Deck 14: Sampling Fundamentals

Question 1

A researcher's decision on a sampling unit may depend on how purchase decisions are made.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

It is possible to obtain a representative sample of a population just by using common sense and judgment.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

There is no evidence that people who are listed in the telephone book and those who are not listed are different.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

In simple random sampling, each population member has an equal probability of being selected.

Question 5

A sampling frame must list all members of a target population.

Question 6

For most studies, more than one target population can be defined.

Question 7

Systematic sampling is useful in sampling time periods.

Question 8

A researcher should always be aware of the "age" of a list of population members.

Question 9

Determining the sample size in a stratified sampling plan involves identifying homogeneous subgroups.

Question 10

The term "sampling unit" is always used to refer to a "respondent."

Question 11

A researcher can never go wrong by "overdefining" the target population.

Question 12

A researcher who tries to better represent a population by combining lists of population members may have to face the problem of duplication.

Question 13

One way to overcome the problem of unlisted telephone numbers is to dial numbers randomly.

Question 14

In probability sampling, all members of a population have a known probability of being included in the sample.

Question 15

In cluster sampling, a random sample of subgroups is selected and all members of the subgroups become part of the sample.

Question 16

The definition of a target population is usually obvious and requires little attention from the researcher.

Question 17

Systematic sampling involves systematically spreading the sample through a list of population members.

Question 18

Non-probability sampling allows the researcher to explicitly identify possible biases.

Question 19

Stratified sampling is useful when subgroups can be identified as representative of the whole population.

Question 20

"Target population" is another term meaning "sample."

Question 21

A rule of thumb for determining sample size is to make sure that the largest subgroup to be analyzed contains 100 members.

Question 22

When the sample size is very small less than 10), a judgment sample may be more representative than a probability sample.

Question 23

Most of the marketing research projects employ traditional research methods with replacement.

Question 24

Sampling frame is a list of population members used to obtain a sample.

Question 25

One of the determinants of sample size is the value of the information in the study.

Question 26

There are no justifications for using a convenience sample.

Question 27

Sampling errors can be minimized by decreasing the sample size.

Question 28

One way to stratify in a shopping center intercept study is by time segments.

Question 29

If a researcher's goal is to develop a sample representative of the population, equal weight should be assigned to each person interviewed in a shopping center intercept study.

Question 30

The U.S.Census is an example of a multi-stage sampling design.."

Question 31

Sampling error is the difference in value between the population parameter and the sample statistic that occurs because of sampling.

Question 32

Snowball sampling is judgmental sampling which includes a minimum number from each specified subgroup in the population.

Question 33

Call-backs are an attempt to reduce non-response.They are most effective with not-at-home non-respondents.

Question 34

The efficiency of call-backs can be improved by systematically scheduling call-backs at the same time every day.

Question 35

One technique for dealing with not-at-home is to predict their responses from a knowledge of respondents' frequency of being away from home.

Question 36

In a shopping center intercept study, the location used to intercept shoppers can affect the sample.

Question 37

Disproportionate sampling can be used effectively when a subgroup of a population comprises a relatively small percentage of that population.

Question 38

As the variability in a population decreases, the sample size should increase.

Question 39

Census is appropriate if the population size is large and the cost and time associated with obtaining the information is high.

Question 40

Hidden biases in non-probability samples can be eliminated by increasing the sample size.

Question 41

Systematic sampling involves systematically spreading the sample through the list of population members.

Question 42

In judgmental sampling, the expert uses his judgment to identify the representative samples.

Question 43

It is possible for on-line and traditional research methods to yield similar results

Question 44

A subset problem is characterized by which of the following?

A)population is larger than the sampling frame
B)sampling frame is larger than the population
C)some overlap of sampling frame and population
D)none of the above

Question 45

What is theoretically the most correct approach for handling sampling frame discrepancies ?

A)ignore the discrepancies
B)redefine the population in terms of the sampling frame
C)take discrepancies into account during data collection a nd / or data analysis
D)determine whether each individual population study object is being properly treated

Question 46

Non-probability sampling is typically used in descriptive type of research.

Question 47

Snowball sampling employs both probability and non-probability sampling in selecting study objects

Question 48

The notion of conceptual relevance and pragmatic reproducibility are integral components of which sampling decision?

A)determination of sample size
B)definition of population
C)definition of sampling frame
D)determination of sampling procedure

Question 49

What common characteristics do the three non-probability sampling techniques possess?

A)none is representative of any definable population
B)it is not possible to estimate the sampling errors of the sample statistics
C)they are all unrestricted sampling techniques
D)study objects must possess certain predefined characteristics

Question 50

Linda Evans wants to do a study involving the population of Houston.She, therefore, divided the city into homogenous areas at random and drew a sample of 10 areas where she interviewed all households.This is an example of

A)stratified sampling
B)cluster sampling
C)judgmental sampling
D)multiplicity sampling
E)systematic sampling

Question 51

In an international context, sampling may take place at a number of geographical levels.

Question 52

Ronny Reagy divides the population of the purchaser of missile X into heavy and light users and then he samples from those groups.This is an example of ___________ sampling.

A)cluster
B)random
C)judgmental
D)stratified
E)quota

Question 53

The Central Limit Theorem states that as the size of a sample increases, the sampling distribution of the sample means approaches normality if

A)repeated samples of a fixed size are drawn from any population
B)repeated samples of a fixed size are drawn from a normally distributed population
C)repeated samples of different size are drawn from any population
D)repeated samples of different size are drawn from a normally distributed population

Question 54

Which of the following sampling techniques employs both probability and non-probability sampling in selecting study objects ?

A)multi-stage sampling
B)double sampling
C)sequential sampling
D)snowball sampling

Question 55

A sampling frame is

A)the list of elements included in the sample
B)the list of items to be sampled from
C)usually provides biased statistics
D)is a form of non-probability sampling
E)none of the above.

Question 56

The object of sampling is to obtain data that is representative of the population.

Question 57

Which of the following types of probability samples does not require a complete list of population elements by name in order to draw the sample?

A)stratified sample
B)systematic sample
C)simple random sample
D)area sample
E)none of the above

Question 58

In international marketing research, non-probability sampling methods are more frequently used than probability sampling methods.

Question 59

A snowball design is very useful in reaching small, specialized populations.

Question 60

When a sampling frame is larger than a population but contains all the population study objects, this is Termed

A)superset problem
B)subset problem
C)intersection problem
D)none of the above

Question 61

A researcher, involved in a study of the population of Houston, divided the city into city blocks and then drew a random sample of 200 city blocks.All households in the 200 blocks were interviewed. The researcher used

A)a simple random sample.
B)judgmental sampling.
C)snowball sampling.
D)cluster sampling.
E)systematic sampling.

Question 62

Which of the following statements concerning probability sampling is not true?

A)The target population defines the research objective.
B)The definition of alternative target populations can nearly always be made.
C)The sample frame consists of a list of population members or of a procedure by which sampling units can be located.
D)When a choice exists, preference should be given to populations that are convenient to sample.
E)The specification of a target population should make clear what is excluded.

Question 63

Researchers prefer sampling to census when

A)they have a large budget
B)cost of sampling errors are low
C)cost of non-sampling errors are low
D)none of the above

Question 64

Which of the following sampling techniques does not represent an attempt to increase sampling net efficiency by reducing costs?

A)stratified sampling
B)systematic sampling
C)cluster sampling
D)multistage sampling

Question 65

Which of the following statements about sample size is true?

A)A rule of thumb is to include at least two members from every subgroup to be analyzed.
B)If the sample size is very small, a judgmental sample may be more reliable and representative than a probability sample.
C)The determination of sample size should not involve cost.
D)Low sampling costs do not justify a larger sample.
E)None of the above.

Question 66

Sources of possible shopping center biases include

A)the choice of a shopping center.
B)the location in the shopping center from which respondents are drawn.
C)the time of day.
D)the fact that more frequent shoppers will be more likely to be selected.
E)all of these.

Question 67

Which of the following is the most cost-effective probability sampling technique?

A)stratified
B)systematic
C)cluster
D)quota

Question 68

Compared to simple random sampling, the precision of systematic sampling from a sampling frame monotonically ordered on a variable related to the dependant variable is

A)the same
B)greater
C)less
D)cannot tell

Question 69

Which of the following sets of sampling techniques contains only probability sampling technique?

A)simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling
B)stratified sampling, judgmental sampling, systematic sampling
C)convenience sampling, judgmental sampling, quota sampling
D)quota sampling, cluster sampling, simple random sampling

Question 70

The "next teenager" is an example of _____________ sampling.a

A)random
B)convenience
C)stratified
D)judgmental

Question 71

Sample size is typically small in case of ____________ research

A)exploratory
B)descriptive
C)causal
D)all of the above

Question 72

Selection of every tenth subscriber to the New York Times is an example of

A)stratified sampling.
B)cluster sampling.
C)judgmental sampling.
D)random sampling.
E)systematic sampling.

Question 73

A researcher needs a sample of 5 from a list of 800 football ticket holders.Each ticket number has three digits and no numbers are excluded.The following are random numbers: 7659 0783 4710 3749 7741 2960 0016 9347 The tickets that are drawn might bear the numbers 1-765, 907, 710, 374, 412 2-659, 078, 103, 749, 7741 3-590, 783, 471, 037, 497

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)1, 2, and 3
E)2 or 3

Question 74

Stratified sampling may be used when

A)subgroups that are representative of the whole population can be identified.
B)natural subgroups are more homogeneous than the population they come from.
C)an expert is available to identify a representative population.
D)the sample is very small.
E)none of the above.

Question 75

Which of the following is an example of sampling frame?

A)one respondent
B)a telephone directory
C)the Bayesian approach
D)none of the above

Question 76

"Heterogeneity within and homogeneity between" is the ideal state for

A)cluster sampling
B)stratified sampling
C)disproportionate sampling
D)judgmental sampling
E)a and b

Question 77

A researcher who is faced with the problem of non-response can attempt to reduce the potential bias of the results by

A)replacing each non-respondent with a "matched" member of the sample.
B)making repeated contacts, or call-backs, with non-respondents.
C)improving the research design.
D)estimating the non-response bias.
E)all of these.

Question 78

When determining sample size, a researcher should take into account

A)the number of subgroups to be analyzed.
B)the required accuracy of the results.
C)cost.
D)the variability in the population being studied.
E)all of these.

Question 79

The possible problems involved in using a telephone book to generate a sample include

A)the list not being up to date.
B)the exclusion of unlisted numbers.
C)the existence of nonworking numbers.
D)all of these.
E)the list not being up to date and the exclusion of unlisted numbers.

Question 80

The advantage of probability over non-probability sampling is that the researcher can 1-state how much variation is introduced because a sample is used instead of a census. 2-explicitly identify possible biases. 3-demonstrate the representativeness of a sample.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)2 and 3
E)1, 2, and 3