Deck 15: Caring For Our Cultural Heritage

Question 1

The 100 countries that have signed the UNESCO Convention of 1970 agree to:

A) regulate the import and export of cultural objects.
B) forbid their nations' museums from acquiring illegally exported cultural objects, and return or otherwise provide restitution of cultural objects stolen from public institutions.
C) establish ways to inform other nations when illegally exported objects are found within a country's borders, and establish a register of art dealers.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 1

All of the answers are correct.

Question 2

The 1906 Antiquities Act:

A) required a federal permit before excavating or collecting artifacts from federal land.
B) required tribal consultation on all archaeological discoveries located on federal lands.
C) required the repatriation of all Native American skeletal material and associated grave goods found on federal or tribal lands to culturally affiliated tribes.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 2

required a federal permit before excavating or collecting artifacts from federal land.

Question 3

If sites are located during a survey and are determined eligible for the National Register they might be slated for "data recovery", which means

A) excavations and associated analyses of the artifacts, ecofacts, and sediments.
B) excavations sufficient to ensure that information is not lost.
C) securing the site and making it off limits to the general public.
D) proposing a well-reasoned research question to combat threat to the site from looting or construction activities.

Answer 3

excavations and associated analyses of the artifacts, ecofacts, and sediments.

Question 4

The president was given the authority to create national monuments under which of the following?

A) The National Environmental Policy Act
B) The Archaeological Resources Protection Act
C) The National Historic Preservation Act
D) The Antiquities Act

Question 5

According to the National Historic Preservation Act's regulations, an archaeological site is eligible for the National Register if it meets which of the following criteria?

A) Association with people or events important in history or prehistory
B) Possession of distinctive characteristics of a school of architecture, construction method, or characteristics of high artistic value
C) Known to contain or likely to contain data important in history or prehistory
D) Any or all of the answers are correct.

Question 6

Which of the following was not created by the National Historic Preservation Act?

A) The National Register of Historic Places
B) Steep monetary penalties and mandatory jail time for the looting of archaeological sites on federal or tribal lands
C) State Historic Preservation Offices
D) The Advisory Council on Historic Preservation

Question 7

CRM survey projects differ from research survey projects in that:

A) more volunteers and students are usually present on CRM survey projects, and so these projects tend to move more slowly than research survey projects.
B) in CRM, the research question determines the survey area.
C) in CRM, the size and nature of the development project largely determines the survey area.
D) if sites are located on CRM survey projects, investigators do not need to determine their significance.

Question 8

The federal government estimates that of the 2 million archaeological sites presently recorded in the American Southwest, percent have been looted to some degree.

A) 5-10
B) 25-40
C) 50-90
D) 100

Question 9

The penalty for violating the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) is:

A) up to $500 and/or up to 90 days in prison.
B) up to $250,000 and/or up to 5 years in prison; the federal government can also confiscate any equipment used to loot sites, including vehicles.
C) no monetary fine, but up to 5 years in prison.
D) nonexistent; this is part of the problem with trying to enforce the act.

Question 10

The illegal import of antiquities if hard to stop and the complexities of dealing with the illegal trade are comparable to:

A) dealing with complexities related to illegal drug trade.
B) dealing with global warming.
C) dealing with forest conservation.
D) preserving biodiversity.

Question 11

If an archaeological site is considered significant under the National Historic Preservation Act, then it is:

A) eligible for the National Register of Historic Places.
B) automatically placed on the National Register of Historic Places.
C) protected from all future activities that might be considered destructive, including excavation.
D) still likely to be destroyed prior to investigation, as a determination of significance has no power to actually protect an archaeological site.

Question 12

A concern with historic preservation in the United States can be traced to:

A) the late 18th century, when societies were formed to ensure the protection of historically significant properties.
B) the early 20th century, when industrial development began to threaten significant sites.
C) the 1960s and 1970s, coincident with more broadly based environmental preservation movements.
D) None of the answers; the overwhelming attitude in the United States is, and has always been, a lack of concern for historic preservation while development is allowed to run rampant no matter what the cost.

Question 13

Which of the following actions is not required under NAGPRA for institutions receiving federal funding?

A) Institutions must inventory burials/grave goods and objects of cultural patrimony.
B) Institutions must consult with appropriate Native American tribes determined to be "culturally affiliated" with the remains and objects regarding their repatriation.
C) Institutions must pay the tribe affiliated with burials/grave goods possessed by the institution.
D) Institutions must agree to repatriate materials if requested.

Question 14

Which of the following is the most common - and often the most difficult - criteria used by archaeologists to establish a site as 'significant' under the 1966 National Historic Preservation Act?

A) Site is associated with an important person in history.
B) Site is associated with an important event in history.
C) Site is an example of an important class of architecture.
D) Site is capable or potentially capable of providing information important to history or prehistory.

Question 15

The first national park created explicitly for its archaeological rather than environmental significance was:

A) Devil's Tower.
B) Yellowstone.
C) Mesa Verde.
D) Montezuma's Castle.

Question 16

Physical features, both natural and artificial, associated with human activity, including sites, structures, and objects possessing significance in history, architecture, or human development are:

A) historic landmarks.
B) part of the National Register.
C) natural resources.
D) cultural resources.

Question 17

Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act:

A) sets forth the criteria by which National Register status is determined.
B) requires all federal agencies to be good stewards of their cultural resources and inventory public lands for archaeological sites.
C) requires the government to take into account the effect of its actions on historic properties.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 18

The field that conducts activities related to compliance with legislation that protects cultural resources is:

A) academic archaeology.
B) historic archaeology.
C) cultural resource management.
D) natural resource management.

Question 19

The river basin survey program of the mid-20th century was important because:

A) it stopped 1000s of archaeological sites from being flooded.
B) in it, the federal government recognized its responsibility for the effects of federal projects on archaeological sites.
C) it led to the passing of Archaeological Resources Protection Act, which was implemented just in time to save many archaeological sites from the destruction caused by dam construction.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 20

Which of the following laws apply to archaeological resources on private land?

A) Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA)
B) Antiquities Act
C) National Historic Preservation Act
D) None of the answers are correct.

Question 21

Cultural affiliation under NAGPRA is determined by:

A) anthropological and archaeological evidence.
B) folklore and oral tradition.
C) geographical and historical evidence.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 22

Archaeologists must balance the need for development with the need to protect precious archaeological resources. In the example of Machu Picchu

A) tourist dollars are a source of income; archaeologists support the tourism to help the nation of Peru, even if it destroys the site.
B) archaeologists want people to know about the site and are willing to see some of the value and beauty destroyed.
C) archaeologists support making tourism viable in a way that maintains the site's integrity and scientific value.
D) archaeologists are, by profession, required to maintain a non-political, hands-off policy.

Question 23

The courts ruled in the "Kennewick Man" case that the 9400-year-old human skeleton:

A) was most likely a lineal descendant of the Umatilla, and should therefore be repatriated to the tribe for reburial.
B) was not Native American as defined under NAGPRA, and that even if he were, he could not be culturally affiliated with any of the tribes who claimed him.
C) was culturally affiliated with the Nez Perce, as evidenced by the abundant grave goods buried with the skeleton that are very similar to items made by the Nez Perce today.
D) could be culturally affiliated with multiple tribes on the basis of archaeology and oral traditions, and that therefore the tribes would have to decide amongst themselves who would receive the skeleton.

Question 24

What drives the continuation of the antiquities trade?

A) Wealthy collectors willing to pay high prices who create a market.
B) The native populations of poor countries who loot archaeological sites to feed their families.
C) Museums that are willing to accept artifacts without proper documentation of how they were acquired.
D) Unscrupulous archaeologists who secretly pocket any rare or otherwise valuable items during an excavation.

Question 25

Jack Lee Harelson was a dangerous looter, illegal gun salesman and attempted murderer. In his backyard were found

A) antiquities that amounted to the "Rosetta Stone" of Nevada.
B) 10,000-year-old rifles that were some of the oldest dated in the world.
C) baskets with bodies of two children, mummified in the dry desert.
D) None of the answers are correct.

Question 26

The Antiquities Act is the foundation of all future archaeological legislation. It is not limited to archaeological sites, but includes

A) dams to generate electricity, irrigate lands, and control floods that damage archaeological sites.
B) all river basins prior to inundation.
C) objects of historic or scientific interest.
D) museums, universities, and other scientific institutions that deal with antiquities.

Question 27

The NHPA requires that the government inventory federal lands for archaeological and historic sites. As a result

A) many archaeologists cannot find jobs.
B) many archeologist now work in Bureau of Land Management offices or the National Park Service.
C) agencies have been able to enumerate all of the holdings on federal lands.
D) agencies cannot work with college or university research programs.

Question 28

NAGPRA requires the repatriation not only of human skeletal remains, but also of:

A) funerary objects, objects placed with a human body as part of a death rite or ceremony or made to contain human remains at the time of burial.
B) sacred objects, specific ceremonial objects necessary for current practice of traditional Native American religions by present-day adherents.
C) objects of cultural patrimony, objects that have ongoing historical, traditional, or cultural importance central to a Native-American group or culture and that were inalienable at the time they left the tribe's possession.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 29

If you want to build something on Federal property or modify that landscape, or if you want to construct something that requires federal funding, licenses, or permits, regardless of whose property you will build it on, then you must

A) make certain to be careful that you do the least amount of harm to the properties involved.
B) determine if the undertaking will cause negative feelings among the neighboring population.
C) consider the effects to future wildlife species.
D) determine whether the project will adversely affect any sites "included or eligible for" the National Register.

Question 30

Which of the following is true of the Elgin marbles?

A) They were willingly given to the British museum by Greece because Greece at the time could not protect them from damage cause by pollution; however, Greece now wants them back.
B) They were stolen from Greece by the British Museum, and the British Museum refuses to return them.
C) They were legally purchased from Lord Elgin by the British Museum; however, there is much controversy over whether Elgin's acquisition of them was ethical, and whether or not the marbles should be returned to Greece.
D) The British Museum has finally returned them to Greece in the spirit of "the unity of the European cultural heritage."

Question 31

Although the Pentagon had promised to protect Iraqi cultural institutions, the Baghdad Museum remained unguarded. An investigation by Colonel Matthew Bogdanos, USMC concluded that

A) the Pentagon was not at fault.
B) 40 items were stolen from the main galleries, and more than 13,000 items from storage rooms.
C) no attempts would be made to recover the artifacts.
D) the items probably never left Iraq.

Question 32

NAGPRA:

A) allows scientists to study Native American skeletal material and associated grave goods for a specific amount of time before repatriating the material to a culturally affiliated tribe.
B) allows tribes to decide what happens to all pre-Columbian human remains and artifacts, regardless of whether or not cultural affiliation can be demonstrated.
C) requires the repatriation of Native American human skeletal remains, associated grave goods, or sacred objects to culturally affiliated tribes, who can then decide what to do with the remains or objects (study them, rebury them, etc).
D) requires Native Americans to return all previously repatriated Native American skeletal material and associated grave goods to scientists for further study.

Question 33

Important sites exist in poor countries that cannot afford the luxuries of protecting their properties. A question brought out by the destruction of the 175-foot-tall, 1500-year-old Bamiyan Buddas by the Taliban was:

A) Does the world's interest in global heritage override national sovereignty?
B) Should the world tell the Taliban what it can do to statues that are present in (what was) their country?
C) Who pays for the cleanup of such destruction?
D) Does the world's interest in global heritage override national sovereignty? and Should the world tell the Taliban what it can do to statues that are present in (what was) their country?

Question 34

In compliance with Section 106, if sites are located during survey, determined eligible for the register, but cannot be avoided by the project, they might be

A) slated for preservation by local or state entities.
B) slated for "data recovery", which means extensive excavations and associated analyses of artifacts, ecofacts, and sediments.
C) slated for destruction without recovering data.
D) reason for hot debates among citizens, officials, and the project manager.

Question 35

The U.S. passed laws such as the 1983 Cultural Property Implementation Act and signed treaties with several countries that specifically prohibit the importing of artifacts without established "pedigrees.' Some of these "grandfather in" artifacts excavated before the treaty's date. This means that

A) there is no longer control over the artifact trade networks and illegal transfer of artifacts across national boundaries.
B) an importer cannot be held responsible for artifacts that they did not know were illegal.
C) an importer must now prove that artifacts were excavated prior to the treaty's date or were otherwise obtained in ways not prohibited by the treaty.
D) it will become easier and easier for someone to import illegally acquired artifacts.

Question 36

Under NAGPRA, how is cultural affiliation of human skeletal remains and other covered items determined?

A) First, ownership resides with any lineal descendants, followed by the tribe on whose land the remains or objects were found, followed by the tribe with the closest cultural affiliation and who stakes a claim to the remains, followed by the tribe who is recognized as aboriginally occupying the land on which the remains were found.
B) First ownership resides with any lineal descendants, followed by the tribe with the closest cultural affiliation and who stakes a claim to the remains, followed by the tribe who is recognized as aboriginally occupying the land on which the remains were found, followed by the tribe on whose land the remains or objects were actually found.
C) First ownership resides with any lineal descendants, followed by the tribe who is recognized as aboriginally occupying the land on which the remains were found, followed by the tribe on whose land the remains or objects were actually found, followed by the tribe with the closest cultural affiliation and who stakes a claim to the remains.
D) First ownership resides with the tribe who is recognized as aboriginally occupying the land on which the remains were found, followed by any lineal descendants, followed by the tribe on whose land the remains or objects were actually found, followed by the tribe with the closest cultural affiliation and who stakes a claim to the remains.

Question 37

NAGPRA refers to the:

A) North Atlantic Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.
B) Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.
C) North American Graves Production and Redistribution Act.
D) Native Alaskan Graves Production and Redistribution Act.

Question 38

In the 1960's the American public became concerned about resource conservation. According to the text, many who recognized that wilderness and wildlife refuges alone could not stem the effects of pollution were aroused by

A) the war in Vietnam.
B) habitat threats to the whooping crane.
C) increasing corruption among SHPO officials.
D) Rachel Carson's book, Silent Spring.

Question 39

Compliance with Section 106 includes a systematic survey of the "area of potential effect" (APE). This area includes

A) only the area directly affected.
B) the area directly affected and anticipated to be affected after the project's completion.
C) the area that funding allows.
D) the area addressed in the research question.

Question 40

While private CRM firms carry out most of the compliance projects, who pays for the projects?

A) The public through federal tax dollars
B) Concerned citizens who are interested in the welfare of properties
C) University research funding
D) Whoever is doing the construction

Question 41

The Antiquities Act, passed in 1906, set firm penalties for the looting of archaeological sites, even by today's standards; because this law has worked so well to discourage looting, no additional acts have been necessary.

Question 42

Oral traditions are not used to trace shared group identity over time because oral traditions cannot provide valid accounts, even though they use metaphors that add power to stories and make them memorable.

Question 43

The majority of field archaeologists are currently employed in educational institutions.

Question 44

NAGPRA requires institutions receiving federal funds to inventory and attempt to affiliate and, if asked, repatriate human skeletal remains and associated grave goods to existing federally-recognized tribes.

Question 45

U. S. Customs has estimated that illegal trafficking in antiquities may be second only to the drug trade in international crime.

Question 46

NAGPRA does not say what happens to remains or objects that cannot be affiliated; they remain "unaffiliated."

Question 47

The sanctity of private land in the U.S. means that the commercial mining of terrestrial and underwater sites for artifacts is often completely legal or subject to only a minor penalty.

Question 48

The Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 covers the protection and repatriation of Native American graves and grave goods.

Question 49

NAGPRA is fairly straightforward to implement because all Native American tribes want culturally affiliated skeletal material and grave goods to be repatriated to them so that they can rebury them.

Question 50

Even with the protection of ARPA, policing federal land does not stop the looting that continues to destroy the nation's cultural heritage.

Question 51

The cost of cultural resource management projects is always paid by the federal government.

Question 52

The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 establishes an on-going "National Register of Historic Places" of 'significant' archaeological and historic sites.

Question 53

The "area of potential effect" in a CRM survey consists of the area directly affected by the construction project, as well as areas that are anticipated to be affected by the project after its completion.