Deck 21: The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defensives

Question 1

Activated T cells and macrophages release _ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area.

A) Cytokines
B) Interleukin 1 proteins
C) Perforins
D) Interleukin 2 proteins

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Innate immune system defenses include .

A) B cells
B) T cells
C) phagocytosis
D) plasma cells

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following cells predominate at the sites of chronic infections?

A) Basophils
B) Macrophages
C) B cells
D) Eosinophils

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The antibody molecule is held together by bonds.

A) disulfide
B) sodium
C) hydrogen
D) amino acid

Question 5

Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.

A) A vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive immunity into the body.
B) Immunological memory is established by passive immunization.
C) The antibodies utilized in active immunity are acquired from another organism.
D) Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.

Question 6

Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies.

A) The most potent agglutinating agent is IgG.
B) Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection.
C) Neutralization is the process by which antibodies cause invading cells to clump together.
D) Antibodies may directly destroy "invaders."

Question 7

Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?

A) allergic contact dermatitis
B) cytotoxic hypersensitivity
C) immune complex hypersensitivity
D) anaphylaxis

Question 8

Which immunoglobulin class is attached to the external surface of B cells and acts as an antigen receptor of the B cell?

A) IgD
B) IgM
C) IgA
D) IgG
E) IgE

Question 9

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the .

A) spleen
B) bone marrow
C) lymph nodes
D) thymus

Question 10

Clonal selection of B cells .

A) results in the formation of plasma cells
B) occurs during fetal development
C) only occurs in the secondary immune response
D) cannot occur in the presence of antigens

Question 11

Immunocompetence .

A) prevents intercellular communication so that only specific cell types respond to the invader
B) occurs in one specific organ of the adaptive immune system
C) is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
D) requires exposure to an antigen

Question 12

Which of the following does not respond to cell- mediated immunity?

A) foreign tissue transplants
B) intracellular pathogens that reside within host cells
C) pathogens in the lumen of the stomach
D) some cancer cells

Question 13

Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies?

A) composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains
B) incapable of being transferred from one person to another
C) carbohydrate structure
D) three binding sites per antibody monomer

Question 14

Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?

A) disposes of cellular debris and pathogens
B) sets the stage for repair processes
C) prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue
D) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue

Question 15

Which of the following determine(s) what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist?

A) The type of antigen
B) Our genes
C) Memory cell production
D) Enzymes present at the time of the invasion

Question 16

Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work?

A) agglutinating and precipitating antigen
B) neutralizing antigen
C) enhancing phagocytosis
D) direct cell lysis

Question 17

Cytotoxic T cells .

A) require the double recognition signal of I MHC plus II MHC on the target cell in order to function
B) self- destruct once the antigen has been neutralized
C) function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of other T cell populations
D) are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells

Question 18

In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?

A) interferon
B) complement
C) antigen
D) antibody

Question 19

Delayed hypersensitivities .

A) are mediated by B cells
B) do not involve T cells
C) include anaphylactic shock, a systemic vasodilation that results in inadequate blood delivery to all tissues
D) include allergic contact dermatitis

Question 20

Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency.

A) The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.
B) Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease is an acquired condition.
C) Hodgkin's disease is a hereditary immunodeficiency found in children.
D) The most common form of immunodeficiency is graft- versus- host (GVH) disease.

Question 21

Phagocyte mobilization involves .

A) margination, which is the process of white cell movement through the walls of capillaries into injured tissues
B) mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
C) monocytes as the most active phagocyte
D) diapedesis, during which cells line up against the capillary wall

Question 22

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?

A) chemotaxis, ingestion, digestion, adherence, killing
B) ingestion, adherence, chemotaxis, digestion, killing
C) chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing
D) adherence, digestion, killing, ingestion, chemotaxis

Question 23

Natural killer (NK) cells .

A) are also called cytotoxic T cells
B) are cells of the adaptive immune system
C) can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
D) are a type of phagocyte

Question 24

B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by .

A) producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
B) forming of a large number of cells that are unlike the original B cell
C) immediately producing antigen- specific antibodies
D) reducing its size

Question 25

Which of the following is not a type of T cell?

A) regulatory
B) antigenic
C) helper
D) cytotoxic

Question 26

Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity?

A) helper T cell
B) APC
C) B cell
D) cytotoxic T cell

Question 27

Which of the following is not a role of activated complement?

A) opsonization
B) enhancement of inflammation
C) insertion of MAC and cell lysis
D) prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions

Question 28

Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self."

A) Tolerance to self is due to the action of foreign antigens that inactivate the immune response to one's own tissues.
B) Tolerance is developed during fetal life.
C) Neutrophils capable of binding to self- antigens are chemically inactivated.
D) The development of tolerance is specific to B cells only.

Question 29

Select the correct statement about antigens.

A) One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
B) Only small antigens exhibit reactivity.
C) The largest type of antigen is called a hapten.
D) "Self- antigens" is another name for incomplete antigens.

Question 30

The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called .

A) margination
B) phagocytosis
C) diapedesis
D) chemotaxis

Question 31

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?

A) The lymphoid organs where lymphocytes become immunocompetent are called primary lymph organs. All other lymphoid organs are referred to as secondary lymphoid organs.
B) T cells and B cells become activated when they bind with recognized antigens.
C) After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.
D) It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist.

Question 32

T- cell activation requires .

A) antibody production and co- stimulation
B) antigen binding, antibody production, and co- stimulation
C) antigen binding and co- stimulation
D) antigen binding and antibody production

Question 33

Antibody functions include all of the following except .

A) linking soluble antigens together so that they fall out of solution
B) cross- linking cell- bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched
C) targeting foreign cells so that complement proteins can cause cellular lysis
D) binding and inactivating chemical toxins released by bacteria or other microorganisms

Question 34

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?

A) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
B) infusion of weakened viruses
C) booster shot of vaccine
D) exposure to an antigen

Question 35

Select the correct definition about tissue grafts.

A) Autografts are between two genetically identical individuals.
B) Xenografts are between individuals of the same species.
C) Isografts are between identical twins.
D) Allografts are between different species.

Question 36

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed _ .

A) agglutination
B) opsonization
C) diapedesis
D) chemotaxis

Question 37

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by _.

A) complement production
B) vasodilation
C) phagocyte mobilization
D) vasoconstriction

Question 38

Which of the statements below does not describe antigens?

A) Antigens can include proteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides.
B) Antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity.
C) The parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called epitopes or antigenic determinants.
D) Antigens only come from microbes.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is incorrect or false?

A) MHC proteins are the cell's identity markers.
B) Class 1 MHC molecules are built into the plasma membranes of all body cells.
C) Haptens lack immunogenicity unless attached to protein carriers.
D) Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen- presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.

Question 40

Helper T cells .

A) release B7 proteins
B) function in the adaptive immune system activation
C) bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphotoxin called perforin
D) often function to decrease the immune response

Question 41

Regulatory T cells .

A) aid B cells in antibody production
B) release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells
C) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
D) decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases

Question 42

Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?

A) gastric juice
B) phagocytes
C) keratin
D) cilia

Question 43

The antibody that becomes bound to mast cells and basophils and causes the cells to release histamine and other chemicals is .

Question 44

Which statement is true about T cells?

A) Once activated, they cannot secrete cytokines.
B) They usually directly recognize antigens, which then activates a subpopulation of killer cells.
C) Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.
D) They will develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is complexed with class II MHC proteins.

Question 45

Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?

A) type II diabetes
B) multiple sclerosis
C) systemic lupus erythematosus
D) glomerulonephritis

Question 46

Figure 21.1Using Figure 21.1, match the following:
Harmful or disease- causing microorganisms are called .

Question 47

Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except .

A) hepatitis
B) pregnancy
C) juvenile diabetes
D) rabies

Question 48

Fever .

A) causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication
B) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting
C) decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy
D) is a higher- than- normal body temperature that is always dangerous

Question 49

Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system?

A) It is specific for a given organ.
B) It is antigen- specific.
C) It is systemic.
D) It has memory.

Question 50

Which of the following is not a complement activation pathway?

A) lectin pathway
B) classical pathway
C) alternative pathway
D) lactate pathway

Question 51

The primary immune response .

A) is another name for immunological memory
B) occurs when memory cells are stimulated
C) has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
D) occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response

Question 52

Interferons .

A) are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold
B) act by increasing the rate of cell division
C) are virus- specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus
D) interfere with viral replication within cells

Question 53

Cancer cells and virus- infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by
)

A) natural killer cells
B) pinocytosis
C) B lymphocytes
D) T lymphocytes

Question 54

Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?

A) mutation followed by the appearance of membrane proteins not previously present
B) exposure of previously "hidden" self- antigens to the adaptive immune system
C) a second exposure to an allergen
D) cross- reaction of antibodies formed against foreign antigens with self- antigens

Question 55

Figure 21.1Using Figure 21.1, match the following:
Heavy chain.

Question 56

Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?

A) reactivity with an antibody
B) contain many repeating chemical units
C) inhibit production of antibodies
D) small molecules

Question 57

Small molecules that bind with self- proteins to produce antigenic substances are called .

A) reagins
B) antibodies
C) ions
D) haptens

Question 58

Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?

A) NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow.
B) NK cells attack cancer cells and virus- infected body cells.
C) NK cells are a type of neutrophil.
D) NK cells attack cells that display abnormal MHC antigens.

Question 59

Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities?

A) They include allergic contact dermatitis.
B) They are adaptive immune responses to disease organisms.
C) They are also called type IV hypersensitivities.
D) They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.

Question 60

What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?

A) protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
B) protects cells that have not yet been infected by bacteria
C) activates the inflammatory process
D) activates the complement mechanism

Question 61

Elderly people tend to develop cancer more frequently than younger people. Give an explanation for this observation that relates to immune function.

Question 62

Figure 21.1Using Figure 21.1, match the following:
What are two general mechanisms by which autoimmune diseases could arise?

Question 63

Figure 21.1Using Figure 21.1, match the following:
Light chain.

Question 64

What are the signs of inflammation, and how does inflammation serve as a protective function?

Question 65

Why are regulatory T cells important to the immune process?

Question 66

Natural killer cells can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus- infected body cells the immune system is activated.

Question 67

Figure 21.1Using Figure 21.1, match the following:
Septic shock is a dangerous condition where the are released unchecked, making the capillaries very leaky and thus depleting blood fluids.

Question 68

List and briefly discuss innate body defenses to disease.

Question 69

Pure antibody preparations specific for a single antigenic determinant are called antibodies.

Question 70

Failure of developing T cells to recognize self MHC during positive selection results in
.

Question 71

Figure 21.1Using Figure 21.1, match the following:
Antigen- binding site.

Question 72

Figure 21.1Using Figure 21.1, match the following:
Variable region.

Question 73

Figure 21.2Using Figure 21.2, match the following:
Area where antigen challenge and clonal selection are most likely to occur.

Question 74

A(n) is a cell hybrid formed from the fusion of tumor cells and B lymphocytes.

Question 75

Figure 21.2Using Figure 21.2, match the following:
Area where B cells become immunocompetent.

Question 76

The most common type of immediate hypersensitivity is .

Question 77

What is the antigen challenge, and where does it usually take place?

Question 78

What are some of the drawbacks of passive humoral immunity?

Question 79

Suppressor factors are that suppress the immune system.

Question 80

An autoimmune disease that severely impairs renal function is _ .