Deck 8: Emotion

Question 1

When men cry, they are usually _______; when women cry, they _______.

A) confused . . . are usually sad
B) sad . . . may be sad or angry
C) angry . . . are usually sad
D) uncertain of their feelings . . . are also uncertain of their feelings

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Gender stereotypes for emotionality

A) force women to express their full range of emotions but restrict men from expressing any emotions.
B) adhere to the ranges of emotions that men and women expressed in human prehistory.
C) present a restricted range of emotions for both men and women.
D) hold that women are emotional and men are rational.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In observing male and female nonhuman primates and their behavior with their young,

A) the pattern of care giving consists of female primates providing primary care, with minimal male involvement in care giving.
B) the pattern of care giving consists of exclusive female care giving, with male primates being absent.
C) the pattern of care giving consists of sharing primary care giving, with male primates providing nighttime care and female primates providing daytime care.
D) the patterns of care giving vary, with some species having primary care provided by females and some species having primary care provided by males.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

If women and men are subject to different display rules, then their

A) life circumstances should differ, but their experiences should be similar.
B) interests should show many underlying similarities.
C) behavioral expressions of emotion should differ.
D) surroundings should display differences.

Question 5

The emotional double standard holds that women are more emotional than men,

A) and research has confirmed that women overreact in a variety of situations.
B) but women's overreactions are restricted to private situations.
C) but these overreactions occur only among women of childbearing age.
D) but this conclusion must exclude the emotion of anger.

Question 6

According to recent research on the experience of emotions by women and men, the situation that best predicts the experience of negative emotions in women is

A) living with young children.
B) women's employment.
C) men's unemployment.
D) both b and c

Question 7

Crying presents problems for men because ________ and for women _______.

A) they are not allowed to cry . . . because they cry in situations that make others uncomfortable.
B) they do not know when crying will be appropriate . . . they misjudge when crying is appropriate
C) they want to cry but cannot . . . also want to cry but cannot
D) they cry too often . . . because they cry as a expression of many emotions

Question 8

Harlow's studies with mothering behavior in monkeys that have been maternally deprived suggest that

A) maternal instinct exists but can be altered by early experience.
B) maternal instinct is biologically determined.
C) monkeys and humans have different determinants of care giving.
D) experience and not instinct is the determining factor in care giving.

Question 9

The term contact comfort refers to

A) the security provided by contact with a comforting object.
B) the comfort provided by sexual contact with a receptive partner.
C) the contact that occurs when members of the same species are confined together.
D) the emotional security derived from physical safety.

Question 10

The behaviors that monkeys deprived of contact with their mothers included all BUT which of the following?

A) avoidance of physical contact with other monkeys
B) self-abusive behaviors
C) unusually high levels of sexual behavior
D) high levels of attack and aggression

Question 11

The effects of maternal deprivation

A) are severe during infancy but diminish during childhood, leaving few permanent effects.
B) seem severe during childhood but diminish during adolescence.
C) seem severe during childhood and adolescence but diminish during adulthood.
D) persist into adulthood.

Question 12

The concept of maternal instinct

A) has become more well-accepted over the past 50 years.
B) is defined by the presence or absence of children-women who do not have children do not have the releasing factors to activate maternal instinct.
C) holds that nurturing behaviors of mothers are biologically defined and largely insensitive to environmental circumstances.
D) both a and b
E) all of the above

Question 13

When monkeys deprived of contact with other monkeys, including normal mothering, became mothers themselves,

A) the experience of having to care for an infant was therapeutic, making them more normal.
B) they form an unusually close relationship with their infants' fathers.
C) they initially show some abnormalities in care giving but become more normal after the first few days.
D) they are negligent and abusive mothers.

Question 14

The lack of correspondence between the experience and expression of emotion

A) highlights the cultural influences in the process of emotion.
B) allows deception or concealment.
C) makes the study of emotion nonempirical.
D) restricts the study of emotion to physiological responses.

Question 15

When Harlow provided infant monkeys with surrogate mothers, he found that

A) the infants were uninterested in surrogate mothers.
B) the infants were more interested in the cloth-covered than the wire surrogate.
C) the infants were more interested in the surrogate that provided food.
D) infants raised with surrogate mothers are no more normal than infants raised in isolation.

Question 16

Display rules

A) are a set of guidelines that govern when and to whom one may display emotion.
B) apply to the development of emotion in children but not in adults.
C) do not cover the situations that differentiate women's and men's behavior.
D) restrict what people experience, including the cognitive labeling and physiological arousal components of emotion.

Question 17

Harry Harlow deprived infant monkeys of contact with their mothers

A) in an effort to manipulate the biological parents' behavior in getting access to their infants.
B) in an effort to raise physically healthy monkeys in a controlled environment.
C) in an effort to create psychologically and physically unhealthy animals.
D) against the advice of other researchers and the animal ethics committee recommendations.

Question 18

Research on nonhuman primates and their care for infants has shown that

A) males are not interested in infants and tend to abuse those infants that seek their company.
B) males are interested in those infants that they have fathered but not in other infants.
C) males within the social group may show reactions that vary from little interest to large involvement, but their reactions rarely include aggression.
D) females form nurturing relationships with all young, including their offspring and others.

Question 19

Harry Harlow found that monkeys that had been deprived of contact with their mothers

A) showed a number of abnormal behaviors in social situations.
B) sought close social relationships during their adulthood that compensated for childhood deprivation.
C) showed physical but not behavioral effects of the deprivation.
D) both a and b

Question 20

When preschool children see women and men expressing the same emotional reaction,

A) they interpret the reaction as anger.
B) they tend to interpret the reaction as sadness.
C) they interpret women's reaction as anger and men's reaction as sadness.
D) they interpret women's reaction as sadness and men's reaction as anger.

Question 21

What findings have led some researchers to question that there are large gender-related differences in nurturing?

A) Although girls gain and boys lose interest in babies throughout childhood, boys continue to nurture their pets.
B) Both boys and girls gain interest in caring for infants until late childhood, when girls' interest increases sharply.
C) Recent studies have shown few gender-related differences in nurturing.
D) When number of siblings is taken into consideration, no gender differences appear in nurturing.

Question 22

According to a review of the research on responsiveness to infants, the strongest evidence for a gender difference comes from studies

A) in which girls and boys have been secretly observed playing with dolls.
B) in which college men and women have been observed interacting with babies.
C) in which self-reports of behavior are used as the measurement of responsiveness rather than behavioral observations or physiological measures.
D) that have used both men and women.

Question 23

One difference between gay and heterosexual fathers is

A) that gay fathers are not interested in caring for female children but are interested in male children.
B) that heterosexual fathers become more involved in their children's care than gay fathers.
C) that gay fathers divide child care duties more equally than heterosexual couples.
D) that gay fathers are unusual, so little is known about their parenting behavior.

Question 24

Fathers who become involved with the daily care of their children

A) follow a pattern that arose during the Industrial Revolution and Victorian times.
B) get a great deal of social support for this choice from family and employers.
C) deviate from the traditional pattern of uninvolved breadwinner.
D) get few rewards from this choice due to the burdens of child care.

Question 25

Anger and aggression

A) are causally linked-anger prompts aggression.
B) can be separate-anger does not always prompt aggression, and aggression can occur without anger.
C) represent the underlying emotion and the behavioral manifestation of the emotion.
D) both a and c

Question 26

What is the role of hormones in maternal behavior?

A) Important hormonal changes occur in both mothers and fathers during pregnancy, releasing maternal and paternal behaviors.
B) Hormonal changes during pregnancy provide an essential component of maternal behavior; without such changes, maternal behavior does not appear.
C) Hormonal changes during pregnancy may provide a foundation for maternal behavior but do not guarantee such behavior.
D) Hormonal changes have no relationship to maternal behaviors.

Question 27

The concept of bonding

A) has highlighted the biological basis of maternal instinct.
B) has been applied to women but not to men.
C) has little research support but continued popular appeal.
D) applies to nonhuman primates but not to humans.

Question 28

Defining aggression has been difficult for researchers because

A) intention to cause harm is an important component for the definition.
B) actions intended to harm another person are easy to measure.
C) causing physical injury to others is the only important criterion.
D) doing psychological harm to others is not a valid part of the definition.
E) both c and d

Question 29

By questioning young children about their experience of anger and aggression, researchers found

A) that girls were more likely than boys to exhibit aggressive behaviors before age 5.
B) girls experienced more anger but no more aggression than boys.
C) boys experienced more anger and more aggression than girls until age 8.
D) few gender differences.

Question 30

Girls increase and boy decrease their contact with babies as they progress through childhood. This situation results from

A) encouragement for girls to care for babies.
B)
B) discouragement for boys from caring for babies.
C) biological factors that underlie the satisfaction that females receive from childcare.
D) both a and

Question 31

According to surveys of college students and adults in countries around the world, anger

A) is not a common emotion among women but is more common among men.
B) is more common among women than men, but women are less likely to express their anger.
C) occurs equally often in women and men.
D) occurs more often in participants in the United States than in other countries.

Question 32

The concept of attachment

A) applies to the attraction of infants to their caregivers.
B) applies to the attraction that mothers feel to their infants.
C) applies to the mutual relationship between infants and their caregivers.
D) applies to the bond that forms between infant and mother in the few hours after the infant's birth.

Question 33

Indirect aggression

A) causes less harm than physical aggression.
B) does not fit within the definition of aggression.
C) causes harm by arranging for the target to get into trouble.
D) is more common among men than among women.

Question 34

One difference between the concept of bonding and maternal instinct is

A) that bonding is not restricted to the mother-infant relationship.
B) the emphasis on hormonal factors in bonding.
C) that the concept of maternal instinct includes a wider variety of behaviors and situations than bonding.
D) hard to find-the two concepts are nearly identical.

Question 35

According to one view of human prehistory, men became more aggressive than women because

A) women were not part of the social group and thus did not need to be assertive.
B) women needed to defend their infants but did not need to attack.
C) women cared for children while men hunted and defended the family.
D) the more aggressive men were, the more successful at mating.

Question 36

When women get angry, they are more likely than men to

A) express rather than suppress their anger.
B) leave the situation that prompted their anger.
C) hit something, but not necessarily someone.
D) cry.

Question 37

What prevents fathers from becoming involved in caring for their children?

A) Few models exist for this type of involved fatherhood.
B) The breadwinner role takes fathers away from home and family.
C) Unlike mothers, fathers experience no hormonal preparation for being a parent.
D) both a and b
E) all of the above

Question 38

Gender-related differences in the pleasures derived from child care

A) are complicated by the different amounts of time and different activities that men and women spend in care giving.
B) relate to the biological preparation that women's hormones provide.
C) show that men derive greater satisfaction from care giving than women.
D) show that women with more children gain more satisfaction from child care than women with few children.

Question 39

According to studies by Harlow and his colleagues, what factor is critical in normal social development (including mothering) in monkeys?

A) being female
B) the experience of being properly mothered
C) social experience during childhood with other monkeys
D) sexual access and experience
E) all of the above

Question 40

In countries around the world, targets of women's anger

A) tend to be men more often than other women.
B) tend to be other women more often than men.
C) tend to be people with whom the women have close relationships in countries with greater gender equality.
D) tend to be intimate partners more often than other family members.

Question 41

Under what circumstances do men tend to use indirect aggression?

A) when they are restricted from using physical violence.
B) when they enter adolescence.
C) when they enter adulthood.
D) No circumstances restrain men's use of physical violence.

Question 42

Gender differences in aggression are ________ in laboratory settings and _______ in society.

A) large . . . . large
B) large . . . . smaller
C) small . . . . larger
D) small . . . . disappearing

Question 43

In some circumstances women are less aggressive than men, and this reluctance to respond with aggression may be due to

A) a fear of retaliation and inadequate ways to defend themselves.
B) a more communal style of expressing aggression.
C) underlying biological restraints that apply to women but not to men.
D) their belief in the legal system's ability to deal with inappropriate aggression in society.

Question 44

According to studies on the stability of aggression,

A) aggressive children seldom become aggressive adults.
B) aggressive children tend to become aggressive adolescents and adults.
C) passive children are more likely to become aggressive adults than are aggressive children.
D) aggression can appear at any time during the lifespan, demonstrating a lack of stability.

Question 45

Children who develop a tendency to respond with violence

A) see the world as a dangerous place.
B) tend to have parents who use harsh and inconsistent punishment.
C) believe that violence is an acceptable strategy for resolving conflicts.
D) all of the above

Question 46

______ are more likely to be the perpetrators and _______ are more likely to be the victims of crime.

A) Men . . . . women
B) Men . . . . men
C) Women . . . . men
D) Women . . . . women

Question 47

In a study about the settings in which men and women were most likely to experience violence, men were most likely to be involved in violence _______, and women were most likely to experience violence ________.

A) in public places . . . . in domestic settings
B) without weapons . . . . with weapons
C) in response to provocation from women . . . . without provocation
D) initiated by women . . . . initiated by men

Question 48

Among the most aggressive adolescents, what differences exist in aggression among girls and boys?

A) So few girls were aggressive that no patterns have emerged.
B) Girls use aggression to prevent victimization, whereas boys use aggression to get money and status.
C) Girls form gangs and menace adults, much as boys' gangs do.
D) Few differences exist among these adolescents, although many differences exist among average adolescents.

Question 49

Over the past 30 years, crime rates for women have

A) increased for violent crimes more rapidly than for nonviolent crimes.
B) become similar to the crime rates for men.
C) become similar to the crime rates for men but not to the types of crimes committed.
D) increased in violent crimes but even more in nonviolent crimes.

Question 50

The type of aggression that is more common among women than men is

A) retaliating to acts of physical aggression with aggression.
B) initiating acts of physical aggression.
C) indirect rather than direct aggression.
D) both a and b

Question 51

From middle childhood to young adulthood, what gender differences appear in aggression?

A) Boys and girls both increase their tendency to use physical aggression, but boys are more likely to use weapons than girls, creating more legal problems and more social problems with their aggression.
B) Boys' aggression decreases but girls become increasingly aggressive, overtaking the level of aggression in boys during the preadolescent period.
C) Boys and girls use different aggressive tactics, with boys more likely to use physical confrontation and girls more likely to use relational aggression.
D) Few gender-related differences appear.

Question 52

When considering the most aggressive children,

A) there are both boys and girls, but more boys than girls.
B) the group consists of a near even ratio of boys to girls.
C) no girls appear in the group.
D) there are variations with social and ethnic background, with more aggressive girls in poor and minority groups.

Question 53

Gender role shows a relationship to emotion;

A) masculine women are less willing to express anger than feminine women.
B) masculine men are more reluctant to express emotion.
C) feminine men are more reluctant to express emotion.
D) feminine women are less likely to express emotion than any other gender role-gender combination.

Question 54

Research on domestic violence indicates that

A) women are more likely than men to initiate episodes of domestic violence.
B) women and men both initiate domestic violence.
C) women are much more likely to sustain serious injury as a result of domestic violence.
D) both b and c
E) all of the above

Question 55

One situation that influences boys' and girls' aggressive behavior is that

A) parents monitor and restrain girls' behavior more than boys' behavior.
B) girls lack the hormonal basis for aggression, so they are not biologically primed to be aggressive.
C) peers encourage both boys and girls to be aggressive.
D) neither teachers nor parents notice girls' aggression but attend closely to boys' behavior.

Question 56

Women and men tend to respond differently to various provocations, with men responding with more aggression to ___________ and women responding with more aggression to _____________.

A) traffic congestion . . . . rude comments
B) insults to their intelligence . . . . condescending treatment.
C) condescending treatment . . . . physical attacks
D) rude comments . . . . situations with little or no provocation

Question 57

What factor relates to aggression in both girls and boys in elementary school?

A) frustrating life circumstances
B) low parental education
C) high family income
D) preference for violent television

Question 58

Aggression among school children

A) seems unrelated to other experiences in children's lives.
B) is more likely to occur in same-gender rather than in cross-gender pairs.
C) is uncommon and restricted to a few children.
D) is the consequence of frustration for children as well as for adults.

Question 59

Patterns of aggressive behavior differ for girls and boys in terms of

A) the number of children identified with conduct disorder.
B) the tendency of girls to exhibit physical violence during childhood but not during adolescence.
C) the tendency of girls to use indirect aggression rather than physical confronttion.
D) the tendency of boys to combine direct and indirect aggression equally.

Question 60

In analyzing the development of aggression, what pattern appears?

A) Aggression decreases from childhood to adulthood.
B) Aggression increases from childhood to adulthood.
C) Aggression is low during childhood, increases during adolescence, and decreases during adulthood.
D) Boys' aggression increases from childhood to adolescence, but girls' aggression decreases from childhood to adolescence.

Question 61

The reluctance to report rape

A) is stronger among African American women than European American women.
B) is stronger among men than women.
C) was once strong but has disappeared in the past 20 years.
D) both a and b
E) all of the above

Question 62

The tendency to blame rape victims and to believe rape myths

A) are stronger for male than female victims.
B) are stronger is Asian-Americans than European-Americans.
C) are factors that tend to decrease victims' willingness to report rape.
D) both a and b
E) all of the above

Question 63

A study of U.S. college students' experience of forced sexual experiences suggested that

A) rape is more common than the official crime reports have shown.
B) rape is less common than the media reports suggest.
C) rape is less common than the official crime reports have shown, due to many false charges of rape.
D) both male and female college students tend to label many sexual experiences as coercive that really are not.

Question 64

Women can be considered more emotionally expressive than men

A) under a wide variety of circumstances.
B) among less educated but not among well-educated people.
C) only with a selective definition of emotionality.
D) when considering fear, sadness, joy, and anger.

Question 65

One difference between male and female victims of forced sex is

A) the use of physical force, which occurs often for female but not for male victims.
B) the amount of trauma, with women feeling more traumatized than men.
C) the use of physical resistance, with men being more successful in avoiding unwanted sex than woman.
D) none of the above-no significant differences exist between these two groups.

Question 66

Which of the following strategies have NOT been used by women against men whom they force to have sex?

A) bribery
B) threats of withdrawal of affection
C) physical force
D) All of the above have been used by women.
E) only a and b

Question 67

Women's and men's reports concerning fear of criminal victimization are

A) equal.
B) similar, but men fear property crime and women fear personal victimization.
C) unequal, with men having more fear than women.
D) decreasing, but men's fear is decreasing faster than women's fear.

Question 68

When asked to identify basic emotions based on photos or drawings of facial expressions,

A) people in many different cultures were able to identify these emotions.
B) people in most industrial countries identified the emotions similarly, but people in preliterate cultures did not.
C) men identified emotions more easily than women in preliterate cultures.
D) women identified emotions more easily than men in industrialized cultures.
E) both c and d

Question 69

One commonality among convicted rapists and men who have been involved in coercive sexual experiences is their

A) obvious hostility to women and their confused sexual identity.
B) tendency to deny their responsibility for their actions.
C) repressed violence and expressed sexuality.
D) low educational level.

Question 70

In studying students from several different European countries, researchers

A) confirmed the stereotypes of emotional differences among nationalities.
B) found the expected gender differences in emotionality, but at lower levels than they had hypothesized.
C) found the expected gender differences in emotionality, but at higher levels than they had hypothesized.
D) both a and c

Question 71

People who live in collectivist cultures experience more _________, and those who live in individualist cultures have more experiences of ________.

A) anger . . . sadness
B) sadness . . . guilt
C) guilt . . . pride
D) pride . . . anger

Question 72

Which men have an increased likelihood of committing rape?

A) Men who work in occupations where women occupy influential positions.
B) Men who work in blue-collar occupations.
C) Men who feel hostility toward women and who feel entitled to sex.
D) Men whose mothers were abused by their fathers.

Question 73

In slasher movies, women are stalked by crazed killers; in real life, women are more likely to be harmed by

A) an intimate partner.
B) a casual acquaintance who attacks them.
C) a coworker who attempts to rape them.
D) a stranger.

Question 74

The Vanatinai live in a gender egalitarian society and do not believe in resolving conflict through aggression. In examining their society,

A) very few incidents of physical violence occur.
B) incidents of indirect violence occur.
C) the men are passive but the women are warriors.
D) both a and b

Question 75

A study of convicted rapists by Diana Scully showed

A) a great deal of similarity between rapists and other male criminals.
B) that rapists were deviant in many ways unrelated to their sexual crimes.
C) that rapists showed a different personality profile compared to other felons.
D) that rape victims were likely to be under age 25 and attractive.

Question 76

The types of emotions that people experience across the world are

A) similar, but the situations that provoke these emotions differ a great deal.
B) similar, and so are the types of situations that provoke those emotions.
C) different, and those differences can be understood in terms of collectivist societies and individualistic societies.
D) different, but the display rules are similar.

Question 77

What method of study is least likely to find gender differences in emotionality?

A) Studies that use self-reports of attitudes and emotional experience.
B) Studies that use observations of public behavior.
C) Studies that use covertly observed behavior in private situations.
D) Studies that have considered a wide range of situations and a variety of people.

Question 78

Cross-cultural research on emotionality has shown that

A) similarities exist in the range of emotions that humans experience, but the circumstances that elicit emotions differ.
B) universality is the rule in emotional experience.
C) diversity in each culture is reflected in the experience of emotion in those cultures.
D) display rules for emotion apply to women but not to men.

Question 79

Women's tendency to express fear and sadness and men's tendency to express anger can be explained by

A) differences in display rules for men and women.
B) differences in hormone levels of men and women.
C) differences in the rewards for aggression.
D) individual rather than gender differences.

Question 80

In the model devised by Neil Malamuth and his colleagues that predicts rape, what two factors are predictive of rape committed by men?

A) hostile masculinity and high frequency of uncommitted sex
B) repressive parenting and low socioeconomic status
C) minority ethnic background and high intelligence
D) low educational level and strong sexual motivation