment
B) Black Power Movement
C) Voting Rights Act of 1965
D) Civil Rights Act of 1964
E) Civil Rights Act of 1968

Question 26

In June 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act was unconstitutional. This section had required

A) that governments identified in Section 4, which had a history of voting discrimination in the 1960s, needed federal government permission to change voting procedures.
B) that governments with a history of 1960s voting discrimination use a uniform and standard set of federally approved voting procedures.
C) that governments in the South, which had a 1960s history of discrimination, provide affirmative action policies to integrate more African Americans into elected offices.
D) that all governments in the United States implement special voting and registration procedures designed to increase African American voter turnout.
E) that governments identified in Section 4, which had a history of discrimination in the 1960s, reserve a specific number of elected offices for African Americans.

Question 27

Female managers earn, on average, only of what male managers earn.

A) 40 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 70 percent
D) 65 percent
E) 85 percent

Question 28

In response to legal challenges against race-based affirmative action programs in college admissions, some colleges and universities have adopted policies based on instead.

A) socioeconomic class
B) age
C) personal statements and grade point average
D) athletic performance and artistic achievement
E) demographics and geography

Question 29

The made it illegal to interfere with anyone's right to vote in any election held in this country.

A) Help America Vote Act of 2002
B) Fifteenth Amendment
C) Civil Rights Act of 1968
D) Voting Rights Act of 1965
E) Nineteenth Amendment

Question 30

The provided that federal funds could be withheld from any federal or state government project or facility that practiced any form of discrimination.

A) Thirteenth Amendment
B) Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)
C) Civil Rights Act of 1964
D) Supreme Court's decision in Brown II (1955)
E) Fifteenth Amendment

Question 31

The to the Constitution, ratified in 1920, gave women the right to vote.

A) Eighteenth Amendment
B) Fourteenth Amendment
C) Fifteenth Amendment
D) Nineteenth Amendment
E) Twenty-First Amendment

Question 32

The first "woman's rights" convention, organized in 1848, adopted a , which stated, "We hold these truths to be self evident: that all men and women are created equal."

A) Declaration of Independence
B) Statement of Principles
C) Declaration of Sentiments
D) Constitution
E) Call for Action

Question 33

appointed the first woman to a cabinet post.

A) Franklin D. Roosevelt
B) John F. Kennedy
C) Bill Clinton
D) George W. Bush
E) Barack Obama

Question 34

The greatly expanded the remedies available for victims of sexual harassment, including back pay, job reinstatement, and other compensation.

A) Civil Rights Act of 1964
B) Civil Rights Act of 1968
C) Equal Pay Act of 1963
D) Civil Rights Act of 1991
E) Nineteenth Amendment

Question 35

Feminism is best defined as

A) a policy under which a specific number of jobs or promotions are given to members of selected groups.
B) unwanted physical contact of a sexual nature that interferes with a recipient's job performance.
C) the right to vote; the franchise.
D) an ideology that supports the "glass ceiling" in the workplace.
E) the doctrine advocating full political, economic, and social equality for women.

Question 36

Women now constitute nearly of state legislators.

A) one-fourth
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) two-thirds
E) three-fourths

Question 37

Nancy Pelosi was the first woman to

A) be elected to the U.S. Senate.
B) serve as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations.
C) run for vice president of the United States.
D) serve as a governor.
E) be elected Speaker of the House of Representatives.

Question 38

The , an invisible but real discriminatory barrier, prevents women and minorities from rising to top positions of power or responsibility.

A) glass ceiling
B) war on women
C) feminist mystique
D) glass elevator
E) executive escalator

Question 39

was the first woman to sit on the Supreme Court.

A) Ruth Bader Ginsburg
B) Condoleezza Rice
C) Sandra Day O'Connor
D) Sonia Sotomayor
E) Elena Kagan

Question 40

Of the more than ten thousand members who have served in the U.S. House of Representatives, only have been women.

A) 1 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 15 percent
D) 25 percent
E) 30 percent

Question 41

In Lawrence v. Texas (2003), the Supreme Court ruled that

A) state laws banning same-sex marriage violate the equal protection clause of the U.S. Constitution.
B) all states must recognize civil unions and grant most of the benefits of marriage to registered same-sex couples.
C) the "don't ask, don't tell" policy was unconstitutional.
D) states may not pass domestic partnership laws that grant most of the benefits of marriage to registered same- sex couples.
E) sodomy laws violate the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause.

Question 42

Mexican Americans constitute about of the Latino population living in the United States.

A) 4 percent
B) 7 percent
C) 9 percent
D) 15 percent
E) 65 percent

Question 43

By 2050, Latinos are expected to constitute about of the U.S. population.

A) 10 percent
B) 17 percent
C) 23 percent
D) 30 percent
E) 52 percent

Question 44

Today, more than of the state legislators in Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, New Mexico, and Texas are of Hispanic ancestry.

A) 5 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 16 percent
D) 23 percent
E) 34 percent

Question 45

The requires that all public buildings and public services be accessible to persons with disabilities.

A) Rehabilitation Act of 1973
B) Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
C) Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
D) Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
E) Civil Rights Act of 1964

Question 46

Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007) concerned the policies of two school districts that were trying to achieve a more diversified student body by giving preference to minority students if space in the schools was limited and a choice among applicants had to be made. The Supreme Court

A) ruled that the policies did not violate the equal protection clause.
B) ruled that the policies violated the due process clause.
C) ruled that the policies violated the equal protection clause.
D) overruled its 2003 decision in Grutter v. Bollinger, and held that race cannot be used as a factor when determining admissions or enrollments in any public school or university.
E) ruled that the policies did not violate the due process clause.

Question 47

In 2012, legalized same sex marriage.

A) Connecticut, Iowa, and New Hampshire
B) Maine, Maryland, and Washington
C) Massachusetts, Vermont, and Connecticut
D) California and Nevada
E) Washington, D.C.

Question 48

Nearly of Asian Americans over the age of twenty-five have college degrees.

A) 7 percent
B) 13 percent
C) 24 percent
D) 31 percent
E) 40 percent

Question 49

Actions taken under an executive order issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942 evacuated most of the West Coast population to internment camps or "relocation centers."

A) Native American
B) Japanese American
C) Russian American
D) German American
E) Chinese American

Question 50

The 1969 Stonewall Inn uprising launched the

A) women's movement.
B) gay power movement.
C) civil rights movement.
D) movement to empower persons with disabilities.
E) affirmative action movement.

Question 51

In the 1880s U.S. government policy toward Native Americans

A) focused on assimilation of Native American into American society.
B) extended them citizenship rights as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.
C) designated Native American tribes "foreign nations" for purposes of signing treaties.
D) was based on "the utmost good faith" on the principle that Native American "lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent."
E) required tribes to invest in businesses on tribal lands, such as casinos, to combat poverty.

Question 52

Most Hispanics living in the United States, by place of origin, are from .

A) Mexico
B) Cuba
C) Puerto Rico
D) Central America
E) South America

Question 53

In Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), the Supreme Court held that the University of Michigan Law School's admissions policy was constitutional because

A) it gave a "diversity bonus" of only five points to "underrepresented minorities."
B) it did not ask applicants to reveal their race or ethnicity and thus did not take these factors into account.
C) it did not apply a mechanical formula giving "diversity bonuses" based on race or ethnicity.
D) it automatically awarded five points to female applicants in an effort to remedy past discriminatory practices.
E) the law school required a first-year class to have an equal number of men and women.

Question 54

In 1789, Congress designated the Native American tribes as so that the government could sign land and boundary treaties with them.

A) a confederation
B) sovereign states
C) enemies
D) foreign nations
E) American citizens

Question 55

In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), the U.S. Supreme Court

A) invalidated all affirmative action programs nationwide, deeming them "reverse discrimination."
B) ruled that race cannot be used as a factor in university admissions decisions.
C) ruled that race cannot be the sole factor used in university admissions decisions.
D) ruled that federal, state, and local affirmative action programs must be subject to strict scrutiny.
E) stated that discriminatory laws must be narrowly tailored to meet a compelling government interest.

Question 56

Native Americans had no civil rights under U.S. laws until

A) 1787, when the Northwest Ordinance was passed.
B) 1824, when Congress established the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
C) the late 1880s, when U.S. policy focused on the assimilation of Native Americans into American society.
D) 1924, when the citizenship rights spelled out in the Fourteenth Amendment were extended to American Indians.
E) 1973, when supporters of the American Indian Movement took over Wounded Knee, South Dakota, to protest the government's policy toward Native Americans.

Question 57

In Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña (1995), the Supreme Court held that any federal, state, or local affirmative action program that uses racial classifications as the basis for making decisions is subject to by the courts.

A) strict scrutiny
B) ordinary scrutiny
C) intermediate scrutiny
D) exacting scrutiny
E) middle-level scrutiny

Question 58

In Gratz v. Bollinger (2003), the Supreme Court held that the undergraduate admissions policy at the University of Michigan violated the equal protection clause because it

A) automatically awarded every "underrepresented" minority applicant one­fifth of the points needed to guarantee admission.
B) failed to take into account an applicant's race or ethnicity.
C) automatically awarded every Michigan resident one-fourth of the points needed to guarantee admission.
D) failed to take into account an applicant's gender.
E) discriminated against "underrepresented" minority applicants.

Question 59

Affirmative action programs

A) have been banned in every state.
B) give preferential treatment to individuals or groups on the basis of race, sex, or national origin in the operation of public employment as required by the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
C) have been banned in some states.
D) were first developed under President George W. Bush.
E) were first developed under President Barack Obama.

Question 60

is best defined as a policy that gives special consideration, in jobs and college admissions, to members of groups that have been discriminated against in the past.

A) A quota system
B) Reverse discrimination
C) Feminism
D) Affirmative action
E) "Race­blind"