Deck 1: Introduction to Statistics

Question 1

Provide an appropriate response.

-Define the terms "stratified sampling", "systematic sampling", "cluster sampling", and "convenience sampling". Give examples for each.

Answer 1

Stratified sampling subdivides the population into at least two different subpopulations and then draws a sample from each stratum. Systematic sampling selects a beginning point and then selects every kth element in the population. In cluster sampling, the population is divided into sections, then sections are randomly selected, and then all members of the randomly selected sections are surveyed. Convenience sampling uses readily available results. Examples will vary.

Question 2

Identify the number

-The height of 2-year-old maple tree is 28.3 ft.

A)Discrete
B)Continuous

Answer 2

Continuous

Question 3

Identify the number

-The number of limbs on a 2-year-old oak tree is 21.

A)Discrete
B)Continuous

Answer 3

Discrete

Question 4

Determine whether the given value.

-After inspecting all of 55,000 kg of meat stored at the Wurst Sausage Company, it was found that 45,000 kg of the meat was spoiled.

A)Statistic
B)Parameter

Question 5

Provide an appropriate response.

-List five different abuses of statistics and give examples for each.

Question 6

Provide an appropriate response.

-Define sampling error and nonsampling error. Give examples of nonsampling error.

Question 7

Provide an appropriate response.

-Define random sample. Explain why this is important in design of experiments.

Question 8

Provide an appropriate response.

-Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative data. Give an example for each.

Question 9

Determine whether the given value.

-A health and fitness club surveys 40 randomly selected members and found that the average weight of those questioned is 157 lb.

A)Parameter
B)Statistic

Question 10

Identify the number

-The number of freshmen entering college in a certain year is 621.

A)Discrete
B)Continuous

Question 11

Determine whether the given value.

-A sample of 120 employees of a company is selected, and the average age is found to be 37 years.

A)Parameter
B)Statistic

Question 12

Provide an appropriate response.

-Define continuous and discrete data and give an example of each.

Question 13

Provide an appropriate response.

-Define the terms population, sample, parameter and statistic. How does a census compare to a sample?

Question 14

Provide an appropriate response.

-Describe a double blind experiment and explain why blinding is used. Define the term "placebo effect" as part of the answer.

Question 15

Provide an appropriate response.

-Define and give examples for nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio levels of measurement. Describe the type of statistics which might be reported for each.

Question 16

Provide an appropriate response.

-Define observational study and experiment. Define the terms "treatment group" and "control group" as part of your answer.

Question 17

Identify the number

-The number of stories in a Manhattan building is 22.

A)Discrete
B)Continuous

Question 18

Identify the number

-The total number of phone calls a sales representative makes in a month is 425.

A)Discrete
B)Continuous

Question 19

Determine whether the given value.

-After taking the first exam, 15 of the students dropped the class.

A)Statistic
B)Parameter

Question 20

Identify the number

-The average height of all freshmen entering college in a certain year is 68.4 inches.

A)Discrete
B)Continuous

Question 21

Identify the sample and population. Also, determine whether the sample is likely to be representative of the population.
An employee at the local ice cream parlor asks three customers if they like chocolate ice cream.

Question 22

Use critical thinking to address the key issue.

-A researcher published this survey result: "74% of people would be willing to spend 10 percent more for energy from a non-polluting source". The survey question was announced on a national radio show and 1,200 listeners responded by calling in. What is wrong with this survey?

Question 23

Use critical thinking to address the key issue.

-You plan to make a survey of 200 people. The plan is to talk to every 10th person coming out of the school library. Is there a problem with your plan?

Question 24

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate.

-Ages of survey respondents.

A)Nominal
B)Ordinal
C)Ratio
D)Interval

Question 25

Use critical thinking to address the key issue.

-A questionnaire is sent to 10,000 persons. 5,000 responded to the questionnaire. 3,000 of the respondents say that they "love chocolate ice cream". We conclude that 60% of people love chocolate ice cream. What is wrong with this survey?

Question 26

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate.

-Student's grades, A, B, or C, on a test.

A)Ordinal
B)Nominal
C)Ratio
D)Interval

Question 27

Identify the sample and population. Also, determine whether the sample is likely to be representative of the population.

-In a poll of 50,000 randomly selected college students, 74% answered "yes" when asked "Do you have a television in your dorm room?".

Question 28

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate.

-Salaries of college professors.

A)Nominal
B)Interval
C)Ratio
D)Ordinal

Question 29

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate.


-The temperatures of eight different plastic spheres.

A)Ordinal
B)Nominal
C)Interval
D)Ratio

Question 30

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate.

-The subjects in which college students major.

A)Nominal
B)Ordinal
C)Ratio
D)Interval

Question 31

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate.

-Nationalities of survey respondents.

A)Ratio
B)Nominal
C)Ordinal
D)Interval

Question 32

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate.

-The sample of spheres categorized from softest to hardest.

A)Nominal
B)Ratio
C)Interval
D)Ordinal

Question 33

Identify the sample and population. Also, determine whether the sample is likely to be representative of the population.
100,000 randomly selected adults were asked whether they drink at least 48 oz of water each day and only 45% said yes.

Question 34

Use critical thinking to address the key issue.

-An airline company advertises that 100% of their flights are on time after checking 5 randomly selected flights and finding that these 5 were on time.

Question 35

Use critical thinking to develop an alternative conclusion.

-In a study of headache patients, every one of the study subjects with a headache was found to be improved after taking a week off of work. Conclusion: Taking time off work cures headaches.

Question 36

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate.

-Temperatures of the ocean at various depths.

A)Ratio
B)Interval
C)Ordinal
D)Nominal

Question 37

Use critical thinking to address the key issue.

-"7 out of 10 dentists recommend Brand X toothpaste". This finding is based on the results of a survey of 10 randomly selected dentists. What is wrong with this survey?

Question 38

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate.

-Survey responses of "good, better, best".

A)Nominal
B)Interval
C)Ratio
D)Ordinal

Question 39

Use critical thinking to develop an alternative conclusion.

-A study shows that adults who work at their desk all day weigh more than those who do not. Conclusion: Desk jobs cause people to gain weight.

Question 40

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate.

-Amount of fat (in grams)in cookies.

A)Ratio
B)Nominal
C)Interval
D)Ordinal

Question 41

Perform the requested conversions. Round decimals to the nearest thousandth and percents to the nearest tenth of a percent, if necessary.

-Convert 1.1 to an equivalent fraction and percent.

A) $1,110 \%$
B) $1,11 \%$
C) $1 \frac { 1 } { 10 } , 110 \%$
D) $1 \frac { 1 } { 10 } , 11 \%$

Question 42

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate.

-A quality control specialist compares the output from a machine with a new lubricant to the output of machines with the old lubricant.

A)Experimental
B)Observational

Question 43

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate.

-On a test, Shoshana got 65% or 39 of the items correct. How many items were on the test?

A)65
B)13
C)60
D)167

Question 44

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate.

-A marketing firm does a survey to find out how many people use a product. Of the one hundred people contacted, fifteen said they use the product.

A)Observational
B)Experimental

Question 45

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate.

-A political pollster reports that his candidate has a 10% lead in the polls with 10% undecided.

A)Observational
B)Experimental

Question 46

Use critical thinking to address the key issue.

-A company accused of downsizing workers defended itself with the following statement: "Yes, we were forced to lay off 20% of our workforce last year, but this year we increased our workforce by 20%, and we therefore now have the same number of employees as before the layoff." What is the flaw in this argument?

Question 47

Use critical thinking to address the key issue.

-"38% of adults in the United States regularly visit a doctor". This conclusion was reached by a college student after she had questioned 520 randomly selected members of her college. What is wrong with her survey?

Question 48

Solve the problem.
Alex and Juana went on a 50-mile canoe trip with their class. On the first day they traveled 29 miles. What percent of the total distance did they canoe?

A)58%
B)2%
C)0.58%
D)200%

Question 49

Perform the requested conversions. Round decimals to the nearest thousandth and percents to the nearest tenth of a percent, if necessary.

-Convert the fraction $\frac { 3 } { 4 }$ to an equivalent decimal and percentage.

A) $0.87,87 \%$
B) $0.75,75 \%$
C) $0.87,870 \%$
D) $0.75,7.5 \%$

Question 50

Use critical thinking to address the key issue.

-A researcher wished to gauge public opinion on gun control. He randomly selected 1000 people from among registered voters and asked them the following question: "Do you believe that gun control laws which restrict the ability of Americans to protect their families should be eliminated?". Identify the abuse of statistics and suggest a way the researcher's methods could be improved.

Question 51

Perform the requested conversions. Round decimals to the nearest thousandth and percents to the nearest tenth of a percent, if necessary.

-Convert 49% to an equivalent fraction and decimal.

A) $\frac { 12 } { 25 } , 4.9$

B) $\frac { 49 } { 100 } , 0.49$

C) $\frac { 12 } { 25 } , 0.49$

D) $\frac { 49 } { 100 } , 4.9$

Question 52

Solve the problem.
On a test of 80 items, Ariel got 67 correct. What percent were correct?

A)0.8375%
B)83.75%
C)1.19402985%
D)119.402985%

Question 53

Perform the requested conversions. Round decimals to the nearest thousandth and percents to the nearest tenth of a percent, if necessary.

-Convert 0.13 to an equivalent fraction and percent.

A) $\frac { 13 } { 100 } , 13 \%$
B) $\frac { 13 } { 100 } , 1.3 \%$
C) $\frac { 3 } { 25 } , 1.3 \%$
D) $\frac { 3 } { 25 } , 13 \%$

Question 54

Perform the requested conversions. Round decimals to the nearest thousandth and percents to the nearest tenth of a percent, if necessary.

-Convert $87.5 \%$ to an equivalent fraction and decimal.

A) $\frac { 7 } { 8 } , 8.75$
B) $\frac { 3 } { 4 } , 8.75$
C) $\frac { 3 } { 4 } , 0.875$
D) $\frac { 7 } { 8 } , 0.875$

Question 55

Perform the requested conversions. Round decimals to the nearest thousandth and percents to the nearest tenth of a percent, if necessary.

-Convert $\frac { 9 } { 125 }$ to an equivalent decimal and percent.

A) $0.192,19.2 \%$
B) $0.072,7.2 \%$
C) $0.072,0.72 \%$
D) $0.192,192 \%$

Question 56

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate.

-A clinic gives a drug to a group of ten patients and a placebo to another group of ten patients to find out if the drug has an effect on the patients' illness.

A)Experimental
B)Observational

Question 57

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate.

-A stock analyst selects a stock from a group of twenty for investment by choosing the stock with the greatest earnings per share reported for the last quarter.

A)Experimental
B)Observational

Question 58

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate.

-A sample of fish is taken from a lake to measure the effect of pollution from a nearby factory on the fish.

A)Observational
B)Experimental

Question 59

Solve the problem.
A gardener has 56 clients, 50% of whom are businesses. Find the number of business clients.

A)2800 clients
B)28 clients
C)28,000 clients
D)280 clients

Question 60

Perform the requested conversions. Round decimals to the nearest thousandth and percents to the nearest tenth of a percent, if necessary.

-Convert $0.4$ to an equivalent fraction and percentage.

A) $\frac { 3 } { 10 } , 4 \%$
B) $\frac { 2 } { 5 } , 4 \%$
C) $\frac { 2 } { 5 } , 40 \%$
D) $\frac { 3 } { 10 } , 40 \%$

Question 61

Identify the type of observational study

-A statistical analyst obtains data about ankle injuries by examining a hospital's records from the past 3 years.

A)Cross-sectional
B)Prospective
C)Retrospective
D)None of these

Question 62

Provide an appropriate response.

-A teacher at a school obtains a sample of students by selecting a random sample of 20 students from each grade. What kind of sampling is being used here? Will the resulting sample be a simple random sample of the population of students at the school? Explain your thinking.

Question 63

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate.

-A T.V. show's executives raised the fee for commercials following a report that the show received a "No. 1" rating in a survey of viewers.

A)Observational
B)Experimental

Question 64

which of these types of sampling is used

-A researcher interviews 19 work colleagues who work in his building.

A)Systematic
B)Cluster
C)Convenience
D)Stratified
E)Random

Question 65

which of these types of sampling is used

-To avoid working late, a quality control analyst simply inspects the first 100 items produced in a day.

A)Random
B)Systematic
C)Convenience
D)Stratified
E)Cluster

Question 66

which of these types of sampling is used

-The name of each contestant is written on a separate card, the cards are placed in a bag, and three names are picked from the bag.

A)Convenience
B)Cluster
C)Random
D)Systematic
E)Stratified

Question 67

Is the study experimental or observational?
A doctor performs several diagnostic tests to determine the reason for a patient's illness.

A)Observational
B)Experimental

Question 68

which of these types of sampling is used

-A market researcher selects 500 drivers under 30 years of age and 500 drivers over 30 years of age.

A)Stratified
B)Systematic
C)Cluster
D)Convenience
E)Random

Question 69

which of these types of sampling is used

-An education researcher randomly selects 48 middle schools and interviews all the teachers at each school.

A)Systematic
B)Stratified
C)Convenience
D)Cluster
E)Random

Question 70

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate.

-A T.V. show's executives commissioned a study to gauge the impact of the show's ratings on the sales of its advertisers.

A)Observational
B)Experimental

Question 71

which of these types of sampling is used

-A tax auditor selects every 1000th income tax return that is received.

A)Cluster
B)Systematic
C)Convenience
D)Stratified
E)Random

Question 72

which of these types of sampling is used

-A sample consists of every 49th student from a group of 496 students.

A)Convenience
B)Stratified
C)Random
D)Systematic
E)Cluster

Question 73

Identify the type of observational study

-A researcher plans to obtain data by following those in cancer remission since January of 2002.

A)Cross-sectional
B)Prospective
C)Retrospective
D)None of these

Question 74

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate.

-A stock analyst compares the relationship between stock prices and earnings per share to help him select a stock for investment.

A)Experimental
B)Observational

Question 75

Provide an appropriate response.

-A market researcher obtains a sample of 50 people by standing outside a store and asking every 20th person who enters the store to fill out a survey until she has 50 people. What sampling method is being used here? Will the resulting sample be a random sample? Will it be a simple random sample? Explain your thinking.

Question 76

which of these types of sampling is used

-49, 34, and 48 students are selected from the Sophomore, Junior, and Senior classes with 496, 348, and 481 students respectively.

A)Cluster
B)Convenience
C)Random
D)Systematic
E)Stratified

Question 77

which of these types of sampling is used

-A pollster uses a computer to generate 500 random numbers, then interviews the voters corresponding to those numbers.

A)Cluster
B)Random
C)Systematic
D)Stratified
E)Convenience

Question 78

which of these types of sampling is used

-A market researcher selects 500 people from each of 10 cities.

A)Convenience
B)Cluster
C)Systematic
D)Random
E)Stratified

Question 79

Identify the type of observational study

-A town obtains current employment data by polling 10,000 of its citizens this month.

A)Prospective
B)Retrospective
C)Cross-sectional
D)None of these

Question 80

Identify the type of observational study

-Researchers collect data by interviewing athletes who have won olympic gold medals from 1980 to 1992.

A)Prospective
B)Retrospective
C)Cross-sectional
D)None of these