Deck 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention?

A) thyroxine
B) atrial natriuretic peptide
C) ADH
D) aldosterone

Answer 1

B

Question 2

One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is _ .

A) drinking caffeinated beverages
B) a dry mouth from high temperatures
C) becoming overly agitated
D) a rise in plasma osmolality

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?

A) renin
B) aldosterone
C) antidiuretic hormone
D) erythropoietin

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is .

A) intracellular sodium levels
B) potassium ion concentration in blood plasma
C) the potassium ion content in the renal tubule cells
D) the pH of the ICF

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?

A) There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts.
B) Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
C) Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts.
D) Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body.

Question 6

Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted French fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology?

A) It will cause a prolonged increase in the osmolality of the blood.
B) There will be a shift in the pH of her body fluids to the higher side of the pH scale.
C) There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.
D) She will experience hypotension.

Question 7

The fluid link between the external and internal environment is .

A) interstitial fluid
B) plasma
C) cerebrospinal fluid
D) intracellular fluid

Question 8

Respiratory acidosis can occur when .

A) a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids
B) the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions
C) a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction
D) a runner has completed a very long marathon

Question 9

The regulation of potassium balance .

A) is accomplished mainly by hepatic mechanisms
B) involves aldosterone- induced secretion of potassium
C) includes renal secretion, but never absorption
D) is not linked to sodium balance

Question 10

Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid- base balance, which of the following is most likely?

A) metabolic acidosis
B) metabolic alkalosis
C) respiratory acidosis
D) respiratory alkalosis

Question 11

Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body?

A) aldosterone
B) glucocorticoids
C) ADH
D) water levels

Question 12

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates _ .

A) metabolic alkalosis
B) metabolic acidosis
C) respiratory alkalosis
D) respiratory acidosis

Question 13

Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system?

A) protein
B) nucleic acid
C) phosphate
D) bicarbonate

Question 14

The regulation of sodium _.

A) is linked to blood pressure
B) is due to specific sodium receptors in the hypothalamus
C) involves aldosterone, a hormone that increases sodium excretion in the kidneys
D) involves hypothalamic osmoreceptor detection of ion concentration

Question 15

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to _.

A) reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention
B) activate the renin- angiotensin mechanism
C) prevent pH changes caused by organic acids
D) enhance atrial contractions

Question 16

Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys?

A) antidiuretic hormone
B) progesterone
C) atrial natriuretic peptide
D) aldosterone

Question 17

Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by .

A) confusion
B) extreme weight loss
C) tissue edema
D) nerve damage

Question 18

Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most is found in the intracellular fluid.

A) chloride
B) potassium
C) bicarbonate
D) iron

Question 19

Total body water is not a function of which of the following?

A) amount of body fat
B) body mass
C) age
D) amount of water ingested

Question 20

The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of .

A) control of the acids produced in the stomach
B) the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule cells
C) the control of respiratory ventilation
D) the operation of the various buffer systems in the stomach

Question 21

Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes?

A) membrane polarity
B) amount of body fat
C) maintenance of osmotic relations between cells and ECF
D) neuromuscular excitability

Question 22

Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance?

A) edema or tissue swelling, which is usually due to an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
B) excessive hydration due to excess ANP secretion
C) excess water in interstitial spaces due to a low level of plasma proteins
D) hypotonic hydration, in which sodium content is normal but water content is high

Question 23

The most important force causing net water flow across capillary walls is _ .

A) hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid
B) osmotic pressure of plasma proteins
C) hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood
D) intracellular hydrostatic pressure

Question 24

Molecules that can act reversibly as acids or bases depending upon the pH of their
environment are called .

Question 25

The female hormone seems to decrease sodium reabsorption, thus promoting sodium and water loss by the kidney.

Question 26

The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions?

A) sodium ions
B) calcium ions
C) hydrogen ions
D) potassium ions

Question 27

How does the respiratory system influence the buffer systems of the body?

Question 28

Which of the following is not a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin?

A) sympathetic stimulation
B) decreased filtrate NaCl concentration
C) increased extracellular fluid water levels
D) decreased stretch due to decreased blood pressure

Question 29

The most important physiological buffer systems are the lungs and _.

Question 30

The movement of fluids between cellular compartments .

A) is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces
B) requires ATP for the transport to take place
C) requires active transport
D) involves filtration

Question 31

Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid- base balance are particularly common in infants because of their .

A) inefficient kidneys
B) low daily rate of fluid exchange
C) low rate of insensible water loss
D) comparatively low metabolic rates

Question 32

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the _ buffer system.

A) hemoglobin
B) phosphate
C) protein
D) bicarbonate

Question 33

Newborn infants have a relatively higher content in their ECF than do adults.

A) iron
B) magnesium
C) bicarbonate
D) sodium

Question 34

Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?

A) little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids
B) Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids
C) K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids
D) equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids

Question 35

When does a person experience greater thirst, during periods when ADH release is elicited or during periods when aldosterone release is elicited?

Question 36

Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in the body?

A) anabolism of lipids
B) membrane permeability
C) secretory activity
D) neuromuscular activity

Question 37

The term hypotonic hydration refers to .

A) a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water
B) a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment
C) the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor
D) the feeling one might have after profuse sweating with exertion

Question 38

Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood?

A) chemical buffer systems
B) respiratory changes
C) renal mechanism
D) diet

Question 39

A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis?

A) respiratory alkalosis
B) metabolic alkalosis
C) respiratory acidosis
D) metabolic acidosis

Question 40

The electrolyte deficiency condition where the individual may crave substances like clay, chalk, starch or burnt match tips is called _.

Question 41

When the blood becomes hypertonic (too many solutes), ADH is released. What is the effect of ADH on the kidney tubules?

Question 42

Describe the mechanisms by which the kidneys remove hydrogen ions from the body.

Question 43

What provides the shortest- term mechanism for preventing acid- base imbalances in the body? The longest- term mechanism?

Question 44

Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body systems.

Question 45

Blood acidity results in depression of the CNS, whereas blood alkalosis results in overexcitement of the CNS.

Question 46

Salts are lost from the body in perspiration, and urine only.

Question 47

Respiratory alkalosis occurs when carbon dioxide is eliminated than it is produced.

Question 48

What is the effect of acidosis on the body? Of alkalosis?

Question 49

Hypercalcemia causes muscle tetany.

Question 50

Why would an infant with colic be suffering from respiratory alkalosis?

Question 51

Describe the influence of rising PTH levels on bone, the small intestine, and the kidneys.

Question 52

Parathyroid hormone regulates _

Question 53

Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.

Question 54

The breakdown of phosphorus- containing proteins releases acid.

Question 55

Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum levels are low.

Question 56

Identify and describe the operation of the three major chemical buffers of the body.

Question 57

Premenstrual edema may be due to enhanced reabsorption of sodium chloride.

Question 58

As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases.

Question 59

Some potassium ions are reabsorbed from the kidney filtrate via type A intercalated cells.

Question 60

Acidosis occurs when arterial blood pH is below _ .

Question 61

The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system.

Question 62

When aldosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the distal convoluted tubule.

Question 63

One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system.

Question 64

The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them.

Question 65

The phosphate buffer system is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma.

Question 66

Thirst is always a reliable indicator of body water need.

Question 67

The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.

Question 68

The normal pH of blood is 7.35- 7.45.

Question 69

Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient.

Question 70

To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output.

Question 71

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion.

Question 72

Although the sodium content of the body may be altered, its concentration in the ECF remains relatively stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume.

Question 73

Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration.

Question 74

Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium.

Question 75

Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body.

Question 76

Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they partially dissociate.

Question 77

The two hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and calcitonin.

Question 78

Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients.

Question 79

Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by- products of cellular metabolism.

Question 80

Carotid artery and aortic baroreceptors are involved in long term adjustment to total body sodium ion content.