Deck 14: Stress, Coping, and Psychopathology

Question 1

Several of the negative effects of poverty on mental health can be summarized as

A) lack of control.
B) lack of intelligence.
C) lack of planning.
D) inability to follow through with coping strategies.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The number of stressors is not as important as _________ in predicting the outcome of a stressful situation.

A) the gender of the person who is stressed
B) number of previous stresses encountered in the past weeks
C) strategies and resources for coping
D) the optimism of the person who experiences the events

Answer 2

C

Question 3

When wives are employed, what are the effects on the mental health for husbands and wives?

A) Wives receive more benefits from their employment than their husbands do.
B) Husbands receive more benefits from their wives' employment than their wives do.
C) Both husbands and wives benefit from wives' employment.
D) Neither husbands nor wives benefit from wives' employment.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The person with the role combination that is likely to produce the most stress is

A) a man who has a high status job with decision-making power.
B) a single woman with a low status job.
C) a student who received financial support from government grants.
D) an employed, single parent.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT correct concerning violence perpetrated by intimate partners?

A) This type of violence may be especially traumatic.
B) Women are more likely than men to be injured by this type of violence.
C) This type of violence is about equally likely with both men and women as perpetrators.
D) This type of violence is less common that media coverage has portrayed.

Question 6

For women, the role(s) that relate to good health include

A) spouse.
B) employee.
C) parent.
D) two of the above.
E) all of the above.

Question 7

Poverty's negative effects are more likely to have an impact on

A) women than men.
B) ethnic minorities than on Whites.
C) the married than the unmarried.
D) both a and b
E) all of the above

Question 8

For men, the role(s) that relate to good health include

A) spouse.
B) employee.
C) parent
D) two of the above.
E) all of the above.

Question 9

Which of the following situations pose risks for mental health?

A) a marriage in which both partners are employed
B) a marriage in which neither partner is satisfied
C) a woman who feels that her husband supports her career efforts
D) a woman who feel that her partner contributes to the emotional work of the relationship

Question 10

When men experience depression,

A) they have no symptoms.
B) they seem sad, just as women do.
C) they may exhibit symptoms of anger and irritability.
D) all of the above

Question 11

Being a victim of violence

A) has short-term but not long-term negative consequences for mental health.
B) has few short-term consequences but may be a major source of long-term problems in mental health.
C) has both short-term and long-term negative consequences for mental health.
D) has not been shown to relate to mental health.

Question 12

In studying racism as a form of stress, what percentage of African Americans reported experiencing racist discrimination at some time during their lives?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 70%
D) 100%

Question 13

Feelings of stress in their work and parenting roles occurs

A) in women to a greater extent than in men when they feel that their spouses do not support their efforts.
B) in men to a greater extent than women when they feel that their spouses do not support their efforts.
C) in both men and women when they feel that their spouses do not support their efforts.
D) to a different extent in the two roles for men and women, regardless of spousal support.

Question 14

Occupying the roles of spouse, parent, and worker may be more stressful for women than for men because

A) women have less effective coping strategies than men.
B) women do not seek social support, which can be an effective coping strategy.
C) women tend to have a heavier child care burden than men.
D) both a and b

Question 15

A possible explanation for women's higher rate of depression is

A) their more frequent experience with sexist discrimination.
B) their higher rate of multiple role occupancy.
C) their higher rate of college graduation.
D) their higher rate of estrogen.

Question 16

Which statement best characterizes the relationship between violence and mental health?

A) The relationship is complex, with different patterns of risk for men and women.
B) The relationship is complex, with different disorders more likely in victims of violence and other disorders less likely in such victims.
C) The relationship is complex, with interactions among type of violence, gender of perpetrator, and gender of victim.
D) The relationship is straightforward; victims are at increased risk for mental disorders.

Question 17

Research on men's multiple roles has shown that

A) work roles are a more important source of stress for men than their family roles.
B) few men become so involved in their family roles to gain benefits from their role as parent.
C) work roles and family contribute equally to men's feelings of distress.
D) family roles can contribute to men's feelings of distress but do not contribute to their feelings of well being.

Question 18

Research has related what factors to the mental health of both women and men?

A) number of children and number of marriages
B) employment and marriage
C) age and gender
D) employment setting and social status

Question 19

Socioeconomic status and mental health have what type of relationship?

A) Those in the higher socioeconomic classes have higher levels of problems.
B) Those in the lower socioeconomic classes have higher levels of problems.
C) Those in the lower and higher socioeconomic classes have higher problems than those in the middle class.
D) No clear relationship exists between socioeconomic status and mental health.

Question 20

Sexual abuse in the form of rape during adulthood or childhood molestation

A) has been related to depression in adults.
B) has been related to mental health problems in women but not in men.
C) is related to problems in sexual functioning in women with genetic vulnerability but not in other women.
D) has no consistent relationship to mental health problems for either women or men.

Question 21

One of the negative aspects of diagnosis of mental problems is

A) the predictive ability; these predictions becoming self-fulfilling prophecies of continued negative behavior.
B) the labeling aspect; diagnostic labels magnifying the similarities and minimizing the differences among individuals.
C) the treatment aspect; diagnosis and treatment becoming inseparable.
D) the explanatory aspect; diagnosis also provides an explanation for the condition.

Question 22

Several studies have found that women are more likely than men to use which coping strategy?

A) planful problem solving
B) denial
C) seeking social support
D) repression

Question 23

Gender bias in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders seems to

A) be restricted to women, with several categories of diagnosis representing exaggerations of the stereotypical female gender role.
B) apply to both men and women, with several categories of diagnosis representing exaggerations of the stereotypical female gender role and other categories matching characteristics of stereotypical masculinity.
C) have been a prominent feature of the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders but was eliminated in the fourth edition.
D) be an advantage, offering clinicians a restricted range of choices for diagnoses.

Question 24

A person who has received an Axis I diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

A) will receive an Axis II diagnosis of Substance Abuse Disorder.
B) may or may not receive a diagnosis on Axis II that indicates pathology.
C) must receive a diagnosis on each Axis or the process is invalid.
D) will not receive diagnoses on other Axes.

Question 25

The personality disorders on Axis II

A) are comparable to the clinical syndromes on Axis I in both frequency and gender composition.
B) have a wider range of application than the syndromes that appear on the other Axes.
C) have poorer research support than the diagnostic categories on the other Axes.
D) must go through a more rigorous process than the clinical syndromes to be included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Question 26

Social support has what relationship to stress?

A) Providing social support can increase stress, but receiving social support decreases stress.
B) Providing social support can decrease stress, but receiving social support tends to increase stress.
C) Providing social support can increase stress for women but can decrease stress for men.
D) Both providing and receiving social support decreases stress for both men and women.

Question 27

Early studies on bias in clinical judgment by Inge Broverman and her colleagues suggested that clinicians

A) exhibit no gender bias in diagnosis.
B) treat each person as an individual and have trouble classifying people according to categories.
C) have a double standard for mental health, with a bias favoring masculine characteristics.
D) have more bias against men and the problems behaviors associated with men than against women's problems behavior.

Question 28

The American Psychiatric Association formulated the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders because

A) they wanted a system of diagnosis devoted to mental disorders.
B) they wanted to replace the International Classification of Disease terminology and taxonomy.
C) they wanted a comprehensive system of classification for mental and physical problems.
D) they wanted a system based on the needs of physicians rather than psychologists and social workers.

Question 29

Most of the differences in men's and women's experience of stress seems to be due to

A) the different situations that men and women typically encounter.
B) the different strategies for coping that men and women typically use.
C) the different appraisals that each gives to the stressors.
D) the different outcomes that results from the experiences.

Question 30

Fighting and physical cruelty and characteristic of the ________ component of the male gender role and _________ Personality Disorder.

A) Sturdy Oak . . . . Schizoid
B) Resistant . . . . Dependent
C) Give 'Em Hell . . . . Antisocial
D) Projective . . . . Luteal

Question 31

Resources for coping include

A) money.
B) power.
C) social support.
D) all of the above.

Question 32

When male and female participants reported on their coping strategies _________; when the same participants used an electronic diary to report, __________.

A) women reported more problem-focused coping . . . . women showed more emotion-focused coping
B) gender differences appeared . . . . no gender differences appeared
C) no gender differences appeared . . . . large gender differences appeared
D) men reported more emotion-focused coping . . . . women used more emotion-focused coping.

Question 33

Later studies on bias in clinical judgment suggested that clinicians

A) exhibit no gender bias in diagnosis.
B) treat each person as an individual and have trouble classifying people according to categories.
C) have a double standard for mental health, with a bias favoring masculine characteristics.
D) have more bias against men and the problems behaviors associated with men than against women's problems behavior.

Question 34

The system of diagnosis used in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

A) overlooks the individual nature of problems.
B) ignores the possibility of variation in symptoms for individuals with the same disorder.
C) minimizes the influence of the social context in which the problem behavior occurs.
D) fails to mention cultural differences in the acceptability of behaviors.

Question 35

One view holds that men tend to react to stress by "fight or flight," and women tend to react by

A) stronger "flight" and less "fight."
B) stronger "flight and fight."
C) using a "tend and befriend" strategy.
D) reversing the source of stress and using problem-focused coping.

Question 36

Beginning with the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, this classification system

A) became less empirically based.
B) became a description-based system of classification for mental disorders.
C) included a psychoanalytically based system of classification.
D) both a and c

Question 37

The current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

A) has generated less controversy than the preceding two versions.
B) removes human judgment from the diagnosis process, providing for an objective method to assess behavior problems.
C) contains five axes, which provide for diagnosis of mental, physical, and psychosocial functioning.
D) is less well accepted than other version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Question 38

People who receive a diagnosis

A) have received a statement of the classification of their problem.
B) have also received an appropriate course of treatment.
C) do not know the rationale for the treatment they will receive.
D) are not yet part of the health care system.

Question 39

Criticisms of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders include

A) its use of men as the standard for mental health, which puts women without problems at risk for diagnosis.
B) its multiaxial system, which provides too many ways to diagnose pathology.
C) its descriptive system of diagnosis, which removes clinical judgment from the diagnostic process.
D) its inclusion of categories that show gender differences, which ensure gender bias in the process of diagnosis.

Question 40

The use of emotion-focused versus problem-focused coping strategies is related to

A) the gender of the person who experiences the stress.
B) the amount of social support available.
C) the frequency of the stress.
D) the situation that provoked the stress.

Question 41

The tendency to ruminate over problems instead of using activity as a distraction

A) shows a relationship to the tendency to develop substance abuse problems versus anxiety disorders.
B) may explain gender-related differences in the frequency of depression.
C) has been shown to be an effective way to avoid depression and anxiety reactions.
D) relates to early childhood experiences more strongly than to gender.

Question 42

People who cope with their problems by ruminating and concentrating on their problems have a tendency to _______, whereas people who engage in some activity have a tendency to _______.

A) magnify the problem into depression . . . . decrease their negative mood.
B) create problem-solving strategies . . . . magnify their negative mood
C) use emotion-focused strategies . . . . use depersonalization
D) avoid a diagnosis . . . . receive a serious diagnosis

Question 43

The ratio of depressed women to men is about 2 : 1

A) when examining treatment figures or community surveys in the United States.
B) in all cultures and all ethnic groups.
C) for college students but not in the general population.
D) but more women than men avoid treatment, resulting in an equal ratio of men and women who receive treatment for depression.

Question 44

Drinking and drunkenness is

A) associated with the female gender role.
B) associated with the male gender role.
C) responsible for over 80% of deaths in the U.S.
D) both b and c

Question 45

The relationship between problem drinking and depression

A) exists in men but not in women.
B) exists in both men and women in equal numbers.
C) appears in both depressed individuals and in those with alcohol abuse problems.
D) has not been demonstrated for men, but in women drinking has been shown to be an effective way to manage negative feelings.

Question 46

In examining patterns of drug use among men and women,

A) both women and men use (but men abuse) illegal drugs more often than prescription drugs.
B) men tend to use (and abuse) illegal drugs more often, and women tend to use (and abuse) prescription drugs more often.
C) women tend to use (and abuse) illegal and prescription drugs more often than men.
D) men tend to use (and abuse) illegal and prescription drugs more often than women.

Question 47

What has been the main problem with confirmation for the silencing the self concept?

A) Scores on the Silencing the Self Scale do not identify depressed people.
B) Men score as high or higher than women, and the concept was created to explain women's depression.
C) Women who are not depressed show higher scores on the Silencing the Self Scale than depressed women.
D) Men who are not depressed score higher on the Silencing the Self Scale than women who are depressed.

Question 48

Phyllis Chesler contended that women who overconform or fail to conform to traditional gender role behavior are at risk for psychiatric diagnosis, and subsequent research

A) has confirmed her hypothesis.
B) has failed to confirm her hypothesis, showing instead that women who fail to conform are viewed as healthier than women who conform.
C) has extended her hypothesis to include men, finding that men who conform to the female gender role are considered mentally healthier than other men.
D) has shown that gender and gender role interact, forming a complex pattern of acceptable behavior based on both factors.

Question 49

The error of ________ is more common when clinicians diagnose women, and ________ is more common among diagnoses applied to men.

A) overdiagnosis . . . . underdiagnosis
B) underdiagnosis . . . . overdiagnosis
C) reversion . . . . gender bias
D) misdiagnosis . . . . inclusionary belief

Question 50

Women's tendency to be more willing to seek health care than men

A) is limited to young women and does not apply to mature women.
B) is limited to European-Americans and does not apply to women and men from other ethnic groups.
C) is limited to physical health care and does not apply to mental health care.
D) applies to seeking mental as well as physical health care.

Question 51

The hypothesis that hormones are the basis of the gender difference in depression

A) has been supported by cross-cultural research.
B) has been supported by research on neurotransmitters in the brain.
C) has not been supported because research shows that depression is equally common in men and women in some cultures.
D) both a and b

Question 52

When men and women exhibit symptoms characteristic of the other gender

A) they are likely to be underdiagnosed.
B) they are more likely to be diagnosed as requiring treatment than when they exhibit symptoms consistent with their own gender.
C) they are likely to be considered sexually deviant rather than psychopathological.
D) they do not fit into the existent diagnostic categories, providing test cases for any classification system.

Question 53

Some research has suggested that drinking is a strategy than men use to manage

A) depression
B) anger
C) embarrassment
D) sleep disorders
E) both b and d

Question 54

Silencing the self is

A) an explanation for women's tendency to be silent in groups dominated by men.
B) a strategy used by men to keep women silent.
C) a cognitive explanation for depression that focuses on women having to deny their true selves in order to get along in society.
D) an emotional reaction to poverty and violence that affects ethnic minorities that can lead to psychopathology.

Question 55

People who ruminate over problems tend to be more depressed than people who take a different strategy to deal with problems, which indicates that

A) different cognitive styles can be related to depression.
B) men should have higher levels of depression.
C) reproductive hormones should correlate positively with severity of depression.
D) different types and levels of stress experienced by women and men should be the best predictor of depression.

Question 56

The group of disorders labeled Anxiety Disorders is characterized by

A) a distortion of reality and a difficulty in forming relationships with people.
B) an expression of negative feelings as violent outbursts.
C) problems in dealing with the negative aspects of personal relationships.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 57

The expression of negative feelings as depression

A) is consistent with the female gender role.
B) is not consistent with the male gender role.
C) may be one of several ways of dealing with negative feelings.
D) all of the above

Question 58

The overall rate of hospitalization for mental disorders

A) is higher for men than for women.
B) is higher for women than for men.
C) is higher for younger women and older men than others.
D) is similar for women and men.

Question 59

Misdiagnosis occurs in two forms. One form consists of identifying problems when none exist, which is __________; the other form consists of failing to identify existing problems, which is __________.

A) cognitive bias . . . . emotional overgeneralization
B) reformulation . . . . regression toward the mean
C) overdiagnosis . . . . underdiagnosis
D) underformulation . . . . relevance biases

Question 60

The larger number of depressed females compared to males begins at what point in development?

A) early childhood
B) early adolescence
C) late adolescence and early adulthood
D) middle age

Question 61

The compatibility of psychopathology and gender role behavior

A) is high, with women exhibiting symptoms of weakness and physical complaints and men showing symptoms of violence and unacceptable sexuality.
B) is high, with women exhibiting behaviors more commonly associated with men and men exhibiting behaviors more commonly associated with women.
C) is low, with pathological behavior being more characteristics of the other gender than the person's gender.
D) is variable, showing some consistency for some diagnoses but failing to show an overall pattern.

Question 62

Agoraphobia, the fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing,

A) is a type of Anxiety Disorder that is more common in women than in men.
B) is a type of Panic Attack that is more common in men than in women.
C) is one of the Anxiety Disorders that shows no gender-related differences.
D) is not one of the categories appearing in the DSM-IV.

Question 63

Culture-bound syndromes

A) are especially frequent in Asian cultures.
B) affect immigrants to the United States but not the children of immigrants.
C) represent sets of symptoms that are the same as DSM diagnoses but have different names in other cultures.
D) are patterns of abnormal behavior that are specific to a cultural group.

Question 64

Sexual disorders show which of the following gender-related patterns?

A) Sexual Paraphilias are usually diagnosed in women and rarely appear in men.
B) Sexual Paraphilias are somewhat more common in women than men, but the differences are small.
C) Paraphilias are rarely diagnosed in women.
D) Of the Paraphilias, masochism is the most common in men, followed by sadism.
E) both a and b

Question 65

Anxiety Disorders

A) show no gender differences.
B) show clear gender differences.
C) show gender differences in some categories but not in others.
D) have not been studied in terms of gender distribution.

Question 66

Schizophrenia is one of the disorders that

A) shows similar percentages of men and women given this diagnosis but a large discrepancy in types of treatment for men and women.
B) shows no gender-related difference in frequency, but women and men exhibit some differences in symptoms.
C) shows the strongest gender-related differences, with a gender ratio of about 8 : 1 of men to women receiving this diagnosis.
D) has not been studied in relation to gender composition.

Question 67

The disorder characterized by the presence of physical symptoms without any physical basis was originally called ________, and today this disorder _________.

A) projection . . . . is called Panic Attack and is five times more common among women than men.
B) penis envy . . . . is called Somatoform Disorder and is more common among men than women.
C) hysteria . . . . is called Conversion Disorder and remains more common among women than men.
D) dispersion disorder . . . . no longer appears in the DSM-IV.

Question 68

If the clinician faced with a diagnosis is strongly influenced by gender stereotypes when assessing the symptom complaints of a women who reports muscle pain, visual problems, heart palpitations, sweating, and sleep disorders, the diagnosis would probably be

A) hysteria.
B) heart attack.
C) somatization disorder.
D) depression.

Question 69

Looking across cultures,

A) mental disorders show striking similarities in frequency.
B) differences appear among rates of diagnoses such as depression.
C) Western cultures show many similarities in diagnoses, but Asian countries show substantial variations from western countries in rates and categories of diagnoses.
D) no meaningful comparisons can be made.

Question 70

Gender stereotypes affect diagnosis of mental disorders, and

A) ethnic biases also affect diagnosis.
B) a bias for Western values also affects diagnosis.
C) social class is a potential biasing factor in diagnosis.
D) both a and b
E) all of the above