Question 1

Which of the following autoregulatory mechanisms of renal blood flow is the most important?&#10;A) Afferent vasodilator mechanism&#10;B) Efferent vasodilator mechanism&#10;C) GFR&#10;D) Juxtaglomerular mechanism&#10;

Accepted Answer

The most important autoregulatory mechanism of renal blood flow is the afferent vasodilator mechanism.

Question 2

Which of the following substances are almost totally reabsorbed from the tubules?
I.Sodium
II.Potassium
III.Chloride
IV.Bicarbonate

A) I, II
B) II, III, IV
C) I, II, III, IV
D) II, III

I, II, III, IV

Accepted Answer

Sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate are almost totally reabsorbed from the tubules.

Question 3

Under the influence of ADH, what type of urine is excreted by the kidneys?&#10;A) Low volume, low concentration&#10;B) Low volume, high concentration&#10;C) High volume, low concentration&#10;D) High volume, high concentration&#10;

Accepted Answer

Under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) the kidney excretes low-volume, highly concentrated urine.

Question 4

Which of the following are structures that help compose the nephron?
I.Bowman's capsule
II.Proximal convoluted tubule
III.Loop of Henle
IV.Collecting duct

A) I, II, III
B) I, IV
C) I, II, III, IV
D) II, III

Accepted Answer

The nephron is composed of the following structures, listed in the order in which fluid flows through them: 
(1) Bowman's capsule, 
(2) the proximal convoluted tubule, 
(3) the loop of Henle, 
(4) the distal convoluted tubule, and 
(5) the collecting duct.

Question 5

Which of the following are considered substances that are eliminated by the kidneys?
I.Hemoglobin
II.Urea
III.Creatinine
IV.Bilirubin

A) I, II, III
B) III, IV
C) I, II, III, IV
D) II, III, IV

Accepted Answer

Unwanted substances eliminated by the kidneys include urea (a by-product of amino acid metabolism), creatinine (from muscle cells), uric acids (from nucleic acids), bilirubin (from hemoglobin breakdown), and metabolites of assorted hormones; in addition, the kidneys eliminate various toxins and foreign substances, whether produced by the body or ingested.

Question 6

Which of the following substances, when excessive, does the nephron clear from the plasma?
I.Sodium
II.Potassium
III.Chloride
IV.Calcium

A) I, II, III
B) III, IV
C) I, II, III, IV
D) II, III, IV

Accepted Answer

The nephron clears the blood plasma of metabolic products such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid. The nephron also clears the plasma of substances that accumulate in the body to excessive quantities, such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and hydrogen ions.

Question 7

Why would a patient on mechanical ventilation have a rapid weight gain?&#10;A) Lack of motility slows the metabolic rate.&#10;B) Positive pressure ventilation decreases venous return, decreases blood pressure, and stimulates renin-angiotensin-aldosterone.&#10;C) Positive pressure ventilation forces fluid into the third space.&#10;D) Positive pressure ventilation increases venous return and stimulates release of antidiuretic hormone.&#10;

Accepted Answer

Positive intrapleural pressure resists venous blood return and may decrease the cardiac output, which in turn decreases blood pressure. A fall in blood pressure activates mechanisms that attempt to increase blood volume; that is, the body responds as though it were suffering from hypovolemia. As a result, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated, causing sodium reabsorption and water retention. In addition, antidiuretic hormone is secreted, adding to the fluid retention.

Question 8

Glomerular filtrate is the same as plasma except it does not contain which of the following?&#10;A) Calcium&#10;B) Proteins&#10;C) Hydrogen ions&#10;D) Potassium&#10;

Accepted Answer

Glomerular filtrate is the same as plasma except it contains almost no proteins.

Question 9

Which of the following is a diuretic that is effective and quick-acting in treating edema of congestive heart failure?&#10;A) Mannitol&#10;B) Furosemide&#10;C) Hydrochlorothiazide&#10;D) Acetazolamide&#10;

Accepted Answer

Loop diuretics include furosemide (Lasix), torsemide (Demadex), and ethacrynic acid (Edecrin). These drugs are effective, quick-acting agents useful in treating edema of congestive heart failure.

Question 10

What percentage of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood?&#10;A) 1%&#10;B) 25%&#10;C) 50%&#10;D) 99%&#10;

Accepted Answer

At a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 125 mL/min, approximately 180 L of filtrate is produced daily. Of this filtrate, approximately 99% is reabsorbed into the blood for a total urine output of slightly more than 1.5 L per day.

Question 11

Which of the following hormones inhibit the effects of aldosterone?&#10;I.ANH&#10;II.BNP&#10;III.ADH&#10;IV.Cortisol&#10;A) I, II&#10;B) II, III, IV&#10;C) I, II, III, IV&#10;D) II, III&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following hormones inhibit the...

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of an osmotic diuretic?&#10;A) Mannitol&#10;B) Furosemide&#10;C) Hydrochlorothiazide&#10;D) Acetazolamide&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is an example...

Question 13

Which of the following is the best clinical indicator of perfusion adequacy?&#10;A) Skin color&#10;B) Blood pressure&#10;C) Heart rate&#10;D) Urine output&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is the best...

Question 14

Which of the following is the main factor determining the degree of filtration across the glomerular membrane?&#10;A) Glomerular blood's oncotic pressure&#10;B) Glomerular blood's hydrostatic pressure&#10;C) Tubular hydrostatic pressure&#10;D) Tubular oncotic pressure&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is the main...

Question 15

Which of the following substances is secreted at the juxtaglomerular apparatus when systemic blood pressure decreases?&#10;A) Renin&#10;B) Angiotensin&#10;C) Aldosterone&#10;D) Vasopressin&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following substances is secreted...

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of a loop diuretic?&#10;A) Mannitol&#10;B) Furosemide&#10;C) Hydrochlorothiazide&#10;D) Acetazolamide&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is an example...

Question 17

Which of the following parts of the nephron is highly impermeable to water?&#10;A) Thin portion of the loop of Henle&#10;B) Thick portion of the loop of Henle&#10;C) Proximal tubule&#10;D) Distal tubule&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following parts of the...

Deck 21: Filtration, Urine Formation, and Fluid Regulation