Deck 13: Health and Fitness

Question 1

Estrogen plays what role in cardiovascular disease?

A) The reason why women do not develop cardiovascular disease during middle age is because estrogen plays a protective role.
B) Estrogen protects women against cardiovascular disease but poses a danger to men with high estrogen levels.
C) Estrogen protects against heart attack but not stroke.
D) Estrogen does not protect women against cardiovascular disease; hormone replacement actually raises their risk.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Men are more likely than women to

A) engage in behaviors that put them at heightened risk for cardiovascular disease, such as smoking and eating a high fat diet.
B) engage in behaviors that lower their risk for cardiovascular disease, such as eating a low fat diet and drinking alcohol.
C) lower their risk for cardiovascular disease by leading active sex lives.
D) lower their risk for cardiovascular disease by their active style of coping with stress.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

When women and men report similar symptoms of cardiovascular disease

A) they receive similar treatment.
B) men receive more referrals for further testing than women.
C) women receive more referrals for further testing than men.
D) women receive more referrals for further testing than men but fewer referrals for surgical treatment.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Men's and women's rates of smoking

A) have become more equal over the past decades, resulting in an increase of smoking-related deaths in women.
B) have differed in the past and continue to show a difference of around 20%, with men smoking at a higher rate than women.
C) parallel their rates of problem drinking and relate to their differences in heart disease.
D) have changed over the past 50 years, resulting in more female than male smokers.

Question 5

An important underlying factor in the health benefits of marriage is

A) the emotional support that women provide to their husbands.
B) the length of the marriage; longer marriages are more beneficial.
C) how supportive husbands are.
D) how many children are present; children are more important than spouses for health benefits.

Question 6

Physicians' hesitancy to refer people with symptoms for additional cardiac testing is highest for

A) European American men, especially Hispanics.
B) European American women.
C) African American men.
D) African American women.

Question 7

Variations in the rate of cardiovascular disease over time suggest that

A) factors other that biology play a role in the development of cardiovascular disease.
B) biological vulnerability is established during early childhood.
C) women's rate of cardiovascular disease will rise.
D) the gender gap in cardiovascular disease will always exist.

Question 8

Sexual behavior is

A) a risk for cancer for gay men but not for heterosexual men or for women.
B) a risk for cancer for men but not for women.
C) a risk for cancer for both men and women.
D) not a risk for cancer but is a risk for sexually transmitted diseases.

Question 9

The course of chronic diseases

A) includes rapid onset, appearance of specific symptoms, and rapid recovery when treatment is obtained.
B) includes rapid onset with specific symptoms, and recovery over a period of time.
C) includes development over a period of time, perhaps without symptoms, and persistence over time.
D) is similar to the course of acute illnesses.

Question 10

Men's vulnerability to cardiovascular disease

A) is more apparent in the United States than in any other country in the world.
B) appears for middle-aged people but not among older people.
C) is most apparent for young people below age 30.
D) is caused by their low estrogen levels, which protects women from CVD.

Question 11

Death from cancer before age 55 is more likely for ________ and is more likely from cardiovascular disease for _______.

A) women . . . . men
B) men . . . . women
C) men . . . . men
D) women . . . . women

Question 12

In examining death rates in the U.S. over the past 100 years,

A) men had longer life expectancies until around 1920, when women's life expectancies increased dramatically.
B) the gender differences are dramatic but the ethnic differences in life expectancy have been and remain small.
C) White women have a longer life expectancy than White men, but this gender difference does not appear among other ethnic groups.
D) both gender and ethnic differences appear.

Question 13

Which of the following situations best describes the health benefits of marriage?

A) Marriage benefits women's health more than men's health.
B) Marriage benefits men's health more than women's health.
C) The health benefits of marriage are similar for women and men.
D) Single men are healthier but have shorter life expectancies than married men.

Question 14

Heart disease and stroke

A) are the leading cause of death in the U.S. and have increased during the past 15 years.
B) are the leading cause of death in the U.S. but have decreased during the past 15 years.
C) are not as common as cancer as causes of death and have increased during the past 15 years.
D) are not among the top 10 causes of death in the U.S. but are among the leading causes of death in other high-income, industrialized countries.

Question 15

The leading causes of death in the U.S.

A) are also the leading causes of death in all other countries around the world.
B) are also the leading causes of death in other industrialized, high-income countries.
C) are from infectious illnesses, such as AIDS.
D) are unique to the U.S.

Question 16

Violent deaths are

A) more prevalent in the U.S. than in Canada and Great Britain.
B) about three times higher for men than women.
C) more likely for boys under age 12 than for girls under age 12.
D) more likely for African Americans than European Americans in the United States.
E) all of the above.

Question 17

Women's survival advantage

A) is a recent development and did not exist during the 1800s.
B) appears in the United States and Canada but not in Europe, Asia, or Africa.
C) holds for European American but not for African American women in the United States.
D) existed in the past and appears in many cultures.

Question 18

Gender-related differences in cardiovascular disease include

A) men dying at younger ages than women.
B) an equal rate of death from cardiovascular disease until age 45, when men's death rate begins to exceed women's.
C) a higher rate of death due to cardiovascular disease for women than men.
D) no differences for high-income countries, such as the U.S., but large differences for middle- and low-income countries, with women showing a survival advantage.

Question 19

Cancers account for

A) about 23% of the deaths in the U.S.
B) more deaths in men than in women.
C) more deaths in the United States than any other cause of death.
D) a and b
E) all of the above

Question 20

Compared to the risks for cancers from smoking, diet

A) is not nearly as important a risk factor.
B) is an important a risk factor, especially when considering risk from obesity.
C) is an important a risk factor, but the dangers are not as easily controlled.
D) is unrelated to cancer risks.

Question 21

When men and women experience the same types of physical symptoms,

A) the male gender role prescribes that men should ignore their symptoms.
B) the male gender role prescribes that men should attend to their symptoms by seeking professional attention.
C) the female gender role prescribes that women should ignore their symptoms.
D) the female gender role puts no restrictions on women's health-related behaviors.

Question 22

The dominance of the medical field by men

A) has led to better and more appropriate care for men than women.
B) has not necessarily led to better and more appropriate care for men than women.
C) has been a handicap for men seeking careers in health care.
D) no longer applies-medicine has become female-dominated within the past decade.

Question 23

If men are held as the standard for medical treatment, then women

A) have inherent advantages that explain their longevity.
B) become more advantaged as they get older.
C) are inherently flawed and will never meet the standard set by men.
D) must adhere to more rigorous health standards to be comparable to men.

Question 24

Avoiding regular health care

A) is more common for young women than for young men.
B) is more common for young men than for young women.
C) is more common among middle-aged people than young people.
D) is unrelated to health status.

Question 25

Excluding female participants from medical research studies

A) was never a common practice due to the lack of generalizability from the results of such studies.
B) would not be a problem if the number of male participants was sufficiently large.
C) would be a problem unless researchers also included a representative sample from the major ethnic groups.
D) was a common procedure until the 1990s.

Question 26

Gender may be a factor in the financial considerations for seeking health care due to

A) men's lesser willingness to pay for medical care.
B) men's higher levels of minor symptoms, which lead to higher medical bills.
C) women's employment situations, which tend to be associated with lower levels of insurance coverage and resulting problems in access to health care.
D) women's increased concerns with health, which lead them to overuse the health care system and spend more money on health care.

Question 27

Violent death due to suicide

A) occurs less often than attempted suicide.
B) is more common among men, but suicide attempts are more common among women.
C) is less common than deaths due to homicide.
D) both a and b
E) all of the above

Question 28

Unintentional injury and death in workplaces

A) are uncommon in the United States but more common in European countries.
B) are more of a risk for men than for women.
C) are approximately equal for men and women, even though their jobs differ.
D) both a and b

Question 29

Critics of the healthcare system have contended that physicians hold stereotypical views of women, including the belief that

A) women are emotional and cannot provide accurate information about their symptoms.
B) women are more resistant to disease than men and require less health care.
C) women make better physicians than men do.
D) women are too nurturant to be effective physicians.

Question 30

Several reports of results from the Women's Health Initiative

A) have failed to add valuable information about women's health, despite the large scale and high cost of the study.
B) have shown contradictory results concerning the benefits of hormone replacement therapy.
C) have indicated that hormone replacement therapy is a risk for cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease.
D) have demonstrated the dangers of teen pregnancy.

Question 31

The development of contraceptive technologies during the 20th century

A) concentrated on controlling women's rather than men's fertility.
B) expanded to include an equal number of technologies oriented toward men's as toward women's fertility.
C) was largely ineffective in slowing the birth rate.
D) emphasized abstinence rather than fertility control.

Question 32

Many of the visits that women make to physicians

A) involve birth control or reproductive health rather than illness.
B) involve emotional rather than physical problems.
C) involve the same types of problems that bring men to physicians.
D) could be avoided if they took the advice of other health care professionals, such as pharmacists.

Question 33

The role of patient is more compatible with ________ and the role of practitioner is more compatible with _________.

A) the male gender role . . . . the female gender role
B) the female gender role . . . . the male gender role
C) conscious factors in personality development . . . . learned factors in situation behavior
D) typical behavior for social situations . . . . . typical behavior in close interpersonal reactions

Question 34

Alcohol use increases the risk for violent death

A) for drivers but not for passengers.
B) for men but not for women who are problem drinkers.
C) at levels that produce intoxication but not at lower levels.
D) at all levels of use, not just the legal level of intoxication.

Question 35

The developing field of gender-specific medicine

A) is another result of the action by the Women's Health Initiative.
B) grew out of an interest in the increasing incidence of breast cancer among younger women.
C) grew out of men's advocacy for treatment specific to men's health.
D) both a and b

Question 36

The gender-related differences in morbidity

A) parallel the gender-related differences in mortality.
B) have a somewhat different pattern compared to the gender-related differences in mortality.
C) disappear when injuries from accidents are considered.
D) did not exist until the 1950s.

Question 37

Which of the following do NOT contribute to violent deaths?

A) higher rates of alcohol use among men
B) higher rates of involvement in illegal activities among men
C) lower rates of seatbelt use among men
D) higher rates of firearms use among women

Question 38

Medical intervention in all phases of pregnancy and childbirth

A) has resulted in little change in maternal mortality but in a dramatic lowering of infant mortality.
B) has resulted in a lowering of maternal mortality but in a slight increase in infant mortality.
C) has put women at risk due to the complication that result from medical intervention.
D) has dramatically lowered both maternal and infant mortality.

Question 39

The traditional male and female gender roles

A) create differences in the acceptability of seeking health care.
B) are less important than personality factors in seeking health care.
C) interact with cultural factors in the sources people consult when seeking health care.
D) tend to produce men and women who are willing to seek health care from informal rather than professional sources.

Question 40

The methods of birth control that concentrate on controlling women's fertility

A) were more common in the middle of the 20th century than in more recent years.
B) not only put women in contact with the medical profession but also place women at risk from the side effects of these birth control methods.
C) increase the risk for sexually transmitted diseases by lowering the immune system's response.
D) are not as effective as the birth control methods that concentrate on controlling men's fertility.

Question 41

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

A) produces AIDS, which is now the second leading cause of death in the U.S. and Canada.
B) can be transmitted sexually, but other modes of transmission also exist.
C) can only be transmitted sexually.
D) both a and c

Question 42

Of the various types of sexually transmitted diseases, which tend to be the most serious problems for medical treatment?

A) bacterial infections
B) parasitic infections
C) viral infections
D) All can be life threatening, making them all equally serious.

Question 43

Cancers of the reproductive organs tend to be more common with increasing age with the exception of

A) ovarian cancer.
B) cancer of the cervix.
C) prostate cancer.
D) testicular cancer.

Question 44

Discontent with one's body

A) is a symptom of developmental disability.
B) appears during the college years in most women.
C) is so common among women as to be the norm.
D) is not a problem among men.

Question 45

Anorexia and bulimia

A) are more common among women than men.
B) are about equally common among men and women.
C) are disorders that did not exist until the 1960s, when thinness became a priority for both women and men.
D) do not appear in men.

Question 46

Research on the health implications of the male and female gender roles indicates that

A) both roles contain elements that can be health risks.
B) the male gender role contains elements that are health risks, but the female gender role has components that provide health advantages.
C) the female gender role contains elements that are health risks, but the male gender role has components that provide health advantages.
D) neither role contains elements that are health risks.

Question 47

Estrogen replacement therapy

A) is prescribed for women during menopause.
B) relieves some of the uncomfortable symptoms that some women experience during menopause.
C) poses risks for developing cardiovascular disease, cancers, and memory deficits.
D) both a and b
E) all of the above

Question 48

When men's reproductive hormone levels begin to fall due to aging,

A) they experience symptoms similar to women's symptoms of menopause.
B) their fertility and sexual desire decline in proportion to their hormonal decline.
C) they experience a decline in fertility and may experience a decrease in erections.
D) their fertility ceases.

Question 49

Body image for women has

A) become thinner over the past 40 years.
B) become more oriented toward larger busts.
C) not changed significantly but has become more athletic and muscular.
D) become more moderate than during the late 1960s.

Question 50

Sexually transmitted diseases

A) affect female fertility but do not have similar effects on men.
B) produce more prominent symptoms in women than in men, making women more likely to receive diagnoses of STDs.
C) are infectious diseases spread by sexual contact.
D) include a variety of bacterial infections but not viral or parasitic infections.

Question 51

What effects do media have on body image?

A) Media images encourage body objectification in both men and women.
B) Women who watch a lot of television prefer thin bodies but reject surgery as a way to achieve them.
C) Men who read men's magazines become less concerned with thinness in women.
D) Young adolescents tend to be influenced by television viewing, but older adolescents and adults are not.

Question 52

What element of the female gender role may be a health risk?

A) Nurturance-women may be responsible for taking care of others but not of themselves.
B) Obsessive behavior-women may be overly concerned with minor symptoms, making unnecessary visits to health care professionals.
C) Compulsive behavior-women use more legal and illegal drugs than men, endangering their health by this drug use.
D) Emotionality-women's lack of emotional control may lead to high blood pressure, which is a risk factor for heart disease and diabetes.

Question 53

Over the past 40 years, the ideal body for women has ________, the ideal body for men has _______, and actual bodies for men and women have _________.

A) gotten thinner . . . . gotten thinner . . . . gotten thinner
B) gotten heavier . . . . become more muscular . . . . gotten heavier
C) gotten thinner . . . . become more muscular . . . . gotten heavier
D) gotten thinner . . . . stayed the same . . . . gotten thinner

Question 54

From ages 15 until 45 years, cancers of the reproductive system are a major cause of mortality

A) for women and men
B) for women but not for men.
C) for men but not for women.
D) for neither women nor men.

Question 55

The causes of death and illness in women and men

A) differ, with men experiencing more serious diseases and a greater variety of diseases than women.
B) differ, with men experiencing death from causes that women do not experience.
C) are similar, but men tend to die at earlier ages than women.
D) show the same patterns for types and ages.

Question 56

Eating patterns begin to show gender-related differences

A) during infancy.
B) during childhood.
C) during early adolescence.
D) during early adulthood.

Question 57

The image of an attractive female body includes ________, and an attractive male body should be _________.

A) curves . . . . thin
B) thinness . . . . muscular
C) muscularity . . . . more muscular
D) thinness . . . . heavy

Question 58

Most dieting is motivated by

A) pressure from peers and parents to be thinner.
B) body image dissatisfaction rather than health concerns. c, a desire to attain a healthy weight.
D) a realistic desire to lose excess weight.

Question 59

Pressures to attain the ideal body are enacted by men and women by

A) dieting.
B) increasing activity level to change body shape.
C) dieting by young women and by working out by young men.
D) adopting a healthy lifestyle.

Question 60

Eating less and taking smaller bites

A) relate to a desire to appear feminine and to make a good social impression.
B) relate to the taste of the food, and both men and women take smaller bites of less tasty food.
C) relate to the situation in which people eat, with people eating more in unfamiliar situations and other situations that produce nervousness or unease.
D) are behaviors that both women and men perform unconsciously in response to familiar people and social settings.

Question 61

Some people become addicted to exercise and exercise to the point that they endanger their health. These people are likely to be

A) women who are not dieting but exercising to meet weight goals.
B) women who have been competitive athletes in college.
C) men with body image problems.
D) men who have been obese as children.

Question 62

The biggest gender gap in life expectancy is

A) in the United States.
B) in Asia.
C) in Africa.
D) in countries that were formerly part of the Soviet Union.

Question 63

The percent of adolescents diagnosed as anorexic or bulimic

A) grew rapidly during the 1990s, when about 25% of adolescent girls were diagnosed with one of these eating disorders.
B) is low, but many more adolescents reports symptoms consistent with disordered eating.
C) is about equal for girls and boys.
D) grew rapidly as a diagnosis for boys during the 1990s.
E) both c and d

Question 64

After the break-up of the Soviet Union,

A) life expectancy in these countries began to rise.
B) cardiovascular disease became more common among men but not women.
C) infant mortality fell, but mortality among the elderly rose.
D) all of the above

Question 65

In developed countries the leading causes of death are _________, and in undeveloped countries the leading causes of death tend to be __________.

A) chronic diseases . . . . heart disease and cancer
B) chronic diseases . . . . infectious diseases
C) acute illnesses . . . . chronic diseases
D) infectious diseases . . . . pollution

Question 66

Predictions about the gender gap in life expectancy are

A) that this gap will continue to exist.
B) that this gap will close by the year 2040.
C) that men will show dramatic gains in life expectancy in developed countries during the next 25 years.
D) not consistent; some models make predictions of a narrowing and others forecast a widening of the gender gap.

Question 67

Women tend to pursue exercise as a way to ________ and men's motivations for exercise are oriented around ________.

A) maintain weight goals . . . . physical fitness goals
B) shape their bodies . . . . decreasing depression
C) manage stress . . . . maintaining weight goals
D) get away from their families . . . . competition

Question 68

An emphasis on athletics

A) is one way to increase the physical activity level of children during the school years.
B) has declined with the passage of Title IX and the increase of women's athletics.
C) may result a lack of participation in any physical activity for children with little athletic talent.
D) is inappropriate, even for children with athletic talent.

Question 69

Children's games that involve a high level of physical activity

A) have increased in recent years, prompted by concerned parents and daycare workers.
B) have been and remain the first choice of children when they play in groups.
C) have decreased in the U.S. over the past 30 years, replaced by television and video games.
D) have little relation to physical fitness in children, so their decline does not represent a health threat.

Question 70

Gender-related differences in levels of physical activity appear as early as

A) preschool.
B) elementary school.
C) middle school.
D) high school.
E) middle age.

Question 71

Physical activity plays what role in the weight maintenance equation?

A) Physical activity burns calories consumed.
B) Physical activity can boost basal metabolic rate.
C) Physical activity accounts for a majority of calories burned.
D) both a and b

Question 72

In developing and undeveloped countries, women's life expectancy is decreased by

A) the risks associated with pregnancy and childbirth.
B) the risks they encounter in agricultural work.
C) their high rate of cardiovascular death.
D) their risk for chronic rather than infectious illnesses.

Question 73

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

A) has had little impact on the participation of women in athletic programs.
B) has actually decreased the participation of women in athletic programs by restricting the number of sports offered in a school.
C) has dramatically increased the percentage of girls and women participating in athletics during the school years.
D) required girls and boys to play on the same sports teams, resulting in more injuries to girls.

Question 74

In the United States, infant mortality

A) is comparable to the low levels found in Europe for European Americans.
B) is comparable to the high levels found developing countries for African Americans.
C) is highest for Asian Americans .
D) both a and b

Question 75

Considering the health risks,

A) both anorexia and bulimia are equally serious threats.
B) anorexia is more serious than bulimia.
C) bulimia is more serious than anorexia.
D) neither is a serious health threat, but both pose behavior problems.

Question 76

Boys have a survival rate that is almost as high as girls during infancy and childhood

A) in developed countries such as the U.S. and Canada.
B) in developing countries such as Mexico and Brazil.
C) in undeveloped countries such as Laos and Angola.
D) in countries with a strong son-preference.

Question 77

The health benefits of exercise have been demonstrated for women in connection to decreased risk for _______ and for men in connection to decreased risk for ________.

A) cardiovascular disease . . . . cardiovascular disease
B) breast cancer . . . . osteoporosis
C) osteoporosis . . . . cardiovascular disease
D) cancers of the reproductive organs . . . . eating disorders

Question 78

Women who participate in athletics in school

A) receive equal opportunities and equal funding compared to men who participate.
B) tend to be unattractive and masculine in appearance.
C) often experience psychological problems associated with the high level of competition.
D) establish the habit of physical activity, which has lifelong health benefits.
E) all of the above