Deck 28: Pregnancy and Human Development

Question 1

Estrogen and progesterone maintain the integrity of the uterine lining and prepare the mammary glands to secrete milk. Which of the following structures makes this possible during the first three months of pregnancy?

A) corpus luteum
B) the chorion
C) corona radiata
D) the amnion

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is not assessed as part of the Apgar score?

A) respiration
B) temperature
C) muscle tone
D) heart rate

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Hormones concerned with events of lactation include .

A) oxytocin
B) estrogen
C) hCG
D) progesterone

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The correct sequence of preembryonic structures is .

A) morula, zygote, blastocyst
B) zygote, blastocyst, morula
C) zygote, morula, blastocyst
D) blastocyst, morula, zygote

Question 5

Derivatives of the mesoderm include _.

A) glandular derivatives of the digestive tract
B) epithelium of the digestive tract
C) endothelium of blood and lymph vessels
D) all nervous tissue

Question 6

Milk ejection or letdown reflex is stimulated by which of the following hormones associated with pregnancy?

A) inhibin
B) gonadotropin
C) prolactin
D) oxytocin

Question 7

The formation of endodermal and ectodermal germ layers occurs at .

A) fertilization
B) gastrulation
C) blastula formation
D) cleavage

Question 8

Which body system of a pregnant woman undergoes the most dramatic physiological changes during pregnancy?

A) urinary system
B) cardiovascular system
C) respiratory system
D) digestive system

Question 9

The result of polyspermy in humans is .

A) multiple births
B) interruption of meiosis
C) a nonfunctional zygote
D) mitotic insufficiency

Question 10

Relaxin is a hormone produced by the placenta and ovaries. The function of this hormone is to
)

A) ensure the implantation of the blastula
B) block the pain of childbirth
C) prevent morning sickness
D) relax the pubic symphysis

Question 11

It is impossible for sperm to be functional (able to fertilize the egg) until after .

A) the tail disappears
B) they have been stored in the uterus for several days
C) they become spermatids
D) they undergo capacitation

Question 12

Which of the choices below occurs if fertilization of the ovum occurs and implantation takes place?

A) The corpus luteum degenerates and becomes the corpus albicans.
B) The ovarian cycle begins.
C) Increased levels of FSH will be produced.
D) The corpus luteum is maintained until the placenta takes over its hormone- producing functions.

Question 13

During which stage of labor is the fetus delivered?

A) dilation stage
B) expulsion stage
C) gastrula stage
D) placental stage

Question 14

At which stage of labor is the "afterbirth" expelled?

A) full dilation
B) placental
C) expulsion
D) dystocia

Question 15

Derivatives of the endoderm include .

A) synovial membranes of the joints
B) organs of the urogenital system
C) blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissue
D) epithelium of the respiratory tract

Question 16

The decidua basalis is _ .

A) the tissue that surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo
B) not a maternal contribution to the placenta
C) located between the developing embryo and the myometrium
D) destined to remain in the uterus after the birth of the infant

Question 17

Proteases and acrosin are enzymes. How do they function in reproduction?

A) They act to break down the protective barriers around the egg, allowing the sperm to penetrate.
B) They neutralize the mucous secretions of the uterine mucosa.
C) They direct the sperm to the egg through chemical messengers.
D) Their function is unknown.

Question 18

Neural tissue is formed by the _.

A) epiderm
B) ectoderm
C) mesoderm
D) endoderm

Question 19

Select the correct statement about fertilization.

A) If estrogen is present, the pathway through the cervical opening is blocked from sperm entry.
B) Both spermatozoa and the ovulated secondary oocyte remain viable for about 72 hours in the female reproductive tract.
C) Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by the vagina's acidic environment.
D) Once inside the uterus, most sperm cells are protected and remain viable.

Question 20

What destroys the sperm receptors on the surface of the oocyte?

A) the acrosomal reaction
B) the process of capacitation
C) zonal inhibiting proteins
D) human placental lactogen

Question 21

The placenta, a vitally important metabolic organ, is made up of a contribution from mother and fetus. Which portion is from the fetus?

A) yolk sac
B) amnion
C) chorion
D) umbilicus

Question 22

The cardiovascular system of a newborn must be adjusted after the infant takes its first breath. Which of the following is also true?

A) The ductus venosus is disconnected at the severing of the umbilical cord and all visceral blood goes into the vena cava.
B) The foramen ovale between the atria of the fetal heart closes at the moment of birth.
C) The urinary system is activated at birth.
D) The ductus arteriosus constricts and is converted to the ligamentum arteriosum.

Question 23

Which hormone is not produced by the placenta?

A) human placental lactogen
B) human chorionic thyrotropin
C) inhibin
D) relaxin

Question 24

Which of the following is not usually considered a teratogen?

A) thalidomide
B) aspirin
C) German measles
D) wine

Question 25

Which of the following is not a correct matching of a fetal structure with what it becomes at birth?

A) ductus arteriosus-ligamentum teres
B) foramen ovale-fossa ovalis
C) ductus venosus-ligamentum venosum
D) umbilical arteries-medial umbilical ligament

Question 26

The dorsal surface cells of the inner cell mass form .

A) the primitive streak
B) one of the fetal membranes
C) a structure called the embryonic disc
D) the notochord

Question 27

Select the correct statement about the special fetal blood vessels.

A) The fossa ovalis becomes the foramen ovale.
B) The umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum teres.
C) The hepatic portal vein forms from the umbilical artery.
D) The distal parts of the umbilical arteries form the superior vesical arteries.

Question 28

How long is the egg viable and capable of being fertilized after it is ovulated?

A) 12- 24 hours
B) 36- 72 hours
C) 24- 36 hours
D) a full week

Question 29

Which of the following is true in reference to what may pass through the placental barriers?

A) nutrients and respiratory gases only
B) respiratory gases, hormones, nutrients, and blood cells
C) nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes, and alcohol
D) hormones, blood cells, and nutrients

Question 30

Shortly after implantation .

A) the embryo gastrulates (within 3 days)
B) myometrical cells cover and seal off the blastocyst
C) maternal blood sinuses bathe the inner cell mass
D) the trophoblast forms two distinct layers

Question 31

The trophoblast is mostly responsible for forming the .

A) lining of the endometrium
B) allantois
C) archenteron
D) placental tissue

Question 32

Which of the following events does not occur during the first 8 weeks of development?

A) presence of all body systems
B) myelination of the spinal cord
C) formation of a functional cardiovascular system
D) beginning of ossification

Question 33

Muscle tissue is formed by the .

A) mesoderm
B) ectoderm
C) epiderm
D) endoderm

Question 34

Cleavage as part of embryonic development is distinctive because it involves .

A) cell division by mitosis with little or no growth between successive divisions
B) meiotic cell divisions
C) splitting the cell into two separate cells
D) forming the primary germ layer

Question 35

Which of the following is not a germ layer?

A) mesoderm
B) ectoderm
C) epiderm
D) endoderm

Question 36

A premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall is called .

A) placenta previa
B) ectopic pregnancy
C) placenta cleavage
D) abrupto placenta

Question 37

Implantation of the blastocyst is the result of all of the following except .

A) phagocytosis by the trophoblast cells
B) adherence of the trophoblast cells to the endometrium
C) proteolytic enzymes produced by the trophoblast cells
D) settling of the blastocyst onto the prepared uterine lining

Question 38

Sperm move to the uterine tube through uterine contractions and the energy of their own flagella. What other factor is involved in sperm movement?

A) hormonal attraction to the ova
B) the cilia on the apex of the cells lining the endometrium
C) the increased temperature in the vagina, which stimulates sperm motility
D) reverse peristalsis of the uterus and uterine tubes

Question 39

Which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum?

A) progesterone
B) estrogen
C) human placental lactogen
D) human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 40

Neural tissue develops from the .

Question 41

Figure 28.2Using Figure 28.2, match the following:
Protective water- filled sac surrounding the embryo.

Question 42

Figure 28.2Using Figure 28.2, match the following:
The stage of development is the first in which all three germ layers of tissue are evident.

Question 43

Figure 28.2Using Figure 28.2, match the following:
After the egg is fertilized, it is called a(n) _.

Question 44

Figure 28.1Using Figure 28.1, match the following:
Describe the events of the oocyte from sperm penetration to first cleavage.

Question 45

The _ cells of the blastocyst will take part in placental formation.

Question 46

Briefly describe the events leading to the implantation of the blastocyst in the uterus, including how it is nourished.

Question 47

Figure 28.2Using Figure 28.2, match the following:
The part of the endometrium destined to be a part of the placenta.

Question 48

At what time in the pregnancy is the placenta fully prepared to fulfill the needs of the developing fetus?

Question 49

Describe the events allowing monospermy.

Question 50

The first axial support for the embryo is called the .

Question 51

As the newborn suckles, the mother's pituitary produces to assist in producing milk.

Question 52

How are the metabolic needs of the implanted embryo provided for?

Question 53

Figure 28.1Using Figure 28.1, match the following:
Pancreas.

Question 54

Figure 28.1Using Figure 28.1, match the following:
Liver.

Question 55

Figure 28.1Using Figure 28.1, match the following:
Trachea.

Question 56

Figure 28.2Using Figure 28.2, match the following:
The part of the endometrium that surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo.

Question 57

When do we begin to call the developing individual a fetus rather than an embryo?

Question 58

List four factors that help to precipitate parturition.

Question 59

Explain what triggers a baby's first breath.

Question 60

is a tissue with star- shaped cells that are free to migrate widely throughout the embryo.

Question 61

Figure 28.1Using Figure 28.1, match the following:
The act of giving birth is called .

Question 62

Figure 28.1Using Figure 28.1, match the following:
Esophagus.

Question 63

What embryonic structure is the structural base for the umbilical cord?

Question 64

The embryo is directly enclosed in and protected by the amnion.

Question 65

In fetal circulation, one way in which blood bypasses the nonaerated lungs is by way of the foramen ovale.

Question 66

The body systems of the developing embryo are present in at least rudimentary form at eight weeks.

Question 67

The "fluid- filled, hollow ball of cells" stage of development is the blastocyst.

Question 68

A blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells, while the morula is a solid ball of cells.

Question 69

Surfactant production in premature infants is rarely a factor in providing normal respiratory activity.

Question 70

Define Braxton- Hicks contractions.

Question 71

Figure 28.2Using Figure 28.2, match the following:
Site of early blood cell production, and forms part of the gut (digestive tube).

Question 72

Figure 28.2Using Figure 28.2, match the following:
Extraembryonic membrane that develops from the trophoblast and some extraembryonic mesoderm, and forms part of the placenta.

Question 73

A zygote is usually formed within the uterus.

Question 74

Figure 28.2Using Figure 28.2, match the following:
Which cells invade the endometrium, digesting the uterine cells they contact, so that implantation of the blastocyst can occur?

Question 75

The period from fertilization through week eight is called the embryonic period.

Question 76

Fertilization occurs while the egg is still in the ovarian follicle.

Question 77

Figure 28.2Using Figure 28.2, match the following:
The first "milk" the mother produces is called .

Question 78

Briefly describe the physiological changes occurring in the mother during pregnancy.

Question 79

Figure 28.1Using Figure 28.1, match the following:
Stomach.

Question 80

The embryonic stage lasts until the end of the eighth week.