Deck 14: Multifactor Experiments

Question 1

A quasi-experiment was conducted to compare men's and women's attitudes about extramarital affairs. Men and women who are married were recruited to complete a survey about their attitudes. The researchers then compared scores on the survey for men and women. The appropriate statistical test to analyze the data in this study is

A) a one-sample t-test.
B) an independent samples t-test.
C) a paired/related samples t-test.
D) an ANOVA.

Answer 1

an independent samples t-test.

Question 2

A significant difference between groups or conditions allows researchers to conclude that an effect exists in the population because they are able to reject the _________ in a significant test.

A) the alternative hypothesis
B) the statistical hypothesis
C) the null hypothesis
D) the critical region

Answer 2

the null hypothesis

Question 3

A researcher conducted a correlational study to examine the relationship between high school GPA and extroversion. A group of high school students completed a measure of extroversion. The GPAs for these students was then obtained from their records. The appropriate statistical test to analyze the data in this study is

A) a Pearson r test.
B) an independent samples t-test.
C) a paired/related samples t-test.
D) an ANOVA.

Answer 3

a Pearson r test.

Question 4

If a study involves an examination of the relationship between two variables measured on an interval or ratio scale, the appropriate statistical test is

A) a Pearson r test.
B) an independent samples t-test.
C) a paired/related samples t-test.
D) an ANOVA.

Question 5

If a study involves comparing means from a factorial design, the appropriate statistical test is

A) a one-sample t-test.
B) an independent samples t-test.
C) a paired/related samples t-test.
D) an ANOVA.

Question 6

A developmental psychologist conducted an experiment to examine the effect of type of text used on math performance across age groups. Fifth grade and college students studied age-appropriate math concepts using either a traditional hard copy book text or an e-text available on the web. Performance on a math test of the concepts studied was then measured for all students. The appropriate statistical test to analyze the data in this study is

A) a one-sample t-test.
B) an independent samples t-test.
C) a paired/related samples t-test.
D) an ANOVA.

Question 7

A researcher was interested in the effect of anxiety on intelligence measurement. A group of 100 individuals were placed in an anxiety-provoking situation before being given an IQ test. The scores for this group were then compared to the IQ population mean of 100. The appropriate statistical test to analyze the data in this study is

A) a one-sample t-test.
B) an independent samples t-test.
C) a paired/related samples t-test.
D) an ANOVA.

Question 8

When entering data into SPSS for a within-subjects study, one should always

A) enter data for each condition in a different column.
B) enter all data in one column.
C) enter half the data in one column and the other half in a second column.

Question 9

If a researcher wishes to predict the score on one measured variable from the score on another measured variable, the appropriate statistical test is

A) a Pearson r test.
B) an independent samples t-test.
C) a paired/related samples t-test.
D) a linear regression.

Question 10

The hypothesis that an effect or relationship exists or exists in a specific direction) in the population is the:

A) the alternative hypothesis
B) the statistical hypothesis
C) the null hypothesis
D) the critical region

Question 11

Sample mean differences can be caused by:

A) the effect
B) sampling error
C) the effect and sampling error

Question 12

The most extreme portion of a distribution of statistical values for the null hypothesis, determined by the alpha level typically 5%) is called:

A) the outlier
B) the extremes
C) the statistical cutoff
D) the critical region

Question 13

The hypothesis that an effect or relationship does not exist or exists in the opposite direction of the alternative hypothesis) in the population is the:

A) the alternative hypothesis
B) the statistical hypothesis
C) the null hypothesis
D) the critical region

Question 14

If a study involves comparing two means from a between-subjects design, the appropriate statistical test is

A) a one-sample t-test.
B) an independent samples t-test.
C) a paired/related samples t-test.
D) an ANOVA.

Question 15

An experiment was conducted to compare participant responses to two different social situations. All participants viewed a scene with two children playing cooperatively and a scene with two children arguing while playing. Participants responded to a questionnaire measuring anxiety after viewing each scene to determine if the type of scene viewed had an effect on anxiety scores. The appropriate statistical test to analyze the data in this study is

A) a one-sample t-test.
B) an independent samples t-test.
C) a paired/related samples t-test.
D) an ANOVA.

Question 16

Variability of the sample indicates the amount of ___________ present because samples with high variability are less likely to be good representations of the population.

A) effect
B) power
C) sampling error
D) accuracy

Question 17

The ability of a significance test to detect an effect or relationship when one exists is referred to as:

A) the effect
B) power
C) sampling error
D) inaccuracy

Question 18

A researcher who wants to test the relationship between nominal or ordinal variables should use an) ____________ test.

A) Pearson r
B) independent samples t-
C) paired/related samples t-
D) chi-square.

Question 19

Samples with high variability will typically have a ______ margin of error in the population mean estimate.

A) larger
B) minute
C) smaller
D) none of the above

Question 20

If a study involves comparing two means from a within-subjects design, the appropriate statistical test is

A) a one-sample t-test.
B) an independent samples t-test.
C) a paired/related samples t-test.
D) an ANOVA.

Question 21

If the output for a statistical test contains a p value that is less than or equal to alpha, the test is significant and the null hypothesis can be rejected.

Question 22

Discuss Analysis of Variance including main effects, interaction effects, and post hoc tests.

Question 23

The type of statistical test chosen depends on the type of hypothesis researchers make for a study.

Question 24

Explain why errors can never be eliminated from statistical tests.

Question 25

Discuss the Pearson r statistic. What type of relationships does it measure?

Question 26

___________ is the assumption of between-subjects t tests and ANOVAs that the variance in the scores in the population is equal across groups.

A) the degrees of freedom
B) power
C) the alpha level
D) homogeneity of variance

Question 27

Explain what it means for a statistical test to be significant.

Question 28

SPSS will calculate inferential statistics, making it unnecessary that a researcher understand how the statistical tests work.

Question 29

If the p value is greater than the alpha level, the researcher cannot reject the null hypothesis and must conclude that there is no evidence of an effect.

Question 30

Samples with low variability often contain extreme scores that could affect the sample mean, giving a sample mean that is not very similar to the population mean.

Question 31

A variable that includes three or more levels is called a:

A) the degrees of freedom
B) post hoc test
C) the alpha level
D) multivalent variable

Question 32

In experiments and quasi-experiments, hypotheses about effects are often tested by comparing groups or conditions.

Question 33

Samples with high variability contain scores that are similar to one another and are more likely to represent the population mean.

Question 34

The probability level used by researchers to indicate the cutoff probability level highest value) that will allow them to reject the null hypothesis is called:

A) the degrees of freedom
B) power
C) the alpha level
D) the null hypothesis

Question 35

If the p value for the statistic is less than or equal to the alpha level, the null hypothesis is accepted, and the researcher concludes that there is an effect.

Question 36

The number of scores that can vary in the calculation of a statistic is called:

A) the degrees of freedom
B) homogeneity of variance
C) multivalent variable
D) the null hypothesis

Question 37

Statistical tests for effects are based on a ratio of the size of the difference in the sample means and sampling error to allow us to determine what part of the mean difference is due to the effect and which part is due to sampling error.

Question 38

Discuss the sphericity test. What needs to be done if the sphericity test is significant?

Question 39

The output from statistical tests conducted with SPSS will always indicate if the test is significant.

Question 40

Additional significance tests conducted to determine which means are significantly different for a main effect are called:

A) the degrees of freedom
B) post hoc tests
C) the alpha level
D) multivalent variable