Deck 1: A Brief History of Microbiology

Question 1

The microbial formation of alcohol from sugar is known as

A) abiogenesis.
B) fermentation.
C) metabolism.
D) pasteurization.
E) antisepsis.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following individuals pioneered the reform of military hospitals in the 19th century?

A) Lister
B) Nightingale
C) Semmelweis
D) Snow
E) Spallanzani

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Pasteur developed a successful vaccine against which of the following diseases?

A) anthrax
B) rabies
C) smallpox
D) Both A and B are correct.
E) Both B and C are correct.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

All of the following types of research were begun during the Golden Age of microbiology EXCEPT:

A) epidemiology.
B) recombinant DNA technology.
C) etiology.
D) biotechnology.
E) chemotherapy.

Question 5

According to Kluyver and van Niel, which of the following are true of basic biochemical reactions?

A) They primarily involve the transfer of electrons and ions.
B) There are an unlimited number of them.
C) They are shared by all living things.
D) Both A and C are correct.
E) A, B, and C are correct.

Question 6

Some vaccines are

A) substances used to protect against infections during surgery.
B) methods of replacing defective genes.
C) substances used to treat a metabolic disease such as phenylketonuria.
D) weakened strains of a pathogen used to protect against disease.
E) substances used to kill microorganisms differentially.

Question 7

Semmelweis advocated handwashing as a method of preventing which of the following diseases?

A) anthrax
B) smallpox
C) syphilis
D) cholera
E) puerperal fever

Question 8

All of the following are true of fungi EXCEPT:

A) fungi have a cell wall.
B) molds form hyphae.
C) fungi are photosynthetic.
D) fungi are eukaryotes.
E) yeast are unicellular.

Question 9

All of the following are associated with algae EXCEPT:

A) they provide most of the oxygen on Earth.
B) they are important in the degradation of dead plants and animals.
C) they are a source of food for aquatic and marine animals.
D) they are photosynthetic organisms.
E) the group includes seaweeds and kelps.

Question 10

Which of the following individuals pioneered the use of chemicals to reduce the incidence of infections during surgery?

A) Lister
B) Semmelweis
C) Snow
D) Nightingale
E) Ehrlich

Question 11

All of the following are characteristics of viruses EXCEPT:

A) they are not visible with a light microscope.
B) they are obligatory parasites.
C) they are composed only of genetic material.
D) they are smaller than prokaryotic cells.
E) they are acellular.

Question 12

Which of the following pairs of scientists performed the same experiment concerning spontaneous generation but with opposite results?

A) Pasteur and Koch
B) Pasteur and Needham
C) Pasteur and Redi
D) Needham and Spallanzani
E) Fracastoro and Spallanzani

Question 13

Paul Ehrlich used chemotherapy to treat

A) syphilis.
B) cancer.
C) anthrax.
D) cholera.
E) smallpox.

Question 14

All of the following are questions that were asked by researchers in the Modern Age of microbiology EXCEPT:

A) How do genes work?
B) What roles do microorganisms play in the environment?
C) How do we defend against disease?
D) What are the basic biochemical reactions of life?
E) What causes disease?

Question 15

All of the following are characteristics of fungi EXCEPT:

A) they can be multicellular or unicellular.
B) they do not possess cell walls.
C) they can reproduce asexually or sexually.
D) they are made of eukaryotic cells.
E) they are nonphotosynthetic organisms.

Question 16

Which of the following scientists first hypothesized that gene sequences could provide new insights into evolutionary relationships between organisms such as microbes?

A) Avery
B) Ehrlich
C) Pauling
D) Woese
E) Kluyver

Question 17

Which of the following types of microorganisms is noted for its variety of motility structures?

A) prokaryotes
B) algae
C) viruses
D) fungi
E) protozoa

Question 18

The study of the body's defenses against pathogens is called

A) molecular biology.
B) chemotherapy.
C) etiology.
D) immunology.
E) epidemiology.

Question 19

Which of the following statements concerning Koch's postulates is false?

A) All of Koch's postulates must be satisfied before an organism can be proven to cause a particular disease.
B) Koch's postulates involve the experimental infection of susceptible hosts.
C) Koch's postulates cannot be used to demonstrate the cause of all diseases.
D) A suspected pathogen must be found in the majority of individuals with a particular disease.
E) A suspected pathogen must be able to be grown in the laboratory.

Question 20

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first person in history to

A) disprove spontaneous generation.
B) use a magnifying glass.
C) develop a taxonomic system.
D) prove the germ theory.
E) view protozoa and bacteria.

Question 21

Immunology began with Edward Jenner's experiments on immunization against syphilis.

Question 22

John Snow's research during a cholera outbreak in London laid the foundation for which of the following branches of microbiology?

A) epidemiology
B) infection control
C) immunology
D) Both A and B are correct.
E) A, B, and C are correct.

Question 23

Pasteur made all of the following observations concerning the fermentation of grape juice EXCEPT:

A) yeast can grow with or without oxygen.
B) yeast cells can grow and reproduce in grape juice.
C) yeast can grow in sealed or open flasks of grape juice.
D) pasteurization kills yeast to prevent spoilage of grape juice.
E) bacteria produce acid in grape juice.

Question 24

Put the following events in the history of microbiology in order, from the earliest to the latest:
I) Leeuwenhoek observes microbes using a microscope.
II) Pasteur disproves spontaneous generation.
III) Woese discovers the archaea.
IV) Fracastoro proposes that "germs" cause disease.
V) Ehrlich discovers the first "magic bullet."

A) V, IV, I, III, II
B) III, IV, I, II, V
C) III, V, II, IV, I
D) IV, I, II, V, III
E) IV, I, V, II, III

Question 25

Which of the following scientists demonstrated the existence of infection- fighting chemicals and cells in the blood?

A) Fleming
B) Ehrlich
C) Domagk
D) Pasteur
E) Kitasato

Question 26

Walter Reed proved that a virus causes yellow fever in humans.

Question 27

Carl Woese demonstrated that there are two major groups of cells: prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Question 28

All of the following are characteristics of protozoa EXCEPT:

A) they are the microbes most similar to plants.
B) they usually possess cilia or flagella.
C) most exhibit asexual reproduction.
D) they are eukaryotic organisms.
E) they are single- celled organisms.

Question 29

The botanist Carolus Linnaeus was responsible for which of the following scientific advances?

A) discovery of algae
B) discovery of enzymes
C) invention of the electron microscope
D) development of the scientific method
E) development of a system for naming and classifying organisms

Question 30

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing?

A) viruses: acellular parasites
B) prokaryotes: no nuclei
C) protozoa: unicellular
D) algae: aquatic and marine habitats
E) fungi: photosynthetic

Question 31

All of the following are aspects of Pasteur's experiments to disprove spontaneous generation EXCEPT:

A) he boiled the infusions to kill any microbes present.
B) the flasks he used were sealed with corks.
C) the flasks were free of microbes until they were opened.
D) the necks of the flasks he used were bent into an S shape.
E) the flasks were incubated for very long periods of time.

Question 32

All of the following were involved in the development of the germ theory of disease EXCEPT:

A) Snow.
B) Koch.
C) Fracastoro.
D) Pasteur.
E) Pauling.

Question 33

Robert Koch was involved in research on all of the following topics EXCEPT:

A) the cause of tuberculosis.
B) the cause of fermentation.
C) development of a method to prove the cause of an infectious disease.
D) techniques for isolation of microbes in the laboratory.
E) the cause of anthrax.

Question 34

The production of human blood- clotting factor by E. coli is an example of bioremediation.

Question 35

Proteins that promote chemical reactions in the cell are called

A) spores.
B) flagella.
C) enzymes.
D) protozoa.
E) genes.

Question 36

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an example of which of the following types of microbes?

A) fungi
B) algae
C) protozoa
D) viruses
E) prokaryotes

Question 37

The first disease proven to be bacterial in origin was

A) anthrax.
B) tuberculosis.
C) yellow fever.
D) malaria.
E) cholera.

Question 38

The production of human blood- clotting factor in E. coli is an application of which of the following scientific advances?

A) serology
B) gene therapy
C) chemotherapy
D) genome sequencing
E) genetic engineering

Question 39

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing?

A) Jenner: cowpox
B) Pasteur: anthrax vaccine
C) Lister: carbolic acid
D) Leeuwenhoek: "animalcules"
E) Nightingale: puerperal fever

Question 40

Christian Gram devised a staining technique that divides all bacteria into two groups.

Question 41

Joseph Lister reduced the incidence of wound infections in health care settings by the use of chlorinated lime water.

Question 42

Robert Koch discovered the cause of , a disease of animals that can be spread to humans.

Question 43

In his experiments on fermentation, Louis Pasteur showed that bacteria cause wine to spoil by producing acids from grape juice.

Question 44

Louis Pasteur was the first scientist to provide evidence disproving the spontaneous generation of microorganisms.

Question 45

The formal term for one of Leeuwenhoek's "animalcules" is .

Question 46

is an asexual method of reproduction associated with yeasts.

Question 47

Vaccination is a term synonymous with _ _.

Question 48

A microorganism intentionally taken to promote good health is termed a(n) _ .

Question 49

A cell that contains a nucleus is called a(n) cell.

Question 50

Facultative anaerobes are organisms that can live with or without .

Question 51

Koch's postulates can be used to prove the causes of all diseases.

Question 52

A(n) _ is a mass of cells that are descended from a single cell through successive cell divisions.

Question 53

Fermentation requires the presence and activity of living cells.

Question 54

A(n) organism makes its own food using solar energy.

Question 55

A(n) is a potential answer to a question posed by a scientist studying a phenomenon.

Question 56

Women who gave birth in 19th- century hospitals often died from puerperal fever; this is an example of a(n)
infection.

Question 57

A(n) was the first type of eukaryotic microbe to have its complete gene sequence published.

Question 58

is the use of chemicals to cure diseases such as bacterial infections.

Question 59

are microbes small enough to pass through filters that are designed to trap bacteria.

Question 60

Long filaments that make up the body of a mold are called .

Question 61

Compare and contrast the three types of eukaryotic microbes.

Question 62

Why was it so difficult for scientists of the 17th and 18th centuries to disprove spontaneous generation?

Question 63

Explain how the discipline of biochemistry grew out of the science of microbiology.

Question 64

Explain why there was such a long period of time between the era of Leeuwenhoek's work and the beginnings of the Golden Age of microbiology.

Question 65

Use the basic steps of the scientific method to describe Pasteur's experiments to investigate spontaneous generation.