Deck 11: Emotional and Cognitive Socialization Outcomes

Question 1

According to your text, a signs that says "adults only" is an example of

A) Gender discrimination.
B) Age discrimination.
C) Race discrimination.
D) No answers are correct.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is true? Stereotypical attitudes usually

A) Include some way of believing something different about one member of a group.
B) Usually do not allow for any individual exceptions to the stereotype.
C) Do not categorize all members of a group.
D) Are never oversimplified.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to Aboud (1988), young children's prejudicial attitudes are due to

A) Cognitive immaturity.
B) The desire to hurt others.
C) Preschool curricula.
D) No answers are correct.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Naming, labeling, and classifying people based on noticeable physical characteristics are all encompassed in which step toward prejudice?

A) Awareness
B) Identification
C) Isolation
D) Attitude

Question 5

Typically, attitude is which step in the development of prejudice?

A) The first
B) The last
C) The third
D) None; Attitude is not part of the developmental sequence leading to prejudice

Question 6

The process of discovering what is personally worthwhile or desirable in life is called

A) Values clarification.
B) Prejudice.
C) Cognitive conceit.
D) Stereotyping.

Question 7

Children's attitudes toward cultural groups can be influenced by

A) Associating the groups with positive words.
B) Associating the groups with negative words.
C) Remarks made by friends.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 8

The Bill of Rights is an example of a(n)

A) Personal value.
B) Character trait.
C) Societal value.
D) Stereotype.

Question 9

Which of the following is true about values?

A) They are outcomes of socialization.
B) They can change over time.
C) They are qualities or beliefs that are viewed as important.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 10

Bigler, Brown, & Markell (2001) found that when children are given social comparisons, such as the yellow group is more athletic, they

A) Ignore what adults tell them.
B) Ignore what teachers tell them.
C) Do not express prejudice.
D) Use the comparisons themselves.

Question 11

The awareness that cultural differences exist is which phase in the development of cultural attitudes?

A) Phase I
B) Phase II
C) Phase III
D) Phase V

Question 12

One of the positive ways in which television can influence socialization is its

A) Perpetuation of stereotypes.
B) Potential to bring people to new levels of empathic understanding.
C) Potential to reduce family time.
D) Increasing portrayal of violence, since violence is common in daily life.

Question 13

When children heard an interesting story about a sympathetic and resourceful African-American child, the aim was to provide them with

A) Vicarious intercultural contact.
B) Increased positive intercultural contact.
C) Exposure to books in general.
D) Perceptual differentiation.

Question 14

Which of the following influences the formation of attitudes?

A) Peers
B) Television and movies
C) Books
D) All answers are correct

Question 15

Insa believes that all Americans are overweight and obsessed with possessions. This is an example of a/n:

A) Moral.
B) Value.
C) Self-concept.
D) Stereotype.

Question 16

Children identify most with models who are

A) Weak.
B) Powerful and admirable.
C) Distant and unknown.
D) Absent.

Question 17

Which of the following is found in picture books?

A) Gender stereotypes
B) Messages about morality
C) Messages about race
D) All answers are correct

Question 18

The development of attitudes is influenced by

A) Age.
B) Cognitive development.
C) Social experiences.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 19

Typically, the first step in the development of prejudice is

A) Awareness.
B) Identification.
C) Instruction.
D) Modeling.

Question 20

DeJohn has started forming attitudes about different cultural groups. DeJohn is about how many years old?

A)2 years
B) 4 years
C) 5 years
D) 7 years

Question 21

When one engages in an activity because of its inherent satisfaction or enjoyment, one is exhibiting what kind of achievement motivation?

A) Extrinsic
B) External
C) Interpretive
D) Intrinsic

Question 22

Compared to children with low self-esteem, children with high self-esteem are more likely to

A) Be successful in school.
B) Conform.
C) Be younger.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 23

According to research, helplessness first appears in

A) Infancy.
B) The preschool years.
C) The elementary school years.
D) Adolescence.

Question 24

The process of discovering what is personally worthwhile or desirable in life is known as _________.

Question 25

Most individuals come to respond to themselves in ways consistent with the way others have

A) Instructed them to.
B) Responded to them.
C) Mastered.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 26

Equality of opportunity is an example of a _________ value.

Question 27

Compared to children with low expectations, children with high expectations for success

A) Persist at a task longer.
B) Perform more poorly.
C) Receive lower grades.
D) Receive similar grades.

Question 28

Qualities or beliefs that are viewed as desirable or important are termed _________.

Question 29

The realization that one's actions cause outcomes is called

A) Personal agency.
B) Individualism.
C) Collectivism.
D) Self-esteem.

Question 30

Adrienne believes that she is good in math because she does all of the homework and studies hard for all of the tests. Adrienne most likely has

A) An internal locus of control.
B) An external locus of control.
C) Low self-esteem.
D) Unrealistic expectations.

Question 31

Achievement motivation is linked to

A) Actual achievement behavior.
B) Locus of control.
C) Both answers are correct.
D) Neither answer is correct; Achievement motivation is not linked to either.

Question 32

According to Cain & Dweck (1995), children who are not persistent on a task describe their parents as

A) Critical.
B) Punitive.
C) Both Critical and Punitive.
D) Accepting.

Question 33

When one attributes responsibility inside the self, locus of control is considered

A) Internal
B) External
C) Achieved
D) Selfless

Question 34

Endomorphy is characterized by _________ whereas ectomorphy is characterized by _________.

A) Tall and heavy; Short and lean
B) Short and heavy; Tall and lean
C) Short and lean; Tall and lean
D) Values; Traits

Question 35

Attending a school where the majority of children are of a different socioeconomic status is found to affect children's self esteem in which direction?

A) Positively; Children show higher self-esteem
B) Negatively; Children show lower self-esteem
C) Neutral; Does not affect self-esteem
D) No answers apply

Question 36

Which of the following is not one of Coopersmith's four criteria upon which self-esteem develops?

A) Significance
B) Wealth
C) Competence
D) Virtue

Question 37

Which of the following is characteristic of competent children?

A) Using adults as a resource when necessary
B) Having the ability to anticipate consequences
C) Being able to plan and carry out complicated activities that are age-appropriate
D) All answers are correct

Question 38

Nick frequently shows affection to his children, takes an interest in their affairs, and makes a point to become acquainted with their friends. We would expect Nick's children to develop what kind of self-esteem?

A) High
B) Low
C) Warm
D) None of the answers are correct

Question 39

Self-efficacy is assessed in terms of

A) Level
B) Generality
C) Strength across activities and contexts
D) All answers are correct

Question 40

Mrs. Martinez is interested in fostering a sense of self-efficacy in her children. Which of the following is a strategy she should try?

A) Take away all positive role models
B) Focus with the children on long-term rather than short-term goals
C) Stop giving the children encouragement
D) Provide instruction in specific learning strategies, such as highlighting their homework

Question 41

A short heavy body build is characterized as _________.

Question 42

One's attribution of performance, or perception of responsibility for success or failure, is called _________.

Question 43

In which socioeconomic class would we expect not to find an internal locus of control?

Question 44

When children were placed together on interethnic teams to work on an interesting puzzle, and were rewarded for it, this was an attempt to provide the children with increased positive _________ contact.

Question 45

The second step in the development of prejudice is _________.

Question 46

A need or emotion that causes a person to act is called a _________.

Question 47

______________________ approval is particularly critical in determining the self-esteem of children.

Question 48

A main purpose of the _________ was to include children with disabilities in public school settings.

Question 49

An example of _________ achievement motivation is doing an activity for the inherent satisfaction or enjoyment derived from it.

Question 50

An explanation for one's performance is termed a(n) _________.

Question 51

Television is a source of __________________ stereotypes.

Question 52

Parents who are warm, strict yet noncoercive, and democratic are likely to develop children with _________ self-esteem.

Question 53

Studies of young children show that those with the most prejudicial attitudes have parents who are __________________.

Question 54

The awareness of cultural differences, beginning about age 2 1/2 to 3 years, is which phase in the development of cultural-group attitudes? _________

Question 55

An attitude involving the application of a previously formed judgment to some person, object, or situation is called _________.

Question 56

Self-esteem can be described as high or _________.

Question 57

An example of _________ achievement motivation is when one does an activity to attain some separable outcome, such as to get a reward or avoid a punishment.

Question 58

The most significant influence on self-efficacy beliefs is ________________________.

Question 59

The realization that one's actions cause outcomes is called _________.

Question 60

Significance, power, competence, and virtue are all attributes of _________.

Question 61

Compare and contrast the ways in which the formation of values and attitudes is influenced similarly or differently by peers vs. schools.

Question 62

Explain how some individuals come to be intrinsically-motivated while others tend to be extrinsically-motivated.

Question 63

Describe the difference between a value and an attitude and give examples of each.

Question 64

Choose one of the following: schools, mass media or peers. Based on your readings, write a persuasive argument detailing why the socializing agent you chose has the most significant impact on self-esteem.

Question 65

Describe the techniques by which families socialize children to develop attitudes consistent with the group.

Question 66

List and describe the three stages in the development of achievement motivation according to Stipek, Recchia, & McClintic (1992).

Question 67

Imagine you are writing a newspaper column on locus of control. Describe the ways in which locus of control can be defined, and, based on your readings, provide an overview of what we know about how locus of control develops.

Question 68

Imagine you are talking to a group of future teachers. Your topic is learned helplessness. Describe for them the development of learned helplessness, including research studies referenced in your text.

Question 69

Denisha is a new third-grade teacher with a diverse group of students. She wants to reduce the level of prejudice in her classroom, and create an anti-bias environment. Based on your readings, describe the specific techniques Denisha might try with the children as well as changes she should make in the physical environment and curriculum.

Question 70

Describe parenting practices that are linked to the development of high-self esteem in children.

Question 71

A tall, lean body build is characterized as _________.