Deck 7: Perceiving Motion

Question 1

In an apparent motion quartet, the display is perceived as spots moving rapidly:

A) in a circular pattern and later in a triangular manner.
B) in a triangular manner and later in a circular pattern.
C) in a diagonal or a circular pattern.
D) back and forth horizontally or up and down vertically.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A viewer can distinguish a runner from a dancer or a man from a woman in a(n):

A) random dot kinematogram.
B) point-light walker display.
C) MAE.
D) apparent motion quartet.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

With a point-light walker display, a viewer can distinguish a runner from a dancer or a person walking on a sidewalk from one on a trampoline, and accurately perceive the display:

A) with fewer light points.
B) with light points that are located on the torso only.
C) when the timing of the movement of light points is not coordinated.
D) when light points are placed on the joints.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

While reading, _____ prevents a blur on the retina.

A) saccadic suppression
B) smooth pursuit eye movement
C) vergence eye movement
D) corollary discharge signal

Question 5

In a point-light walker display, the recognizability of point-light displays depends MOST crucially on the:

A) setting where a person's movements are being studied.
B) activity performed by the person being studied.
C) coordinated timing of the point motions.
D) brightness of the small lights.

Question 6

High-resolution part of the retina is known as the:

A) fovea.
B) pinna.
C) cochlea.
D) endolymph.

Question 7

The perceptual grouping principle of _____ strongly influences whether the dots in an apparent motion quartet appear to move vertically or horizontally.

A) similarity
B) good continuation
C) proximity
D) pragnanz

Question 8

An experiment conducted by Pratt et al. (2010) to reveal differences in the way people perceive animate versus inanimate motion showed that:

A) large changes in inanimate motion evoke quicker reactions than small changes in animate motion.
B) small changes in animate motion evoke quicker reactions than large changes in inanimate motion.
C) the participants were quicker to notice the disappearance of spots that had just exhibited animate motion.
D) the participants were quicker to notice the disappearance of spots that had just exhibited inanimate motion.

Question 9

Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the posterior superior temporal sulcus (STSp) would temporarily lead to impaired:

A) perception of texture.
B) perception of biological motion.
C) perception of a randomly moving dot display.
D) depth perception.

Question 10

An apparent motion quartet contains _____ frames, each containing two stimuli presented in _____ alternation.

A) two; rapid
B) two; slow
C) four; rapid
D) four; slow

Question 11

The corollary discharge signal:

A) informs the brain about the speed of a stimulus.
B) informs the visual system about upcoming eye movements.
C) comes from the extraocular muscles.
D) depends on the speed tuning of neurons.

Question 12

In a random dot kinematogram, a particular shape of a region is defined only:

A) by the brightness of the region.
B) when the region is not moving.
C) by the relative motions at its edges.
D) by the color of a defined region.

Question 13

_____ is a visual illusion in which two stimuli separated in time and location are perceived as a single stimulus moving between the two locations.

A) MAE
B) Apparent motion quartet
C) Apparent motion
D) Aperture problem

Question 14

In principle, the information in the CDS could be more useful than information from the extraocular muscles because the CDS would be sent:

A) after the eyes move.
B) when the eyes move.
C) before the eyes move.
D) only during sleep.

Question 15

A display in which a grid is filled with tiny, randomly placed black and white square dots and in which the dots in a region of the grid are then moved rigidly together as a group is known as a(n):

A) random dot kinematogram.
B) point-light walker.
C) histogram.
D) apparent motion quartet.

Question 16

_____ eye movements occur when a person tracks a moving object.

A) Saccadic
B) Smooth pursuit
C) Vergence
D) Vestibulo-ocular

Question 17

A point-light walker display would NOT identify:

A) a runner, a dancer, or a walking dog.
B) the elasticity of a surface.
C) the hair color of a person being studied.
D) the effort exerted to lift a weight by a person being studied.

Question 18

In the context of figure-ground organization, an abrupt discontinuity in the _____ of a stimulus is a powerful cue to the boundary between two surfaces.

A) temperature
B) color
C) frequency
D) continuum

Question 19

Sommer and Wurtz (2006) conducted an experiment where they recorded from single neurons in the frontal eye field (FEF) of monkeys' prefrontal cortex. Their findings offered support for the importance of the corollary discharge signal (CDS) since a flash of light on the _____ led to a strong response _____ a saccade.

A) receptive field (RF); before
B) future field (FF); after
C) future field (FF); just before
D) receptive field (RF); just after

Question 20

In the context of a point-light walker display, when a person walks, piecewise rigidity refers to the:

A) constant distance between the wrist and the ankle.
B) constant distance between the knee and the wrist.
C) constant distance between the knee and the ankle.
D) placement of dots in a random dot kinematogram.

Question 21

In the context of neural basis of motion perception in area V1 and area MT, _____ tuning is determined by the length of a delay in the transmission of signals from Neuron 1 or Neuron 2.

A) direction
B) speed
C) linear
D) curvilinear

Question 22

Newsome et al. (1989) used the coherence of motion technique to study monkeys' perception of motion. When comparing the results of single-cell recordings from area MT with the monkeys' judgments, they found that:

A) the judgments were about what one would expect if the judgments were based on the responses of the population of MT neurons.
B) the judgments were about what one would expect if the judgments were based on the responses of the population of V1 neurons.
C) the judgments were inconsistent with what one would expect if the judgments were based on the responses of the population of MT neurons.
D) the responses of the population of MT neurons appeared unrelated to the judgments that the monkeys made.

Question 23

_____ occurs when a single neuron in area V1 is unable to determine the actual direction of motion of a stimulus.

A) Visually induced motion sickness
B) Apparent motion
C) Motion aftereffect
D) The aperture problem

Question 24

In the context of neural basis of motion perception in area V1 and area MT, _____ tuning is determined by whether the delay is built into the transmission of signals from Neuron 1 or Neuron 2.

A) direction
B) speed
C) linear
D) curvilinear

Question 25

The motion of a visual feature such as a spot of light is affected by its position, its direction of motion, and its:

A) frequency.
B) color.
C) amplitude.
D) speed.

Question 26

In a neural circuit, the subunit with the motion-selective neuron M_R:

A) responds strongly to circular motion.
B) responds weakly to circular motion.
C) continues to fire at its baseline rate during rightward motion.
D) sends inhibitory signals to neuron D.

Question 27

MT neurons respond to:

A) temperature.
B) frequency.
C) amplitude.
D) shape.

Question 28

In the context of MAE, the concept of motion contrast is similar to:

A) trichromatic mechanisms for color vision.
B) opponent color circuits.
C) the mechanisms used to explain depth perception.
D) Gestalt principles of object perception.

Question 29

In the context of a simple neural circuit that responds to motion, direction and speed tuning of neurons:

A) results in inhibition of firing when a stimulus with a direction of motion near the preferred one is used.
B) produce firing in a discontinuous manner.
C) are all-or-none events.
D) have a gradual falloff from the preferred direction or speed to nearby directions or speeds.

Question 30

Compared with neurons in area V1, neurons in area MT:

A) have much smaller receptive fields.
B) have receptive fields that are 5 to 10 times larger.
C) can represent motions of larger objects moving over extended distance.
D) can respond to motion only in a highly restricted region of the retinal image.

Question 31

According to the study conducted by Britten (2004), _____ is a critical motion center in the primate brain.

A) area V1
B) area V2
C) area MT
D) the superior colliculus

Question 32

The aperture problem can be solved by neurons in area:

A) V1.
B) V2.
C) V4.
D) MT.

Question 33

Neuron M_L is stimulated the MOST when an individual:

A) is sitting on the third baseline of a baseball game and sees the ball travel sideways from the pitcher to the catcher.
B) watches a waterfall.
C) walks on a treadmill.
D) looks forward while traveling through a tunnel.

Question 34

According to the text, the responses of M_L and M_R neurons do NOT depend on the:

A) direction of a moving stimulus.
B) speed of a moving stimulus.
C) degree of binocular disparity.
D) weight of a moving stimulus.

Question 35

Nick stares at a spiral shaped object that is spiraling outward. The movement stops after some time and he stares at the still image. As a result of motion aftereffect, the object would appear to be:

A) spiraling inward.
B) spiraling outward.
C) moving sideways.
D) moving vertically.

Question 36

_____ is referred to as the waterfall illusion.

A) Motion perception
B) Motion aftereffect
C) The Ponzo illusion
D) Motion coherence

Question 37

Salzman et al. (1992) used microstimulation to demonstrate that motion perception is caused by:

A) neural activity in area MT.
B) neural activity in area V1.
C) the aperture problem.
D) a motion aftereffect.

Question 38

With the help of transcranial magnetic stimulation, Beckers and Zeki (1995) conducted a deliberate temporary deactivation of MT done at just the right moment relative to the presentation of a moving-dot stimulus. The research found that the perception of _____ was impaired due to deactivation of MT.

A) motion
B) weight
C) color
D) shape

Question 39

In a neural circuit, the subunit with the motion-selective neuron M_L:

A) responds strongly to leftward motion.
B) responds weakly to leftward motion.
C) fires at baseline rate during leftward motion.
D) becomes inhibited during leftward motion.

Question 40

Newsome et al. (1989) used motion coherence to study monkeys' perception of motion. It was found that, with a coherence level of _____ percent, the monkeys' judgments of the direction of motion were correct _____ percent of the time.

A) 12.8; less than 20
B) 12.8; more than 95
C) 3.2; more than 95
D) 12.8; about 50

Question 41

Movshon et al. (1985) studied the combination-of-motions effect using two superimposed sets of moving stripes. Their study found that:

A) MT neurons cannot combine the responses of V1 neurons and were quite ineffective.
B) MT neurons can combine the responses of V1 neurons and/or component neurons in MT itself.
C) V1 neurons responded only to the motion of many different component sets of stripes.
D) MT neurons respond only to the motion of individual component sets of stripes.

Question 42

In the context of visually induced motion sickness, the study conducted by Keshavarz et al. (2015) found that:

A) pleasant odors that were either noticed or unnoticed both helped prevent motion sickness.
B) pleasant odors that were noticed helped prevent motion sickness more than other odors.
C) there was no significant difference in the intensity of motion sickness before and after perceiving the pleasant odor.
D) the participants were much more likely to suffer motion sickness than if there had been no odor at all.

Question 43

Below are two different sets of apparent motion quartet frames (pair A and pair B). Describe what would be perceived for each set if the pair of frames were presented in rapid alternation.
pair A
pair B

Question 44

According to the text, how can one treat visually induced motion sickness?

Question 45

In the context of evolutionary influences on motion sickness, a major cause of ill health was:

A) old age.
B) improper nutrition.
C) ingestion of toxic substances such as poisonous plants or spoiled meat.
D) the brain's inability to process information from more than one sense at a time.

Question 46

Recent films such as Avatar and The Hobbit have blended human acting with computer animation. Using the motion-capture technique, actors perform while wearing suits that have sensors in strategically placed spots (i.e., at the joints). The recorded performance is later translated into animation by maintaining the key spatial and temporal relationships from the original to the animation. How is this technique related to the study of perception from biological motion?

Question 47

How is visually induced motion sickness different from typical motion sickness?

Question 48

In the context of visually induced motion sickness, a virtual nose would _____ motion sickness.

A) have no effect on
B) increase
C) inhibit
D) decrease

Question 49

For safety reasons, construction sites are usually surrounded by high wooden boards. Onlookers may poke a small hole through a board and have a glimpse of the ongoing construction. How does this lead to the aperture problem mentioned in the text?

Question 50

An individual _____ can experience visually induced motion sickness.

A) riding in a car
B) riding on a roller coaster
C) flying in an airplane with a lot of turbulence
D) playing a video game

Question 51

Briefly describe the experiment conducted by Newsome et al. (1989) to investigate the role of MT neurons in motion perception. Summarize their findings.

Question 52

What is apparent motion? How does the perceptual grouping principle of proximity affect the perception of an apparent motion quartet?

Question 53

An individual _____ would NOT experience visually induced motion sickness.

A) wearing a VR helmet
B) watching an IMAX movie
C) in the back seat of a moving car
D) playing a video game

Question 54

Emma places her index finger on the far outside edge of one of her eyelids. Then, through her eyelid, she applies gentle pressure to her eye. As she applies pressure, she sees the environment tilt in correspondence with her eye's movement. (A) Explain this change of perception as the eye moves. (B) Does this demonstration support the corollary discharge signal as the stabilizing mechanism during eye movement?

Question 55

Motion sickness is thought to occur because of a conflict between the _____ systems.

A) vestibular and visual
B) auditory and visual
C) tactile and visual
D) vestibular and tactile

Question 56

Miguel drives up to a railroad crossing just as a train arrives. The train moves from Miguel's left to his right and takes almost three minutes to pass. As the train passes by, Miguel looks toward the direction of the train. How will this affect his vision after the train passes by? What is the neural explanation for his experience?

Question 57

Simulator displays cause visually induced motion sickness because they have wide fields of view and convey strong _____ cues of a stimulus.

A) color
B) motion
C) shape
D) size

Question 58

A motion-selective neuron, M, receives signals from two neurons with receptive fields RF₁ and RF₂. RF₁ is 3.0° of visual angle to the left of RF₂. The circuit leading from the RF₁ neuron to M has a 0.51-second delay, and for the nondelayed RF2 neuron, transmission time to M is 0.01 seconds. What is the preferred direction and speed of motion for M?