Deck 14: Life Cycle Nutrition: Pregnancy and Lactation

Question 1

All of the following are characteristics of nutrition and pregnancy except

A)underweight has little, if any, effect on fertility.
B)overweight men have low sperm counts that reduce fertility.
C)excess body fat in women interferes with the regular cycles of menstruation.
D)the woman's nutritional status is more important than the man's for the developing fetus.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What is the name given to the human organism two to eight weeks after fertilization and the stage at which the digestive system is formed?

A)Fetus
B)Embryo
C)Ectoderm
D)Mesoderm

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What organ of the pregnant woman is central to the exchange of nutrients for waste products with the fetus?

A)Uterus
B)Vagina
C)Placenta
D)Amniotic sac

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What connects the umbilical cord to the fetus?

A)Uterus
B)Placenta
C)Caesareas
D)Belly button

Question 5

What organ functions to prepare the mother's breasts for lactation?

A)Uterus
B)Ovaries
C)Placenta
D)Amniotic sac

Question 6

During development of the fetus, what organ(s) is/are the first to develop?

A)Heart and lungs
B)Liver and kidneys
C)Gastrointestinal tract
D)Central nervous system and brain

Question 7

Which of the following is a characteristic of neural tube defects?

A)They are found in about 1,000 newborns in the United States each year
B)They include common disorders such as liver and kidney disease
C)They can be prevented by supplementation of the pregnant woman's diet with vitamin B₁₂
D)They can be prevented by supplementation of the pregnant woman's diet with vitamins A and E

Question 8

Which of the following describes the capacity of a man to produce sperm and a woman to periodically produce a normal egg?

A)Zygote
B)Fertility
C)Conception
D)Implantation zone

Question 9

What term is given to the time period during which irreversible damage to the fetus may occur from specific events such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins?

A)First trimester
B)Critical period
C)Fertility period
D)Conceptual period

Question 10

Among the following, which is not known to represent a significant risk factor for a pregnancy being affected by a neural tube defect?

A)Maternal obesity
B)Age at time of pregnancy
C)Low socioeconomic status
D)Exposure to a hot-tub during pregnancy

Question 11

An infant born with incomplete closure of the spinal cord has

A)spina bifida.
B)macrosomia.
C)anencephaly.
D)neural tube seizure.

Question 12

What is the approximate length of the fetus at 11 weeks of development?

A)1 inch
B)6 inches
C)1 foot
D)1.5 feet

Question 13

How many weeks is the usual duration of a full-term pregnancy?

A)32-36
B)38-42
C)43-45
D)46-49

Question 14

All of the following statements are specific to the critical periods of cell division except

A)malnutrition during pregnancy can affect fetal cell division.
B)malnutrition during critical periods can have irreversible effects.
C)high-nutrient-density food fed after the critical period can remedy a growth deficit.
D)whatever nutrients are needed during a critical period must be supplied at that time.

Question 15

What is the term given to the developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth?

A)Fetus
B)Ovum
C)Zygote
D)Embryo

Question 16

Gestation is generally divided into equal periods of

A)4 weeks, called quarters.
B)9 weeks, called quartiles.
C)4 months, called semesters.
D)3 months, called trimesters.

Question 17

Which of the following has a favorable influence on fertility?

A)Being underweight
B)Having excess body fat
C)Eliminating low-glycemic carbohydrates from the diet
D)Choosing diets providing protein from vegetable sources

Question 18

The neural tube forms the early parts of the

A)umbilical cord.
B)liver and pancreas.
C)gastrointestinal tract.
D)brain and spinal cord.

Question 19

At what stage of pregnancy does an embryo show a beating heart and a complete central nervous system?

A)8 weeks
B)12 weeks
C)20 weeks
D)29 weeks

Question 20

A newborn infant at full gestational age has an average length of

A)6 inches.
B)12 inches.
C)20 inches.
D)3 feet.

Question 21

You work with a primary care physician to help newly pregnant women plan their diets.What vital information is needed to formulate a plan of weight gain?

A)Weight and height
B)Physical activity level
C)Number of previous pregnancies
D)Weight gain preference of the mother

Question 22

What is the most reliable indicator of an infant's future health status?

A)Infant's birthweight
B)Mother's weight before pregnancy
C)Mother's weight gain during pregnancy
D)Mother's nutrition status prior to pregnancy

Question 23

Which of the following describes an infant born during the 43rd week of pregnancy?

A)Term
B)Preterm
C)Post term
D)Caesarean

Question 24

Which of the following describes an infant born during the 36th week of pregnancy?

A)Term
B)Preterm
C)Post term
D)Caesarean

Question 25

As a means to reduce the risk of neural tube defects in newborn infants, grain products are fortified with what nutrient?

A)Folate
B)Thiamine
C)Vitamin C
D)Vitamin B₁₂

Question 26

The process by which maternal nutrient intake affects the child's development of diseases later in life is known as

A)retrogenetics.
B)reverse genetics.
C)fetal programming.
D)postpartum degenerative expression.

Question 27

Studies report that folate supplements for women may lower the incidence of neural tube defects of infants when the vitamin is taken during the

A)last trimester of pregnancy.
B)second trimester of pregnancy.
C)second and third trimesters of pregnancy.
D)month before conception through the first trimester of pregnancy.

Question 28

Which of the following describes a relationship between body weight and pregnancy?

A)Overweight women bear the greatest number of low-birth-weight infants
B)Weight gain during pregnancy is the sole determinant of fetus weight at birth
C)The increased incidence of neural-tube defects of infants born to obese women is due primarily to folate insufficiency
D)Underweight women who gain 30 lbs during pregnancy tend to birth smaller babies than heavier women who gain 30 lbs

Question 29

Which of the following increases the risk of macrosomia?

A)Folate deficiency
B)Prepregnancy obesity
C)Postpregnancy infection
D)Gestational oxygen deprivation

Question 30

What is the recommended range of weight gain, in lbs, during pregnancy for a normal-weight woman?

A)10-18
B)19-24
C)25-35
D)38-44

Question 31

You are working as a nutrition consultant in a women's health clinic and have been advising patients to make sure they consume about 400 micrograms of folate every day.One patient is aware that folate helps prevent birth defects but she isn't sure why she should take it if she is not pregnant.Which of the following is the most appropriate reply?

A)The folate supplementation prevents pernicious anemia, which increases the risk of spina bifida
B)The folate supplementation is needed to ensure a large store that can be utilized by the growing fetus
C)As long as supplementation begins the day pregnancy is confirmed, there is no risk of defects
D)The neural tube develops early on in pregnancy, oftentimes before the woman realizes she is pregnant

Question 32

What is the recommended range of weight gain, in lbs, during pregnancy for an underweight woman?

A)15-25
B)28-40
C)42-50
D)55-62

Question 33

What organ is most affected in anencephaly?

A)Liver
B)Heart
C)Brain
D)Pancreas

Question 34

What is the percentage increase in the folate RDA during pregnancy?

A)25
B)50
C)75
D)100

Question 35

What percentage of pregnancies in the United States are unplanned?

A)10
B)20
C)35
D)50

Question 36

In obese pregnant women, the risk for neural tube defects in the infant is believed to result from

A)insufficient exercise.
B)poor glycemic control.
C)insufficient folate intake.
D)higher prevalence of cesarean section.

Question 37

The most common forms of neural tube defects are spina bifida and

A)macrosomia.
B)anencephaly.
C)preeclampsia.
D)cesarean section.

Question 38

Which of the following nutrients taken as a prenatal supplement has been found to be associated with a lower incidence of neural tube defects?

A)Iron
B)Folate
C)Calcium
D)Cobalamin

Question 39

What is macrosomia?

A)A neural tube defect
B)A high-birthweight infant
C)Excessive weight gain of the mother
D)Abnormal cravings for carbohydrate during pregnancy

Question 40

Which of the following is a characteristic of maternal nutrition and the development of abnormal metabolism?

A)Malnutrition during pregnancy leads to macrosomia and GI disturbances in the offspring
B)Insufficient nutrient intake during pregnancy promotes hypertrophy of the kidneys and hypotension in adulthood
C)Nutrition during pregnancy is the chief determinant of pancreatic beta cell growth and the risk for type 2 diabetes of the offspring
D)Malnutrition during pregnancy programs the fetus to modify the genetic composition of the placenta and thereby alter nutrient delivery through the umbilical cord

Question 41

In pregnancy, a large weight gain over a short time is usually an indication of

A)excessive fat deposition.
B)excessive fluid retention.
C)abnormal fetal development.
D)normal pregnancy only if it occurs during the second trimester.

Question 42

What is the recommended increase in daily energy intake, in kcal, for the third trimester of pregnancy?

A)200
B)300
C)450
D)540

Question 43

To maintain physical fitness during pregnancy, all of the following activities are considered acceptable except

A)saunas.
B)swimming.
C)playing singles tennis.
D)50-minute aerobic exercise sessions 3 times/week.

Question 44

What is the minimum recommended weight gain for the obese pregnant woman?

A)11 lbs
B)18 lbs
C)25 lbs
D)35 lbs

Question 45

Which of the following nutrients are required in higher amounts during pregnancy due to their roles in the synthesis of red blood cells?

A)Protein and chromium
B)Folate and vitamin B₁₂
C)Calcium and vitamin A
D)Vitamin E and vitamin C

Question 46

Usually, what is the first sign of preeclampsia?

A)Fall in blood pressure
B)Elevated blood glucose
C)A large weight gain over a short time
D)Chronic episodes of pica over the last 2 trimesters

Question 47

Which of the following is a characteristic of body weight changes associated with pregnancy?

A)Weight gain is generally steady throughout pregnancy for normal-weight women
B)Most women are unable to lose all of the weight that was gained during pregnancy
C)Sudden, large weight gain in pregnancy may signal the development of hypotension
D)Overweight pregnant women should gain as much weight as underweight pregnant women

Question 48

In the United States, what is the minimum daily amount of protein that should be consumed by a 135-pound woman during pregnancy?

A)49 g
B)74 g
C)108 g
D)135 g

Question 49

Over the course of the entire pregnancy, approximately how much extra energy, in kcal, does the average pregnant woman need to consume?

A)10,500
B)26,000
C)49,000
D)72,000

Question 50

All of the following reflect a state of iron nutrition in pregnancy except

A)the mineral is conserved during this period.
B)absorption of the mineral increases due to higher blood transferrin.
C)most women enter pregnancy with adequate stores of the mineral.
D)stores of the mineral are transferred to the fetus even with low dietary intake.

Question 51

Of the following nutrient needs, which is considered the most difficult to meet during pregnancy, often because of low body stores?

A)Iron
B)Protein
C)Vitamin D
D)Vitamin B₆

Question 52

For the normal-weight woman who becomes pregnant, what is the ideal weekly weight gain from the start of the second trimester and onward?

A)1 lb
B)2 lbs
C)3 lbs
D)4 lbs

Question 53

During pregnancy, which of the following nutrients show a dramatic increase in absorption?

A)Salt and sugar
B)Protein and fat
C)Calcium and iron
D)Thiamin and ascorbic acid

Question 54

All of the following are normal body responses to pregnancy except

A)breast size increases.
B)blood volume increases.
C)body water level decreases.
D)joint flexibility increases.

Question 55

What is the recommended minimum weight gain, in lbs, of a woman who will bear twins?

A)25
B)37
C)45
D)55

Question 56

All of the following are features of zinc nutrition in pregnancy except

A)typical intakes are lower than the recommended amount.
B)supplements are effective in preventing neural tube defects.
C)a secondary deficiency may develop when iron supplements are taken.
D)the mineral is needed for nucleic acid synthesis and thus cell development.

Question 57

The component of weight gain during pregnancy that is similar to the average weight of the infant at birth is the

A)placenta.
B)amniotic sac fluid.
C)maternal fat stores.
D)uterus and supporting muscles.

Question 58

In pregnancy, a large weight gain over a short time period is evidence of

A)edema.
B)poor glycemic control.
C)insufficient physical activity.
D)development of neural tube defects.

Question 59

Which of the following statements characterizes energy needs during pregnancy?

A)The need is proportionally greater than for most other nutrients
B)The increased needs are similar at the beginning and end of pregnancy
C)The needs increase by similar amounts in teenagers and 30-year-old women
D)Carbohydrates should supply a minimum of 135 g and ideally 175 g per day.

Question 60

Jenny has just learned that she is one month pregnant (1st trimester).She has been looking forward to all the ice cream, chips and cakes she has seen women on TV and in the movies eating when they are pregnant.What is the most appropriate advice for Jenny?

A)She can eat these foods, but only up to 340 kcalories extra per day
B)She can eat these foods, but only up to 550 kcalories extra per day
C)She does not have increased energy needs in the first trimester and should not indulge herself
D)She should not eat these foods, but rather include one extra serving from each food group per day

Question 61

Since repeated pregnancies occurring within short time frames lead to depletion of the mother's nutrient reserves, what is the optimal interval between pregnancies?

A)½ year
B)1 year
C)1 ½-2 years
D)3-4 years

Question 62

Which of the following statements reflects current knowledge of food choices in pregnancy?

A)A craving for pickles is a strong indicator that the body needs salt
B)A craving for milk is a strong indicator that the body needs calcium and/or phosphorus
C)Careful and appropriate selection of foods can meet all nutrient needs for most women
D)Cravings and aversions to certain foods are probably the result of altered taste and smell sensitivities induced by hormones

Question 63

What is the most likely reason for a pregnant woman to crave pickles?

A)A change in hormones
B)A hypoglycemic episode
C)A physiologic need for fluid
D)A physiologic need for sodium

Question 64

The common problems of pregnancy include all of the following except

A)nausea.
B)heartburn.
C)constipation.
D)low blood pressure.

Question 65

Which of the following is the standard classification for a very-low-birthweight infant?

A)3 ½ lbs or less
B)4 ½ lbs or less
C)5 ½ lbs or less
D)6 ½ lbs or less

Question 66

The amount of vitamin D recommended in pregnancy can be obtained by consumption of fortified milk and

A)low-mercury fish.
B)exposure to the sun.
C)tropical fruit juices.
D)vitamin D supplements.

Question 67

Which of the following is a feature of the WIC program?

A)The number of children in the program is capped at 2 million
B)It is strictly remedial and available chiefly to women living in the inner city
C)It offers assistance to all at-risk pregnant women regardless of economic means
D)It saves an estimated $3 in medical costs in the first two months after birth for every dollar spent

Question 68

A craving for non-food substances is known as

A)pica.
B)bulimia.
C)toxemia.
D)hyperemesis.

Question 69

Risks from malnutrition in women or men before conception include all of the following except

A)it usually results in macrosomia.
B)it may lead to cessation of menstruation.
C)it may result in a poorly developed placenta.
D)it results in more complications during pregnancy in both overweight and underweight women.

Question 70

Which of the following is not a feature of malnutrition in pregnancy?

A)It increases the risk for delivery of a low-birth-weight infant
B)Around the time of conception, it increases the risk for birth defects
C)It increases the risk for adverse effects on the child and, if the child is a female, on her children
D)Around the time of conception, it prevents the uterus from developing fully but spares the placenta

Question 71

Which of the following is a characteristic of calcium nutrition in pregnancy?

A)Calcium intakes usually meet the recommendations
B)The AI for calcium is the same as in nonpregnancy
C)Calcium absorption efficiency is the same as in nonpregnancy
D)Calcification of the fetal skeleton begins during the 14th week of pregnancy

Question 72

To help alleviate pregnancy-related nausea, all of the following actions are recommended except

A)eat dry toast or dry crackers.
B)avoid milk when feeling nauseated.
C)avoid orange juice when feeling nauseated.
D)eat large, infrequent meals so as to limit contact time with food.

Question 73

Which of the following is the standard classification for a low-birthweight infant?

A)3½ lbs or less
B)4 lbs or less
C)5½ lbs or less
D)6½ lbs or less

Question 74

Which of the following is a characteristic of vegetarian diets during pregnancy or lactation?

A)Vegan diets require supplements of selenium, zinc, and manganese
B)Breast milk from vegetarian women is lower in protein but higher in fiber
C)It is possible that a vegetarian diet can support a healthy pregnancy and normal lactation
D)The increase in appetite during pregnancy allows a vegan pregnant woman to easily meet or exceed her energy requirements

Question 75

In pregnant women unable to meet their calcium needs, how many mg of a daily calcium supplement is advised?

A)150
B)300
C)600
D)1000

Question 76

Which of the following is a feature of calcium nutrition in pregnancy?

A)The AI increases by over 100%
B)Intestinal absorption increases substantially
C)Supplements are required for most women due to the increased needs
D)Transfer of calcium from maternal stores to the fetus increases rapidly at the beginning of the second trimester and falls during the last trimester

Question 77

All of the following are features of nonfood cravings during pregnancy except

A)they are especially common in African-Americans.
B)they are often associated with iron-deficiency anemia.
C)they commonly include consumption of freezer frost and clay.
D)they are known to lead to premature delivery and to low-birth-weight infants.

Question 78

What is WIC?

A)A serious neural tube defect
B)The World Intervention and Conception program of the United Nations
C)An environmental contaminant that may interfere with breast milk production
D)A food and nutrition services program for pregnant women, children, and infants

Question 79

Which of the following is one of the recommendations to treat pregnancy-associated heartburn?

A)Eat many small meals
B)Drink fluids only with meals
C)Exercise within 30 minutes after eating
D)Lie down within 15 minutes after eating

Question 80

Jane is visiting with her doctor during her 2nd trimester of pregnancy and has just revealed her strange cravings.The doctor declared that Jane is experiencing pica, which is causing her intense craving for

A)dirt.
B)garlic.
C)pickles.
D)pepperoni.