Deck 11: School

Question 1

The preponderance of female teachers in the early school grades

A) results in elementary schools developing girls' abilities better than boys' abilities.
B) results in an achievement-oriented environment.
C) restricts men from pursuing careers involving children.
D) results in few male models for boys to observe.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What has been the most influential factor in increased participation in athletics for girls?

A) Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
B) parental encouragement
C) the positive role models that boys provide
D) the increased feelings of confidence that occurs during middle school

Answer 2

A

Question 3

During elementary school girls make better grades than boys. One reason for this advantage is

A) girls from single-parent families usually live with their mothers.
B) girls exhibit higher self-discipline than boys.
C) boys do not value achievement.
D) girls have higher academic ability.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

A) mandated an equal dollar amount for men's and women's athletic programs.
B) prohibited gender discrimination in educational programs in schools that receive federal funds.
C) controlled access to higher education through a series of quota admissions.
D) provided for more federal funding of scholarships and loans.

Question 5

Examinations of teacher training has shown that

A) issues of gender equity are not emphasized.
B) issues of gender equity were not emphasized until the 1980s but now receive major emphasis.
C) issues of gender equity received more emphasis during the 1980s, but emphasis faded in the 1990s.
D) issues of gender equity are not covered in any major education texts.

Question 6

During high school, girls are aware of _______ as a factor in their future education, but boys are not.

A) going to college
B) making good grades
C) having a child while still in school
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 7

Which of the following ways can high school boys gain prestige and status that is not effective for high school girls?

A) being considered intelligent
B) being a good athlete
C) getting good grades
D) All of the above are ways that both girls and boys can gain prestige in high school.

Question 8

The disproportionately larger number of boys who receive referrals for special education probably reflects

A) a bias against boys and their problem behavior.
B) parental urging for referral and diagnosis.
C) the main way that teachers deal with disruptive behavior.
D) a failure to refer girls for special education rather than bias against boys.

Question 9

One factor that allows boys to compensate for their achievement problems in school is their advantage in

A) visual-spatial tasks.
B) academic ability.
C) interpersonal relationships.
D) strategy analysis.

Question 10

The early elementary school curriculum

A) strengthens the skills boys lack but not those that girls lack.
B) strengthens the skills that girls possess while leaving boys unserved.
C) best serves children with high academic ability, regardless of their gender, while leaving average students' skills undeveloped.
D) divides time between strengthening boys' and girls' skills.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT important in elementary school achievement?

A) parents' socioeconomic status
B) gender role socialization
C) cognitive abilities
D) All of the above are important in elementary school achievement.

Question 12

What is the relationship between schooling and gender-stereotypical behavior?

A) Schools teach gender stereotyping to children, who come to school with gender identity but no stereotyping.
B) Schools reinforce the gender stereotyping that children bring with them to school.
C) Schools counteract the gender stereotyping that children bring with them to school.
D) Schools overlook gender stereotyping.

Question 13

What trend has occurred over the past 35 years in women's sports participation?

A) Little change has occurred in the participation of women in athletic programs.
B) Women's participation in athletics has actually decreased because schools now offer fewer athletic opportunities for women.
C) Women's athletic participation has dramatically increased.
D) Sports have become less popular for both women and men during high school, but college participation for women has increased.

Question 14

In the 1980s gender equity in education became an issue in teacher training. Follow-up research on the effects of equity training indicates that

A) equity has not been an emphasis in teacher training or in education texts.
B) when an entire course is devoted to equity education, the training is effective, but less training is not.
C) equity education has been overemphasized.
D) equity education was important during the 1980s but during the 1990s, changes in society brought about equity in the classroom.

Question 15

An important factor in girls' declining interest in math is

A) boys' better grades in math, beginning during middle school.
B) boys' superior ability in verbal analogies, which allows them to solve word problems better than girls do.
C) the perception that math is a male domain.
D) all of the above.

Question 16

The decline in confidence that girls experience during the middle school years

A) is mirrored by a similar decrease among boys.
B) is followed by an even larger decrease during high school.
C) has a negative impact on their grades, which decline during this time.
D) produces a higher level of depression than among boys.

Question 17

In what way does school bring out boys' vulnerability?

A) Boys' skill at athletics is not a benefit in school.
B) Boys' parents are not as supportive as girls' parents.
C) Sitting still, being quiet, and paying attention are required but often difficult for boys.
D) Higher-level cognitive abilities are difficult for boys, and schooling requires these abilities.

Question 18

What factor is the best predictor of achievement in elementary school?

A) gender
B) parental education
C) economic status of the family
D) All of the above predict school achievement equally.

Question 19

During the middle school years, _______ and ______ become increasingly male domains.

A) math . . . . athletics
B) math . . . . biology
C) reading . . . . writing
D) science . . . . student government

Question 20

During middle school, girls' interest in participating in science activities _________; their involvement in science activities __________.

A) increases . . . . also increases
B) decreases . . . . increases
C) remains high . . . . decreases
D) decreases . . . . also decreases

Question 21

Girls who are talented in math

A) are more likely to be talented at verbal tasks than boys who are talented at math.
B) are more likely to pursue a career in engineering than boys who are talented at math.
C) tend to score higher on math aptitude tests than boys who are talented at math.
D) are more likely to pursue careers in physical science than in math.

Question 22

Career and technical education tends to

A) benefit young men, raising their earnings by more than 50% compared to those who do not enroll in these courses.
B) steer young women into low-paying jobs.
C) offer benefits to both young men and women, and those who complete such courses earn more money than other high-school graduates.
D) both a and b

Question 23

Studies about sexual harassment on college campuses have shown that

A) after some initial resistance, universities have begun to enforce the laws that forbid harassment.
B) classmates are more likely than professors to be perpetrators of sexual harassment.
C) women have little trouble identifying sexual harassment, but men do.
D) this problem is more common in the work force than on college campuses.

Question 24

Girls who enroll in vocational or technical education courses dominated by boys

A) are at risk for harassment by male classmates.
B) tend to receive a disproportionate attention from teachers.
C) are often more successful than their male colleagues.
D) do not often have the ability to succeed in such courses.

Question 25

Students who vary from typical gender role behaviors

A) face the danger of sexual harassment for their atypical behavior.
B) tend to be student leaders because of their nonconformity.
C) are popular when they exhibit dangerous behavior and unpopular when they are "nice."
D) were once problems in school, but many students deviate from the norm now, and this behavior is not a problem.

Question 26

The trend toward large numbers of women attending college applies to

A) the United States even more than to other industrialized countries.
B) industrialized countries in North American but not in Europe.
C) Asian countries more than European countries.
D) developing countries more than industrialized countries.

Question 27

What are the effects of sexual harassment in school?

A) School authorities recognize this problem as a major issue for school discipline.
B) The victims but not the perpetrators consider sexual harassment a big problem.
C) The incidents are typically minor and have minor consequences for the victims.
D) Disciplinary action is typically taken if the perpetrator is a faculty member, but students are rarely disciplined for harassing behaviors.

Question 28

Boys and girls who are gifted in science and mathematics

A) are not equally likely to pursue careers in math and science.
B) are equally common and equally likely to pursue careers that require these talents.
C) are equally common, but the girls tend to take more science and fewer math courses than the boys.
D) are equally encouraged by parents to pursue their talents.

Question 29

The most common perpetrators of sexual harassment during junior high and high school are

A) teachers.
B) administrators.
C) school counselors.
D) peers.

Question 30

When educators say that girls are underrepresented in science and mathematics classes, they are

A) trying to rationalize girls' failures rather than face the gender differences in achievement.
B) trying to explain girls' tendency to make poorer grades than boys.
C) using boys as the standard and assuming that girls should be similar.
D) trying to justify past discrimination.

Question 31

What is the status of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 with regard to women's college athletics?

A) A series of U. S. Supreme Court decisions has eroded the effectiveness of the law, and colleges are no longer obligated to fund women's athletics.
B) Critics have given up in trying to overturn the law, and women's athletics now receive more dollars than men's athletics.
C) Funding for women's sports participation has increased but not to the level of funding for men's athletics.
D) The controversies over this law were settled in the 1980s, and universities have had to comply by offering equitable funding for women's athletics since that time.

Question 32

Gender segregation in college majors

A) has decreased dramatically with the increasing number of women attending college.
B) has disappeared for the physical sciences and engineering.
C) has disappeared for languages but persists in social sciences.
D) has remained for many majors, despite the changes that have occurred in courses taken during high school.

Question 33

When professionals choose protégés to mentor,

A) they tend to choose protégés like themselves, leaving young women without a mentor.
B) they tend to choose protégés whom they find attractive, leaving young women with mentors but also with a chance for sexual exploitation.
C) they tend to choose a group rather than an individual.
D) they focus on professional rather than personal characteristics.

Question 34

Throughout most of the 20th century, men attended college in greater number than women,

A) and that pattern still persists.
B) and although the gap has decreased, men still outnumber women in most colleges.
C) and that pattern persists in universities but not in community colleges, where the number of men and women are equal.
D) but that pattern has changed, and now women receive more undergraduate degrees than men.

Question 35

In comparing the types of classroom interactions in high school and college classrooms,

A) men dominate high school classrooms, but the patterns of interaction are more equitable in college.
B) the patterns of teacher attention focus on girls in high school, but college men get more attention in college.
C) men dominate both types of classrooms.
D) women dominate both types of classrooms.

Question 36

The disproportionate number of advanced and professional degrees awarded to men

A) has remained the same for the past 30 years.
B) has decreased in recent years, and now women receive almost half of such degrees.
C) has changed in education and social science but not in medicine and law.
D) has changed to the point that women and men receive an equal proportion of such degrees.

Question 37

Boys and girls who take advanced math and science courses

A) do so for similar reasons-both are preparing for science or engineering careers.
B) do so for different reasons, and fewer girls go on to science or engineering careers.
C) do not complete the courses they have enrolled in at similar rates-girls are more likely to drop math courses than boys.
D) experience similar encouragement to do so from parents.

Question 38

Sexual harassment during junior high and high school

A) is not a common experience during junior high school but becomes common during high school.
B) is a common experience for female students but does not occur with male students as targets.
C) is a common experience for female students and a less common experience for male students.
D) is most frequent with a female student as target and a male instructor as perpetrator.

Question 39

Women who participate in athletics in school

A) receive equal opportunities and equal funding compared to men who participate.
B) tend to be unattractive and masculine in appearance.
C) often experience psychological problems associated with the high level of competition.
D) have increased from 7% to 35% of college women.
E) all of the above

Question 40

The main objections to Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 as applied to women's athletics are

A) the problems in providing funding to women's programs while maintaining funding for men's programs.
B) the discrimination that men now face in access to athletic facilities.
C) the increases in women's sports participation have created sexual problems among female athletes.
D) that overall funding had decreased dramatically.

Question 41

Horner's studies on the fear of success concept

A) demonstrated one reason why women's achievement has been lower than men's.
B) showed that women are anxious to compete with men but fear the consequences of that competition.
C) provided the basis for further studies that have confirmed this concept.
D) did not demonstrate that women try to avoid success.

Question 42

During the 1970s, the fear of success concept was proposed as an explanation for women's reluctance to attempt male-dominated careers. An alternative explanation for the small number of women in some occupations during that time was

A) men's higher salaries allowed them to support a family, so women did not need to pursue such careers.
B) the lingering double standard.
C) laws that prohibited discrimination had not been passed.
D) women's recognition that some occupations are too dangerous for women.

Question 43

Self-esteem differences between men and women, including adolescents and adults, are

A) large and begin in adolescence when girls experience a sharp drop in self-esteem.
B) large, and women show higher self-esteem than men.
C) small, and men show slightly higher self-esteem than women.
D) no longer applicable; self-esteem is now identical for women and men.

Question 44

Martina Horner concluded that women showed fear of success when they

A) became fearful during the early months of their careers, especially when they were successful.
B) perceived men as hostile to them in school or at work.
C) described negative consequences associated with success.
D) were reluctant to report their achievements in school

Question 45

Academically capable ethnic minority students do not attend college at rates comparable to White students. An important constraint in college attendance for these minority students is

A) fear of success.
B) fear of competing against White students.
C) financial barriers.
D) an external, stable pattern of attribution.

Question 46

More women than men receive college degrees in the United States. Does this overall description apply to ethnic minorities?

A) Yes, but the difference is smaller than for Whites.
B) Yes, and the difference is even larger than for Whites.
C) No; among African Americans and Hispanic Americans, more men than women receive college degrees.
D) No, but the number of women and men receiving college degrees is equal among ethnic minorities.

Question 47

Confidence in the ability to do a task

A) is higher for men and women for almost all tasks.
B) depends on the gender typing of the task; each gender feels more confident about a gender-typical than a gender-atypical task.
C) depends on the difficulty of the task; both women and men feel confident about simple tasks, but men feel more confident than women about complex tasks.
D) varies according to hormonal levels; women show cyclic fluctuations in confidence according to their menstrual cycle.

Question 48

Ethnic minority students attend college at higher rates than 25 years ago,

A) but graduation rates remain lower for African Americans and Hispanic Americans than for Whites.
B) but African American and Hispanic American students usually lack the academic records to be admitted to selective colleges.
C) and graduation rates are now similar for Hispanic Americans and Asian Americans.
D) both a and b

Question 49

Men show signs of fear of success

A) when they imagine the consequences of success in a nontraditional field.
B) when they are placed in situations in which they must compete with other men.
C) when they are placed in situations in which they must compete with women.
D) when they begin a new job or a position with new responsibilities.

Question 50

Which of the following statements expresses gender-related differences in achievement situations?

A) Female managers show less confidence in their ability than male managers.
B) Women's evaluations of their own abilities are more responsive to the opinions of others than are men's evaluations of their abilities.
C) Men evaluate women's technical skills as lower than the women themselves evaluate their abilities.
D) Neither women nor men are responsive to negative feedback, but women are responsive to positive feedback.

Question 51

The widely publicized drop in self-esteem for girls during early adolescence

A) has not been supported by research findings.
B) is larger in girls and occurs earlier in adolescence than the increase that occurs in boys.
C) is followed by another decrease that occurs in girls during later adolescence.
D) applies to gender-typed activities more strongly than to other types of activities.

Question 52

An ______________ attribution might lead a person to believe that intelligence was more important than effort in academic success.

A) internal, stable
B) internal, unstable
C) external, unstable
D) external, stable

Question 53

What is the relationship between self-confidence and grades?

A) There is a positive, linear relationship-as self-confidence increases, grades increase.
B) There is a negative, linear relationship-as self-confidence increases, grades decrease.
C) There is a curvilinear relationship-grades increase with increasing self-confidence to moderate levels of confidence, then the relationship becomes negative.
D) There is no strong relationship between the two.

Question 54

Pamela said, "I just can't learn to speak French! I've tried, but I don't have the knack for languages." Pamela is using what type of attribution to explain her performance?

A) an internal, stable attribution
B) an internal, unstable attribution
C) an external, unstable attribution
D) an external, stable attribution

Question 55

The higher grades and achievement that girls experience during school

A) are accompanied by higher feelings of stress and anxiety.
B) lead them to feel less personal distress than boys, who experience more problems.
C) reverse the trend in poor self-esteem among girls.
D) help girls to become more self-actualizing.

Question 56

Most incidents of sexual harassment on college campuses are

A) reported to university officials, who take action against offending faculty.
B) reported to university officials, who take action against offending students.
C) reported to other students, who fail to believe the stories.
D) never reported.

Question 57

Early studies of achievement motivation

A) focused on school rather than career achievement.
B) focused on business and career achievement.
C) were unable to define achievement, resulting in a confusing set of results.
D) emphasized organization rather than process in achievement motivation.

Question 58

The likelihood of being the target of sexual harassment on college campuses

A) is greater for female than male students.
B) is as common for female as for male professors.
C) has not been addressed by either legal or campus regulations.
D) occurs at a rate of over 80% on many university campuses.

Question 59

When judging their own ability or intelligence,

A) men and women make similar estimations.
B) women make higher judgments of their abilities but lower estimates of the intelligence than men do.
C) women make lower estimates than men do.
D) men make lower estimates than women do.

Question 60

Craig said, " I knew I would fail that physiology quiz! I hadn't studied at all, but I can study for the next one a bring up my grade." Craig was using what type of attribution to explain his performance?

A) an internal, stable attribution
B) an internal, unstable attribution
C) an external, unstable attribution
D) an external, stable attribution

Question 61

The educational advantage that girls and women experience in the United States

A) is mirrored in the educational system of countries around the world.
B) occurs in other high-income countries but not in many low-income countries.
C) is part of the social system of daughter preference that occurs in low-income countries.
D) is unique; no other country shows an educational advantage for women.