Deck 9: Relationships

Question 1

Gender segregation refers to the

A) separation of the genders into ability-based groupings for instruction.
B) separation into same-gender groups that begins as early as preschool age.
C) division of ethnic minorities into homogeneous groups.
D) hierarchy of decision making that forms in both formal and informal organizations.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is not among the points on Sternberg's triangular theory of love?

A) commitment
B) intimacy
C) passion
D) dependence

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Beginning during the elementary school years, what functions do friendships begin to fulfill?

A) the desire for adventure and rebellion from parental authority
B) the desire for companionship and intimacy previously provided by siblings and family
C) the urge to restrict information about cross-gender life tasks and repress sexual exploration
D) the urge to expand personal experience by seeking the company of a variety of male and female playmates

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Middle school children's opinions concerning cross-gender friendships

A) are pessimistic-most children believe that it is not possible that boys and girls can be friends.
B) are pessimistic-children in middle school interact with such hostility that they do not see the possibility of friendship.
C) are cautious-children in middle school express the belief that boys and girls can be friends but most do not have a cross-gender friend.
D) are optimistic-most children not only endorse the concept but also have a cross-gender friend.

Question 5

Girls' and women's friendships tend to be based on __________, and boys' and men's friendships tend to be based on __________.

A) common interests . . . . common abilities
B) emotional intimacy . . . . shared activities
C) common abilities . . . . emotional intimacy
D) personality characteristics . . . . personality characteristics

Question 6

Children and preadolescents maintain gender segregation,

A) and they seem unaware of the possibility of sexual relationships.
B) and they are in the latency period of psychosexual development, during which their sexuality is unconscious.
C) but they remain aware of sexuality.
D) both a and b

Question 7

A tendency to be active or passive in interactions with other young children depends on the

A) child's gender-girls tend to be passive and boys tend to be active in their interactions.
B) child's personality-some children are passive and others tend to be active.
C) time of day-children tend to be more active in the morning and more passive in the afternoon.
D) situation-girls are more active interacting with girls and more passive interacting with boys.

Question 8

Observations of junior high school children show what patterns?

A) Children segregate themselves according to gender but pay little attention to ethnicity in forming groups.
B) Children segregate themselves according to ethnicity but pay little attention to gender in forming groups.
C) Children segregate themselves according to both gender and ethnicity in forming groups.
D) Children use neither gender nor ethnicity in forming groups, but socialize with children with similar interests.

Question 9

The active avoidance of the other gender becomes active interest during adolescence,

A) but girls and boys do not often form friendships with each other.
B) and cross-gender friendships become as common as cross-gender romances.
C) but cross-gender friendships usually also cross age groups.
D) and girls pursue such friendships more actively than boys.

Question 10

The style of forming intimate relationships based on sharing emotion

A) is typical of women's friendships but not their romantic relationships.
B) is typical of women's friendships and romantic relationships.
C) is typical of homosexual but not heterosexual women.
D) applies to men in romantic relationships but not in their friendships.

Question 11

In addition to gender segregation, children also tend to segregate themselves according to _________ factors.

A) family and neighborhood
B) economic class
C) ethnic
D) talent and ability

Question 12

Cross-gender interactions in middle-school children

A) are often not voluntary and are often tinged with hostility.
B) usually occur in the context of neighborhood play activities, which the children seek and enjoy.
C) are encouraged by both parents and teachers as a way to ease children's discomfort with the other gender.
D) are similar to adolescents' dating patterns, with couples engaged in romantic and sexual activities.

Question 13

African American men who cultivate the cool pose

A) use it as a way to become visible in a culture that tends to ignore them.
B) have disadvantages in maintaining the cool pose and cultivating meaningful relationships.
C) have a wider circle of intimate friends than African American men who try to fit into mainstream culture.
D) both a and b
E) all of the above

Question 14

One possible basis for gender segregation during middle childhood is the

A) intelligence differences between boys and girls.
B) sexual maturity of girls and immaturity of boys.
C) activity preferences of boys and girls.
D) group cooperation that is seen in groups of boys but not in groups of girls.

Question 15

In Sternberg's triangular theory of love, which configuration comes closest to friendship?

A) companionate love
B) consummate love
C) infatuated love
D) fatuous love

Question 16

The view that men cannot experience intimate friendships

A) has existed in many cultures throughout history.
B) can be traced to the beliefs about friendship founded in ancient Greece.
C) came about during the Renaissance.
D) is a modern belief.

Question 17

In a study that examined interactions of 33-month-olds,

A) same-gender pairs showed more positive and less negative interaction than mixed-gender pairs.
B) same-gender pairs showed more negative and less positive interactions than mixed-gender pairs.
C) same-gender pairs showed more positive and more negative interactions than mixed-gender pairs.
D) few differences appeared, regardless of the gender mixture of the pairs.

Question 18

In Sternberg's triangular theory of love, what distinguishes liking from companionate love?

A) commitment
B) intimacy
C) passion
D) dependence

Question 19

Girls and boys form play groups during their middle-school years that

A) tend to be similar in size and style of interaction.
B) tend to include passive activities for girls and active games for boys.
C) tend to include smaller, more cooperative groups of girls compared to larger, more competitive groups of boys.
D) encourage cross-gender activities both in the neighborhood and at school.

Question 20

In analyzing relationships during childhood and looking for predictors of future romantic relationships,

A) the relationship with the same-gender parent is more important than a relationship with age-mates.
B) the relationship with the other-gender parent is more important than a relationship with age-mates.
C) relationships with siblings are the most important predictor.
D) friendships allow children to practice developing intimacy with someone of a similar age.

Question 21

What Bem Sex Role Inventory score is most likely to belong to individuals who form cross-gender friendships?

A) women with high femininity scores
B) women with high masculinity scores
C) men with high femininity scores
D) men with high masculinity scores
E) both b and c

Question 22

The existence of cross-gender friendships suggests that

A) sexuality is the basis for these relationships, even if unacknowledged.
B) women's style of relating is capable of overcoming men's resistance and lack of skill.
C) both women and men have the ability to use the style of friendship typical of the other.
D) no stable basis for such friendships exists, but some individuals manage to relate to each other without sexual involvement.

Question 23

One factor that may inhibit the formation of emotional intimacy in boys' and men's friendships is

A) the unwillingness to form friendships with other males.
B) their inability to be emotionally expressive.
C) their lack of familiarity with the terminology they should use to communicate with others.
D) their reluctance to exhibit any behavior considered feminine.

Question 24

Maintaining friendships after marriage

A) is easier for men than women-men have more free time outside the home and can get together with their friends.
B) is easier for women than men-women tend to form networks of friends and to maintain these friendships.
C) is easy for both men and women-both continue their previous relationships.
D) is difficult for both men and women-both tend to abandon their previous relationships.

Question 25

The constraints on developing an intimate, sharing form of friendship affect __________ due to ___________.

A) women . . . . their difficulty in evaluating emotions
B) women . . . . their interest in forming commitment early in the relationship
C) men . . . . homophobia
D) men . . . . their problems in experiencing a full range of emotions

Question 26

Chris and Pat have been friends for several years. Chris called Pat and said, "Let's get together tomorrow." Pat said, "Fine, what do you want to do?" Chris replied, "Oh, we don't have to do anything. Let's get coffee and talk-I haven't talked to you for a couple of weeks." Pat said, "Great choice, I'll see you tomorrow." Chris and Pat are probably

A) both women.
B) both men.
C) a man and a women.
D) bisexual women.

Question 27

Dating can be analyzed as following a script, and in such scripts men _________ and women _________.

A) act . . . . react
B) respond to women's challenges . . . . resist men's advances.
C) force women to be honest . . . . prevent men from being deceptive
D) are passive . . . . are active

Question 28

Teenagers use dating

A) as a way to seek companionship.
B) for sexual exploration.
C) to gain status.
D) as a recreational activity.
E) all of the above

Question 29

Among the advantages of dating is _______ and among the disadvantages is _______.

A) increased esteem . . . . decreased academic motivation
B) increased popularity among same-gender peers . . . . parental disapproval
C) greater involvement in school activities . . . . greater involvement in illegal drugs
D) compensation for being unpopular . . . . decreased church attendance

Question 30

Friendships among aging adults

A) become less close and more superficial as aging progresses.
B) become more male-oriented, catering to the dwindling number of men in this age group.
C) become more female-based because this age group has more women.
D) become less equitable and less satisfying.

Question 31

The rules for cross-gender friendships

A) offer constraints and challenges that most individuals cannot overcome.
B) lift some of the constraints that exist for same-gender friendships.
C) constrain women's behavior in such friendships more than men's behavior.
D) present some challenges that same-gender friendships do not, but most people can meet these challenges without major problems.

Question 32

Which of Sternberg's components in the triangular theory of love is weighted most heavily in Cancian's Family Duty blueprint for marriage?

A) commitment
B) passion
C) intimacy
D) dependence

Question 33

The Companionship blueprint for marriage

A) emphasizes an equal mixture of passion, intimacy, and commitment.
B) describes women as the experts of love.
C) relies on compatibility and romance for continuing the relationship.
D) all of the above

Question 34

Evolutionary psychology predicts that

A) mate selection is based on mutual status concerns.
B) women are attracted to men who are good-looking and physically fit.
C) men value physical attractiveness because it signals reproductive fitness.
D) same-gender sexual activity contributes genetic diversity.

Question 35

Romantic, passionate love

A) has been the most common basis for marriage throughout history.
B) has always existed but was not a common basis for marriage until the 20^th century.
C) has been considered dangerous as well as desirable.
D) both b and c

Question 36

Research that examined the trend of preferences for characteristics for potential mates over the past 60 years

A) discovered that men's preference for physical attractiveness has gotten stronger.
B) discovered that women have increased their preference for physical attractiveness in potential mates.
C) confirmed the gender difference predicted by evolutionary psychology.
D) both a and c

Question 37

Over _______ of adolescents in the United States go out on dates regularly, and ______ have a steady boyfriend or girlfriend.

A) 30% . . . . 25%
B) half . . . . one third
C) 75% . . . . half
D) 90% . . . . half

Question 38

For young adults, the workplace presents opportunities for forming friendships,

A) which tend to stay within the person's same ethnic group and same gender.
B) which are more likely to cross ethnic lines than to be cross-gender friendships.
C) which are more likely to cross gender lines than to be cross-ethnic friendships.
D) which tend to form on the basis of job similarity rather than gender or ethnicity.

Question 39

For young adults in a study of speed dating,

A) physical attractiveness is even more important than for relationships that form through personal contact.
B) physical attractiveness is more important but status is less important than for relationships that form through personal contact.
C) kindness was the most important characteristics mentioned by women, and sense of humor was the most important characteristic that men named.
D) attitudes about casual sex were the most important characteristic, regardless of sex.

Question 40

In examining male-male, male-female, and female-female love relationships, researchers found that

A) gay and lesbian couples used different criteria than heterosexual couples in selecting partners.
B) gay men and lesbians differed from each other in the characteristics that they looked for in a partner.
C) all three types of couples used different criteria when selecting a partner.
D) all couples used similar criteria when selecting a partner.

Question 41

Using Sternberg's terminology, Companionship marriages

A) have equal mixture of passion, commitment, and intimacy.
B) have the passion component for men, the intimacy component for women, and the commitment component for both.
C) are lacking in commitment but include a strong passion component.
D) are lacking in intimacy but include both commitment and intimacy.

Question 42

Francesca Cancian argued that the "feminization of love" has

A) offered expanded possibilities for women but restrictions on men's behavior.
B) offered expanded possibilities for men but restrictions on women's behavior.
C) restricted the behavior of both women and men.
D) offered expanded possibilities for the types of relationships that men and women can maintain.

Question 43

Movies suggest that bad men can be changed by the love of a good woman. Research suggests that

A) bad men are dangerous to the women who love them.
B) religion is more likely to bring changes than love.
C) young men can experience changes, but older men are unlikely to change.
D) good women rarely become attracted to bad men.

Question 44

James and Joan met during college in 1994 and married two years after they graduated. If they are typical of married couples, what are their beliefs concerning gender roles in marriage?

A) Both James and Joan have traditional gender role beliefs.
B) Joan believes in egalitarian marriages.
C) Joan believes in egalitarian marriage, but James believes in traditional gender roles in marriage.
D) They have dissimilar gender role beliefs, but they will become more similar when they have children.

Question 45

Which of Cancian's blueprints should lead to the lowest divorce rate?

A) the Family Duty blueprint
B) the Companionship blueprint
C) the Independence blueprint
D) the Interdependence blueprint

Question 46

For women and men in the United States, the physical and mental health benefits of marriage

A) apply to both husbands and wives, but husbands gain more benefits.
B) are not equal, with husbands benefiting more than wives.
C) are not equal, with wives benefiting more than husbands.
D) are not as much of an advantage as staying single.

Question 47

Cancian's Companionship blueprint for marriage relationships explained that husbands and wives in such relationships

A) did not develop an intimate relationship.
B) behaved in role-specific ways, with women maintaining the relationship and men maintaining a career.
C) acted as independent individuals, rarely having time to devote to their relationship.
D) had gender-specific duties but felt that they had the duty to love and support each other.

Question 48

The blueprint in which partners select each other on the basis of romantic attraction and maintain a relationship in which the man has more power is

A) the Family Duty Blueprint.
B) the Companionship Blueprint.
C) the Independence Blueprint.
D) the Interdependence Blueprint.

Question 49

Contemporary couples have adopted which blueprint for their marriages?

A) Companionship
B) Independence
C) Interdependence
D) all of the above

Question 50

Rather than explaining communication differences between men and women as a result of gender, it is possible conceptualize these differences as

A) "men are from Mars, women are from Venus."
B) based on dominance and power differentials.
C) based on biological essentialism.
D) "women act, but men only react."

Question 51

Research on Deborah Tannen's hypotheses about communication differences in women and men has revealed

A) the type of differences that John Gray and Tannen hypothesized.
B) that women are from Venus and men are from Mars.
C) both a and b
D) little support for Tannen's contentions.

Question 52

Using Sternberg's triangular model of relationships, what component is most important for a stable love relationship?

A) high passion combined with high intimacy
B) low passion combined with high commitment
C) high intimacy, regardless of the value of the other components
D) high commitment, regardless of the value of the other components.

Question 53

The Interdependence Blueprint for marriage differs from the Independence Blueprint in

A) the Interdependence Blueprint's emphasis on mutual dependence and commitment.
B) the Interdependence Blueprint's maintenance of traditional gender roles.
C) the Interdependence Blueprint's re-definition of passion and intimacy.
D) the importance of duty of each partner to the other in the Independence Blueprint.

Question 54

Cancian's Family Duty blueprint for marriage relationships explained that husbands and wives in such relationships

A) did not develop an intimate relationship.
B) behaved in role-specific ways, with women maintaining the relationship and men maintaining a career.
C) acted as independent individuals, rarely having time to devote to their relationship.
D) had gender-specific duties but felt that they had the duty to love and support each other.

Question 55

Holding romantic beliefs, such as "love lasts forever," is more typical of

A) relationships of 50 years ago than those of today.
B) people in lower rather than higher socioeconomic groups.
C) women than men.
D) men than women.

Question 56

The Independence Blueprint for marriage

A) puts women in the role of doing the emotional work in their relationship.
B) emphasizes self-development over commitment to the relationship.
C) maintains traditional gender roles.
D) reverses the gender roles in the Companionship Blueprint.

Question 57

Deborah Tannen has argued for the existence of gender-related differences in communication, with women's intimate communication oriented toward ________ and men's oriented toward _______.

A) communal connection . . . . hierarchy
B) efficiency . . . . emotional expression
C) mediation . . . . dominance
D) dominance . . . . reflective thinking

Question 58

By examining personal and social characteristics of marriage partners, which saying applies?

A) "Opposites attract."
B) "Birds of a feather flock together."
C) "Give 'em an inch, and they take a mile."
D) "A stitch in time saves nine."

Question 59

What group of people is least satisfied with marriage?

A) European American women.
B) European American men.
C) African American women.
D) African American men.

Question 60

Cohabitation

A) increased during the 1970s and 1980s but began a decrease during the 1990s that has continued.
B) has increased over 1000% between the 1960s and 2008.
C) precedes marriage for around 90% of heterosexual couples.
D) has decreased in frequency from the high rate that occurred in the late 1970s.

Question 61

How important is ethnicity in the division of household work?

A) It is important; African American men do less household work than European American men.
B)
B) It is a factor in household work, with Hispanic American men doing more than men from other ethnic groups.
C) It is not very important; conflict over household work is common to couples in all ethnic groups.
D) both a and

Question 62

During the past 15 years, incidents of intimate partner violence have

A) escalated in both frequency and severity.
B) escalated in frequency but not severity.
C) escalated in severity but not in frequency.
D) decreased.

Question 63

An important factor in the continuing inequity of household work is

A) the gendered nature of many time-consuming household chores.
B) the unwillingness of women to relinquish their household duties.
C) a continuing belief in egalitarianism.
D) men's beliefs that they are doing a fair share of household work.

Question 64

Longitudinal studies of marital stability have shown that some behaviors predict separation. These behaviors include wives who are

A) overly agreeable and husbands who are emotionally withdrawn.
B) angry and husbands who are agreeable.
C) satisfied with the marriage and husbands who are not.
D) expressive and husbands who argue with their wives.
E) all of the above

Question 65

Changes in women's job status have resulted in

A) slow changes in the division of household labor.
B) an equalization of the division of household labor that occurred during the 1980s.
C) an increased use of paid household labor.
D) both b and c

Question 66

The most stable type of committed relationship can be found in

A) married couples
B) cohabiting heterosexual couples
C) cohabiting gay male couples
D) cohabiting lesbian couples

Question 67

According to recent reviews of studies on the division of household labor,

A) women now perform a greater percentage of household chores than they did during the 1970s and 80s.
B) women do less and men do more household chores than they did 15 years ago.
C) men do more chores than they did in the past and have surpassed the time that women spend on household chores.
D) men now do an equal share of household chores but not an equal share of child care.

Question 68

What characterizes the conflict management of couples in committed relationships?

A) Men are more likely to bring up conflicts, and women are more likely to settle conflicts.
B) Men use a mixture of emotional and rational appeals in settling conflicts, but women try to establish dominance to win arguments.
C) Women are more likely to bring up conflicts and to use conflict management to try to avoid upsetting their husbands.
D) Women are likely to avoid conflict and issues that might bring up conflict.

Question 69

Studies of marital stability have shown that

A) couples experiencing conflict are more likely to separate than those who do not.
B) heated arguments are the main source of relationship dissolution.
C) experiencing conflict is not necessarily a sign of problems, but how the couple handles the conflict is.
D) both a and b

Question 70

Research on domestic violence has shown that

A) minor violence is common but rarely escalates into serious violence.
B) minor violence is a predictor of more serious violence.
C) episodes of major violence have no precursors, making them impossible to predict.
D) women can minimize their danger of being battered by fighting back and refusing to show vulnerability.

Question 71

Prior to the 1990s, women tended to rationalize men's reluctance to do household work,

A) but men did not, pushing to be more involved in taking care of their children.
B) but women became increasingly unhappy about this inequity.
C) and European American women continue to rationalize, but women from other ethnic groups have become increasingly unhappy.
D) and women continue to rationalize in order to keep their husbands happy.

Question 72

Who feels overburdened by the division of household labor?

A) Women who believe in gender equity but who are doing a majority of household work.
B) Men who rationalize their behavior by considering the number of hours they work.
C) Men who have employed wives, but their wives do the majority of household work.
D) both a and b
E) all of the above

Question 73

Which statement summarizes beliefs about power in relationships?

A) Women but not men believe in equal power in relationships.
B) Both women and men believe in equal power in relationships, but only men believe that their relationships have equal power.
C) Both women and men believe in equal power in relationships, and both believe that their relationships have equal power.
D) Both women and men believe in equal power in relationships, but few believe that their relationships have equal power.

Question 74

What pattern of couples violence is most common?

A) Situations of minor violence, which may be initiated by either women or men.
B) Situations of major violence, which are initiated by men 90% of the time.
C) Situations of minor violence initiated by women.
D) Situations of violence involving weapons.

Question 75

Considering African, Hispanic, and European American couples,

A) European American couples are more likely to have an equal balance of power than couples from other ethnic groups.
B) Hispanic American couples are more likely to have dominant husbands than couples from other ethnic groups.
C) African American women are more likely to be dominant than women from other ethnic groups.
D) sharing power is the most common pattern in couples from all these ethnic backgrounds.

Question 76

What type of committed relationship is most likely to be characterized by incidence of physical violence?

A) Married couples are more likely to be violent than cohabiting or divorced couples.
B) Relationships with equal sharing of power are more likely to include violence.
C) Relationships with unequal sharing of power are more likely to include violence.
D) both a and b

Question 77

Which of the following statements summarizes the relationship between income and power in marriage?

A) There is a positive, linear relationship between wives' income and their power in their marriages.
B) There is a negative, linear relationship between wives' income and their power in their marriages.
C) Men gain power in marriage through earning money more easily than women do.
D) There is no consistent relationship between earnings and marital power.

Question 78

What experience is important in a husband participating in household chores?

A) living alone as a bachelor before marrying
B) going to college and obtaining a managerial job
C) marrying a woman with a college education who is self-employed
D) having a wife who makes more money than he does
E) both a and d

Question 79

The division of household chores

A) tends to be more equitable among couples in which the wife's salary is similar to the husband's.
B) tends to be arranged according to which member of the couple is good at which task.
C) becomes more equal with the birth of the first child.
D) all of the above

Question 80

Gay male and lesbian couples differ from heterosexual couples in the division of household labor in

A) that lesbians tend to make a more equitable division of chores than gay male or heterosexual couples.
B) that lesbians and gay male couples tend to take turns doing chores rather than divide chores along gender-stereotypical lines.
C) the amount of time spent, with both gay men and lesbians spending more time on household work than heterosexual couples.
D) few ways.